OCE1001

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​How long does it take for many plastics to decompose?

400 years

Which of these is commonly an effect of El Niño?

An often catastrophic decrease in the commercial fisheries in Peru

Nutrients and carbon dioxide are limiting factors for the success of phytoplankton.

F

Once living organisms reach a balance with their environment, they do not undergo any more natural selection.

F

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms can be called either primary producers or heterotrophs because they make their own food.

F

Plastic eventually biodegrades.

F

Primary production is greatest right at the ocean surface.

F

Refined oil is usually less toxic than crude oil and typically has a shorter cleanup process.

F

Salt marshes exhibit greater species diversity than estuarine marshes.

F

Seawalls protect property and decrease beach erosion.

F

Spills of refined oil are generally larger in volume than those of crude oil.

F

The beach scarp is at the low tide mark and signifies the beginning of the offshore zone.

F

The first fish evolved about 50 million years ago.

F

The movement of passengers by sea produces much more revenue than the transport of cargo by sea.

F

The photic zone in coastal ocean water is deeper than the photic zone in open ocean water.

F

The single largest aragonite sand mining operation is in Alaska

F

The teeth in odontocetes are made of baleen.

F

Zooplankton are autotrophic plankton and one of the main groups of primary producers.

F

​Fringing reefs are separated from land by a lagoon.

F

​The compensation depth marks the depth of greatest productivity.

F

​The conditions of the deep ocean, such as eternal darkness, cold temperatures, hypersalinity, and high pressure, limits the extent of deep-ocean floor communities.

F

The Hawai'ian Islands formed as they pass over a hot spot in the middle of the ____.

Pacific Plate

More than half of the animal species, marine and terrestrial, are not considered to be free-living.

T

Most marine oil deposits are extracted from offshore platforms resting in water less than 100 meters deep.

T

Most phytoplankton stay near the surface to absorb red light.

T

Of the thousands of species of marine fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, fewer than 500 species are regularly caught and processed.

T

One of the main factors in the acceleration of the exploitation of Earth's resources is the increase in economic activity per person.

T

Photosynthetic autotrophs changed the composition of the atmosphere during the oxygen revolution.

T

Picoplankton number 100 million individuals in a liter of seawater, at all depths in the ocean.

T

Schooling behavior makes normally small fish appear like a large organism from a distance.

T

Seaweed-derived materials are found in a large variety of commercial materials including adhesives, salad dressing, and ice cream.

T

Seaweeds are not plants.

T

Sharks and rays tend to be larger than bony fish.

T

Some mollusks are segmented, indicating a common ancestor with annelids.

T

Some pollutants are able to persist in the environment for thousands of years.

T

Taxonomy is the study of biological classification.

T

The U.S. Gulf Coast is one of the most polluted bodies of water on Earth.

T

The accumulation and distribution of a layer of sediment protects depositional beaches from rapid erosion.

T

The carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support.

T

The evolution of the notochord in chordates permitted a more complex embryonic development.

T

The increase in the number jellyfish in the world ocean has been attributed to overfishing.

T

The methods used to contain and clean up an oil spill sometimes cause more damage than the oil itself.

T

The trace metal iron is required for photosynthesis, in certain nitrogen fixation enzymes, and in the structure of proteins.

T

The vertebrate skull made the evolution of intelligence possible.

T

Toxins on microfine pieces of plastic debris have been suggested as a possible reason for the decline in phytoplankton over the past 25 years.

T

What distinguishes life from non-life is the ability of living things to capture, store, and transmit energy, as well as reproduce.

T

Winds and currents can create variations in local sea level changes.

T

​Black sand beaches are particularly difficult intertidal regions to survive because of their high temperatures.

T

​Despite their instability, over 70 barrier islands off the United States have been commercially developed.

T

​Hydrothermal vents are called "black smokers" because of the black water emitting from the vents due to the precipitation of inorganic sulfides.

