OCE Unit 2 Chapter 4

MA: Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Radiolarians Foraminifers Coccolithophores Diatoms

-Coccolithophores -Diatoms

MA: Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Radiolarians Diatoms Foraminifers Coccolithophores

-Radiolarians -Diatoms

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate rotary drilling

-an apple corer

Of the following sediments, which ones is/are considered hydrogenous? coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers black volcanic beach sand abyssal clay manganese nodules radiolarian ooze tests of foraminifers

-coatings of metal sulfides -manganese nodules

What are three steps required for calcareous ooze to exist below CCD?

-deposition of calcite shells above the CCD -cover of these shells by a non-calcerous material - and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? MA -on the continental shelf -in deep trenches not far offshore -on the continental slope -along the mid-ocean ridge -on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface

-on the continental shelf -in deep trenches not far offshore

MA: Which of the following are part of the bed load? -ions -sand -clay -gravel

-sand -gravel

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):

2, 3 & 4

What is the approximate depth of the CCD in the ocean

3 miles (4.5 KM)

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

4

Which one doesn't belong: A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A. Siliceous ooze

A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

B calcareous

Why is this drilling process called rotary drilling? Because a high-powered rotary engine drives the drilling process. Because the ship spins around in a circle to power the drilling process. Because the constant pounding on the drill string causes a rotary motion. Because the drill bit turns around in a circle.

Because the drill bit turns around in a circle

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD?

Below the CCd, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material

What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common

Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the

Calcite compensation depth or CCD

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of: silica metal sulfides calcium carbonate quartz sand volcanic as

Calcium Carbonate

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth?

Chondrites

What have oceanographers determined from analyzing seafloor cores? climate change and past extinctions how deep the ocean really is Highly-specialized marine life can exist at all depths in the ocean. There is an abundance of human-produced trash on the deep ocean floor. how fast sediment is accumulating in the deep ocean

Climate change and past extinctions

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

Cosmogenous

A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

D. oolites

Which way does ice flow in a glacier retreating uphill?

Downslope

A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

E. Tektites

T/F: Calcareous ooze is found in cooler water at depth around the world

False

T/F: Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine enviroment

False

T/F: Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments

False

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary?

Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide. ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin.

Ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges

wentworth scale: particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) associated with glacial deposits associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans

Particle size classification

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? phosphorites radiolarians foraminiferans corals coccolithophores

Radiolarians

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by: rotary drilling grab sampling instrumented probes gravity coring dredging

Rotary drilling

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : stromatolites. manganese nodule. evaporites. halites. phosphates.

Stromatolites

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of: 1. siliceous ooze (youngest) 2. calcareous ooze 3. basalt rock (oldest)

The core was collected from a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4500 meters

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD?

The ocean depth below with all calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves. The deposit undergoes slow burial. The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment. The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading. Conditions of high salinity are present.

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading

How would a snow line on a glacier move as a glacial front is advancing?

The snow line would move downslopes

How would you expect the front of a glacier to move if it undergoes a period of net accumulation, followed by net wastage, and finally a period of net accumulation?

The snow line would move forward, then backward, then forward again

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporates all have in common?

They all precipitate from water over saturated in their respective materials

T/F Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4500 meters

True

T/F: Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor

True

T/F: Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment

True

T/F: Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles

True

T/F: The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans

True

Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock?

Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart

In the demonstration, what does the apple represent? a circular fish that isn't very streamlined the flying object on the end of a string a grain of sand on a beach the deep sea floor a weight suspended in water

a deep sea floor

What is calcareous ooze?

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a river delta. a glacier. organisms the wind. a volcanic eruption.

a glacier

As a whole, the pH of the surface water of the ocean is slightly:

alkaline

ice rafting: associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans associated with glacial deposits depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve

associated with glacial deposits

what are the 3 types of loads carried by streams?

bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

Coccolithophores: biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

biogenous sediment

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form:

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of useable energy in the ocean- and likely the world- in the form of:

clathrates

bouncing is to sand as suspension is to:

clay

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources EXCEPT: -manganese nodules -coal -sand and gravel -methane hydrates -petroleum

coal

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

coccolithophores;foraminifers

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a ___ tropical reef or bank abyssal hills province mid-ocean ridge continental rise abyssal plain

continental rise

CCD:

depth at which all calcium carbonate in in solutio (dissolved)

All of the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except: diatom ooze. clays. glacial deposits. volcanic particles. beach sand.

diatom ooze

Forarms, which are composed of calcium carbonate, ______, above the CCd and ________ below the CCD

do not dissolve, dissolve

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD.

does not dissolve, does not dissolve

The pH scale is a measure of the ____ ion concentration of a solution

hydrogen

Manganese nodules: lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment biogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

metal sulfides: cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

Phosphate-rich nodules form in:

intermediate to shallow depth water

sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to:

ions

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

less than 30% biogenous material

sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

abyssal clay: lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

low salinity

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called

ooze

the most abundant material in lithogenous sediment is

quartz

How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move?

rolling, sliding, bouncing

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of:

sand, silt, and gravel

What is a suspended load?

the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed

What is salt weathering?

the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing the rock apart (physically)

Which is the best definition of glacial snow line

the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting ice at the surface of the glacier