OCE Chapter 15

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is: sessile lifestyle. burrowing into the sediment. flattened body shape. swimming. attachment to the substrate.

burrowing into the sediment.

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean? View Available Hint(s) primary productivity water depth sea surface temperature benthic productivity ocean salinity

primary productivity

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Benthic biomass is high along continental shelves because the water is shallow and benthic organisms can photosynthesize on the ocean floor. Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean. Benthic biomass is low in high-latitude coastal areas because the water is very cold. Benthic biomass is high in the center of subtropical gyres because the water is more calm. Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor.

-Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean. -Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor.

Which of the following statements is/are true of corals? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Corals are solitary. Corals are animals. Corals live in tropical water. Corals are benthic organisms. Corals secrete silica to build the coral reef.

-Corals are animals. -Corals live in tropical water. -Corals are benthic organisms.

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. Kelp forests can become overwhelmingly large because benthic animals do not graze on kelp. The best-developed kelp forests grow in tropical waters. Kelp forests are rich communities that are attached to sandy bottoms. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

-Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. -The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) The most stable sediment-covered shores have the largest grain sizes. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Nearly all the organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are sessile epifauna. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches.

-Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. -Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. -Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches.

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species. 1.0%; 25% 0.5%; 33% 1.0%; 33% 0.5%; 25% 1.0%; 50%

0.5%; 25%

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae. 60% 70% 90% 50% 80%

90%

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) All benthic organisms are sessile (permanently attached to the ocean floor). Benthic organisms cannot live beneath the euphotic zone. Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

-Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. -The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. -High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain. Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers. Productivity is high in deep waters. Highest benthic productivity is found in low-latitude continental shelf regions. Primary producers photosynthesize.

-Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain. -Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers. -Primary producers photosynthesize.

How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were chemosynthetic. Prior to this discovery it was thought that there was no life in the deep ocean. Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic.

-Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents. -Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean. -Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic.

Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms. Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. Having a soft, flexible body helps prevent organisms from drying out. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed. Burrowing is one of the most common adaptations in rocky intertidal zones.

-Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms. -Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. -A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed.

Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) grouper phytoplankton clams crabs coral

-clams -crabs -coral

Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) echinoderms fine branching and soft corals fangtooth fish frilled sharks anemones

-echinoderms -fine branching and soft corals -anemones

Where do chemosynthesizers live? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) mid-ocean ridges hot water springs surface ocean hydrothermal vents coral reefs

-mid-ocean ridges -hot water springs -hydrothermal vents

Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) mussels snails coral reefs sea butterflies limpets

-mussels -snails -limpets

Which of the following organisms withdraw into their shells to avoid drying out during low tide and to avoid the effects of rapid changes in environmental conditions? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) periwinkle snails kelp black turban snails crabs sea slugs

-periwinkle snails -black turban snails

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads? View Available Hint(s) 0-20 meters (0-66 feet) water depth, facing the deep ocean 50-150 meters (66-164 feet) water depth 0-20 meters (0-66 feet) water depth, closest to the shoreline Below 150 meters (164 feet) 20-50 meters water depth

20-50 meters water depth

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common? View Available Hint(s) 0-20 meters (0-66 feet) 20-50 meters (66-164 feet) 150-200 meters (492-656 feet) below 200 meters (656 feet) 50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Corals are photosynthetic. Zooxanthellae provide corals with food. Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic. The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion. Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship.

All except "Corals are photosynthetic."

Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean.

All except "Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean."

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) Only about 1% to 3% of the food produced in the euphotic zone reaches the deep-ocean floor. There are extremely variable conditions on the deep-ocean floor. Species diversity in the deep ocean can rival that of tropical rain forests. Even in tropical latitudes, water temperatures in the deep ocean are near freezing. Deep-ocean communities exist in the bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones.

All except "There are extremely variable conditions on the deep-ocean floor."

Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) those that contain chlorophyll plants archaea algae primary producers

All except "archaea"

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor) areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor

All except "mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor)"

Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) barnacles limpets bryozoans sea cucumbers corals

All except "sea cucumbers"

Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) snails kelp mussels sea stars sea slugs

All except "sea slugs"

Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) sugar oxygen sunlight carbon dioxide water

All except "sunlight"

Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) swim bladder hard shell inking response stinging cells camouflage

All except "swim bladder"

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? fishing suspended sediment scuba and snorkeling boat collisions All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

All of the above

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________. Archaea Eukarya Bacteria Ediacaria Zooxanthellae

Archaea

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule? View Available Hint(s) C6H12O6 H2O H2CO3 H2S H2SO4

C6H12O6

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct? Coral reefs protect coasts from volcanoes, storm waves and tsunami. Fisheries associated with coral reefs supply more than one fourth of all fish from the sea. Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product. Coral reefs contain about twice as much algal biomass as animal biomass. About 300 million people worldwide depend on healthy reef systems.

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers? Coaxial Guaymas Basin Lost City Lucky Strike Tubeworm Barbeque

Lost City

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? Difficulty finding mates Drying out during low tide Lack of space or attachment sites Predators Strong wave activity

Predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? Difficulty finding mates Drying out during low tide Lack of space or attachment sites Predators Strong wave activity

Predators

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts? Sea Anemones Snails Sea stars Sea urchin Limpets

Sea Anemones

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell? Sea stars Sea Anemones Limpets Sea urchin Snails

Sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? Sea stars Otters Sea urchins Mollusks Lobsters

Sea urchins

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea? Sedimentation Photosynthesis Oxidation Serpentinization Acidification

Serpentinization

he diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following? The El Nino Southern Oscillation The distance from Earth to the Sun Increased nutrients provided by upwelling The past positions of the continents The mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect? The physical environment is comparable to that at the surface. The physical environment is quite unstable and high variable. Below 1500 meters, light is present but in low concentrations. Oxygen content at the deep-ocean floor is constant and relatively high. The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit? View Available Hint(s) They have stingers or pinchers to deter predators. They easily re-grow lost appendages or body parts. They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out. They have spiky surfaces for protection from being eaten by other organisms. They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit? View Available Hint(s) They have spiky surfaces for protection from being eaten by other organisms. They have stingers or pinchers to deter predators. They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide. They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out. They easily re-grow lost appendages or body parts.

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the: water temperature that results in coral bleaching. amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth. amount of toxic synthetic chemicals which stimulate excessive bacterial growth. salinity of the water that results in coral bleaching. water temperature that kills zooxanthellae.

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are: keyhole limpets and Irish moss. goose barnacles and mussels. buckshot barnacles and limpets. sea anemones and hermit crabs. periwinkle snails and kelp.

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters. carbonic acid chlorophyll density salinity temperature

chlorophyll

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are: foraminifera. golden algae. protozoans. dinoflagellates. bacteria.

dinoflagellates.

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________. influx of freshwater predator attacks high turbidity elevated temperatures depleted oxygen

elevated temperatures

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are: periwinkle snails and kelp. buckshot barnacles and rockweed. fiddler crabs and Littorina. goose-necked barnacles and mussels. sea anemones and hermit crabs.

goose-necked barnacles and mussels.

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________. floods sea stars humans tsunami hurricanes

humans

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called: subfauna. mesofauna. microfauna. epifauna. meiofauna.

meiofauna

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________. View Available Hint(s) sandy beaches mud flats inner subtidal zone intertidal salt marsh areas boulder-covered beaches

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? kelp forests coral reefs mud flats mangrove swamps rocky shores

mud flats

Part A Part complete What are benthic organisms? View Available Hint(s) organisms that live in warm water organisms that live in or on the seafloor organisms that live in cool water organisms that live in the surface ocean organisms that live only at low latitudes

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to: wave energy. sediment variety. primary productivity. thermocline depth. current patterns.

primary productivity.

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by: limpets. mussels. fiddler crabs. hermit crabs. red and brown algae and surf grasses.

red and brown algae and surf grasses.

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________. View Available Hint(s) octopus giant kelpfish sea otter sea urchin wolf eel

sea urchin

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is: light. food. nutrients. predation. space.

space.

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water? View Available Hint(s) spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone lower intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, upper intertidal zone, spray zone upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone, spray zone spray zone, lower intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, upper intertidal zone

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are: algae. Riftia tubeworms. giant clams. sulfur-oxidizing archaea. eyeless shrimp.

sulfur-oxidizing archaea.

The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________. View Available Hint(s) oxygen supply the productivity of the surface layer above it temperature the amount of light sediment thickness

the productivity of the surface layer above it

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor. twenty thousand fifty hundred million

thousand