T

​Measuring biomass is not an efficient way to calculate primary productivity because productivity may be low in densely populated areas and high in sparsely populated areas.

T

​Nearshore productivity is almost always more productive than open ocean productivity.

T

​Salt wedge estuaries form their circulation pattern due to the rapid river outflow mixing with ocean water.

T

​The most successful organisms in a community have the most surviving offspring.

T

Where is the widest continental shelf located?

The Arctic Sea north of Siberia

The term "salinity" refers to the total quantity of ____.

dissolved inorganic solids in water

The property of water that accounts for the ability of liquid water to absorb large amounts of heat and change relatively little in temperature is called ____.

high heat capacity

Deposits found near hydrothermal vents

metal sulfides

Which phylum contains the most widely distributed and successful parasitic marine animal?

nematoda

What is the primary need for living matter to function?

nergy

What is the clumping of smaller particles into large masses?

accretion

The turbulent layer of Earth's atmosphere in which nearly all weather occurs is called the ____.

troposphere

The main force driving thermohaline circulation is ____.

density

Approximately what percentage of surface light penetration corresponds to the compensation depth?

​1%

How deep is the photic layer in typical coastal waters?

​100 meters

How far does the EEZ extend from a nation's shoreline?

​200 nautical miles

How much of the United States coastline is considered to be depositional?

​30%

​How much has carbon dioxide in the atmosphere risen since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

​38%

​How long do most forms of marine life require to recover from a crude oil spill?

​5 years

How much biomass in tropical coral reefs is attributed to the coral alone?

​50%

How much of the total catch is discarded as bycatch for every pound of shrimp caught in the Gulf of Mexico?

​75%

​What is the average pH of seawater?

​8.0

What percentage of all living and fossil animals are invertebrates?

​90%

​What is a tombolo?

​A bridge of sediment that connects a sea island to the mainland

What is an invertebrate chordate?

​A chordate that has lost its notochord

What is a fjord?

​A deep, narrow bay modified by glaciers

​What is a population?

​A group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area

​What is a coastal cell?

​A section of coastline that has a balanced input and output of sand

What is a climax community?

​A stable, long-established community

Which coastal state contributes the most to exploitable marine sand and gravel?

​Alaska

What primary product is formed during nitrogen fixation?

​Ammonium

What type of ocean does not support a deep scattering layer?

​An arctic ocean

What type of beach is likely to exist on a coastline covered with sea caves?

​An erosional beach

What is a heterotroph

​An organism that consumes food from other organisms

What is a niche?

​An organism's occupation within a habitat

​Which group is known to have members that are extremophiles?

​Archaea

Which phylum has the most number of species?

​Arthropoda

Which of the following is a domain of living things?

​Bacteria

What type of feature of depositional coasts migrates slowly landward as sea level rises?

​Barrier island

In the water column, where does respiration exceed photosynthesis?

​Below the compensation depth

What is usually the highest point on a beach?

​Berm crest

​Phytoplankton are responsible for how much of the surface ocean's carbohydrate production?

​Between 90 and 96%

What is required in the quantitative analysis of plankton?

​Both a count of the organisms and an estimate of the sampled volume of water

The U.S. imports over 50% of its petroleum, mostly from what country?

​Canada

Which individual was the first to provide a rough chart of an ocean current, specifically, the Gulf Stream?

​Captain James Cook

What is the end product of carbon respiration?

​Carbon dioxide

Nautiluses, octopuses, and squid belong to which class?

​Cephalopoda

What could happen if global warming continues?

​Changes in global winds and rainfall

Where in the world does the most aquaculture production take place?

​China

​Which country is the top harvester of marine fishes, crustaceans, and molluscs?

​China

What is the class of vertebrates who have a skeleton made of cartilage?

​Chondrichthyes

​What is considered the most structurally complex animal phylum?

​Chordata

What phylum contains jellyfish?

​Cnidaria

What happens when the waters of a coral reef exceednormal temperatures for too long?

​Corals eject their zooxanthellae.

Which are primary nitrogen-fixing organisms in the ocean?

​Cyanobacteria

​Which phylum is found exclusively in marine habitats?

​Echinodermata

What areas are typically the most affected by eutrophication?

​Estuaries

What is the global, long-term change in sea level?

​Eustatic change

Which coastline is a depositional coast?

​Florida

What creates a moraine?

​Glaciers

​Concentric sand-sized concretions of mineral matter, usually calcium carbonate.

​Gypsum

​What was one accomplishment of Captain James Cook?

​He mapped the coasts of Australia and New Zealand.

What is true of the backshore?

​It can include dunes and grasses.

When is the world expected to exceed the annual maximum sustainable yield?

​It is currently occurring

What is the rate of shore erosion dependent upon?

​Local range of tides

Which marine resource is too expensive to recover at this time due to the low market value of the resource?

​Manganese nodules

​Who is considered to be the father of physical oceanography?

​Matthew Maury

​What is the largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons on Earth?

​Methane hydrate

What is the main species of whale that is targeted by whalers?

​Minke whales

​Modern oceanography began with the efforts of ____, who trapped his ship in pack ice to explore the Arctic.

​Nansen

​What is the largest source of oil in the ocean?

​Natural oil seeps

Where are deltas common?

​Near broad continental shelves

Petroleum products would be classified as which resource type?

​Nonrenewable physical resource

Where is the top fishing area in the world ocean located?

​Northwest Pacific

​Which statement best describes ocean sediments near mid-ocean ridges?

​Ocean sediments are nearly absent near mid-ocean ridges.

How much of the light that reaches Earth's surface is captured by organisms?

​One part in 2,000

What is convergent evolution?

​Organisms that evolve to look similar due to environmental conditions

What has been attributed to the declining fertility of seals and sea lions off the California coast?

​PCBs

Petroleum most likely formed from which organic substrate?

​Planktonic organisms and bacteria

The most primitive true animal belongs to the phylum ____.

​Porifera

Who is generally credited with beginning the environmental movement?

​Rachel Carson

​What is the largest source of marine pollution to the world ocean?

​Runoff from land and city streets

Which marine reptiles make long migrations to lay eggs on the very same beach they hatched from?

​Sea turtles

What happens when the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide?

​Seawater pH decreases.

​What is the fastest-growing mariculture production?

​Shrimp

​Sound can travel for much greater distances through water than light waves can before being absorbed because ____.

​Sound waves travel through water more efficiently than light waves.

​Where do most seabirds live?

​Southern hemisphere

What is one of the effects of eutrophication?​

​Stimulates the growth of some species to the detriment of others, destroying the natural balance of an area

What would explain the poor condition for biological productivity in the open tropical ocean?

​Strong layering isolates deep, nutrient-rich water from the sunlit ocean surface.

About 90% of all living fishes are contained within the order ____.

​Teleostei

What was first created in an effort to claim the resources of the continental shelf as belonging to the nation to which it was attached?

​The Law of the Sea

​Which event is thought to have been a cause for past mass extinctions?

​The collision with an asteroid or comet

​What is hypoxia?

​The depletion of free oxygen in an area

What do most deep water consumers depend upon for survival?

​The productivity of the water column above

What is a frustule?

​The rigid cell wall of a diatom

​What did the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone exclude from the original 1982 United Nations Treaty?

​The sharing of high-seas resources

What is environmental resistance?

​The sum of the effects of the limiting factors on the environment

​What is responsible for increasing a beach's slope?

​The swash

What is bycatch?​

​The unintentional killing of organisms during harvesting of a desirable species

Why is photosynthesis inhibited at the very top layer of the ocean surface?

​There is too much light.

What is the eventual fate of erosional beaches?

​They become a depositional beach

Which statement is true with regards to sea breezes?

​Warmer ocean water causes air to rise and expand allowing cooler air over the land to move toward the sea.

Where is the seaward limit of a beach?

​Where the sediment movement onshore and offshore ceases

Platyhelminthes were the first organisms to have ____.

​a central nervous system

Where might a rare example of random distribution be found?

​abyssal plains

What type of transport is able to move against normal concentration gradients?

​active transport

What is considered to be the world's most important commercial product?

​algin

Which relationship is an example of mutualism?

​anemone fish and sea anemone

Phytoplankton are primarily classified as what type of organism?

​autotroph

When liquid water gets below 4°C, it ____.

​begins to decrease in density by expanding

​Where is the largest marine community located?

​between the photic zone and the deep bottom

Seaweeds used as additives for fabrics and adhesives would be classified in which group of marine resources?

​biological resources

What describes the increased concentration of toxic chemicals in the higher trophic levels?

​biomagnification

Water behaves like a(n) ____, which prevents broad swings of pH.

​buffer

An erosional coast that has little tidal variation ____.

​can erode quickly because wave action is concentrated near one level for longer times

What is the largest biogeochemical cycle?

​carbon cycle

What is a major product of combustion for all hydrocarbons?

​carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?

​carbon dioxide

What dissolved gases are required by nearly all marine organisms?

​carbon dioxide and oxygen

Researchers are able to directly measure the rate of productivity in experiments using a radioactively "tagged" atom. Which isotope is commonly used?

​carbon-14

The exoskeleton of an arthropod is composed of ____.

​chitin

​What absorbs sunlight in primary producers?

​chlorophyll

What are the stinging cells present in cnidarians?

​cnidoblasts

​What do squid use as a decoy defense mechanism?

​coagulated ink

​What is an example of symbiosis?

​commensalism

Which crustacean is known for grazing on diatoms and dinoflagellates and is among the most abundant multicellular animals on the planet?

​copepods

Which of the following is a biodegradable pollutant?

​crude oil

Which organisms are mainly classified as picoplankton?

​cyanobacteria

​What pelagic layer is located in the uppermost limits of the permanent darkness and reflects sound pulses?

​deep scattering layer

What can occur when intertidal organisms are exposed to air and sunlight?

​desiccation

Which plankton group are the most productive photosynthetic organisms (apart from cyanobacteria)?

​diatoms

Which plankton group operates at one of the most efficient energy conversion rates known?

​diatoms

Which type of plankton is the most common source of surface bioluminescence?

​dinoflagellates

What is the study of the balance between environmental factors and organisms in a community?

​ecology

The solution to environmental problems, if one exists, lies in ____.

​education and action

Which habitat is the most impacted by pollutants?

​estuaries

What community typically has the highest biomass per unit of surface area?

​estuary

​Which area is most likely to contain brackish water?

​estuary

Which zone in the ocean contains enough light for photosynthesis?

​euphotic zone

What has been suggested as a means for hydrothermal vent organisms to disperse over great distances between vent systems?

​fallen body of a whale

What is the smallest size class of plankton?

​femtoplankton

​Which characteristic distinguishes most dinoflagellates from diatoms and coccolithophores?

​flagella

​What are the units used to express primary production?

​gC/m2/yr

What adaptation is commonly found in organisms of deep pelagic and benthic communities?

​gigantism

What is the primary cause of oxygen depletion in the disphotic zone?

​heterotrophic respiration

What is one of the important inorganic molecules used for energy production at hydrothermal vents?

​hydrogen sulfide

In freshwater, a marine animal would be ____.

​hypertonic to its surroundings

What is the leading threat to commercial shellfisheries?

​hypoxia

Charles Darwin suggested that a driving force of evolution was ____.

​isolation

What do the simplest vertebrates lack?

​jaws

​What is considered the "keystone" species of the Antarctic ecosystem?

​krill

​What makes up the greatest biomass of any species on Earth?

​krill

Which heavy metal is one of the most dangerous currently being introduced into the ocean?

​lead

What physical factor is considered most important for the success of a marine organism?

​light

What are the potential limiting factors for primary productivity?

​light and nutrients

Which animal is the only herbivorous marine mammal?

​manatee

​What is a source of energy for chemosynthesis?

​methane

What special tool do tunicates use to obtain more food when suspension feeding?

​mucous plankton net

Waste disposal is an example of which resource type?

​nonextractive resource

What alternative to fossil fuels is the most promising to meet the world's needs?

​nuclear power

Which are the primary molecules of heredity?

​nucleic acids

What cargo is shipped in the greatest amount on the world's ocean?

​oil

​Which of the following is both a natural pollutant and a human-generated pollutant in the world ocean?

​oil

Approximately how much of the known world reserves of oil and natural gas lie along continental margins?

​one-third

How much of the world's table salt is produced by the evaporation of seawater?

​one-third

​Which of the following areas would least likely be an MPA?

​open ocean surface waters

​What are the most valuable marine resources?

​petroleum and natural gas

​What is the primary method of energy acquisition for phytoplankton?

​photosynthesis

How are seaweeds classified?

​photosynthetic accessory pigments

​What classification describes a group of animals that share similar architecture, level of complexity, and evolutionary history?

​phylum

​Freshwater is an example of a(n) ____.

​physical resource

​What planktonic group may account for up to 80% of all the photosynthetic activity in some parts of the open ocean?

​picoplankton

Which pollutant accumulates in gyres in the ocean?

​plastics

If Earth were uniform (homogenous) throughout, seismic waves would ____.

​radiate from the site of an earthquake in straight lines

About 60% of desalinated water is produced in what way?

​reverse osmosis

What is the most important physical environmental factor in intertidal communities?

​rise and fall of tides

​What physical factor can damage cell membranes and alter protein structure?

​salinity

​An animal that is tightly attached to rocks during intense wave activity is said to be ____.

​sessile

​What elemental compound comprises up to 95% of the mass of a diatom's cell wall?

​silica (SiO2)

What is a major source of nitrate to coastal waters?

​soil runoff

What needle-like structure provides a skeletal network for a sponge?

​spicules

Which animal is a suspension feeder?

​sponges

What residue of oil is the longest lasting in the environment?

​tar balls

Where in the open ocean are phytoplankton the most productive?

​temperate continental shelves

​When using the scientific method, scientific theories must be ____.

​tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments

What is the main body structure of seaweed?

​thallus

​What was the most important outcome of Matthew Maury's work?

​the charting of ocean currents to significantly shorten the travel time of sailors

Which organism uses echolocation to search for prey?

​toothed whale

What does a food web illustrate?

​trophic relationships

What part of the world ocean is considered an "oceanic desert"?

​tropical open ocean

Which hydrothermal vent organisms have no mouth, digestive tract, or anus?

​tube worms

​What can change the compensation depth?

​turbidity

Which distribution pattern is the rarest in nature?

​uniform distribution

What component of the cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is suggested to have caused more harm to marine organisms than the oil?

​use of dispersants

What is the biggest export from the Port of New York going to Asia?

​waste

What unique feature do all echinoderms have?

​water vascular system

Which is the largest species of shark?

​whale shark

​Which occurrence will produce upwelling near coasts?

​wind blowing toward the south along the West Coast of North America

​What is the fastest-growing energy alternative to oil?

​wind power

Copepods belong to which group?

​zooplankton

Which plankton are the most numerous primary consumers of the ocean?

​zooplankton

Large volumes of bottom sediments may be transported long distances by ____.

turbidity currents

Low-energy coastlines are commonly found in areas along eastern edges of continents.

F

Marine communities evolve more rapidly than terrestrial communities.

F

On a planetary scale, the ocean comprises about ____% of Earth's mass.

0.02

Most biological productivity in the ocean occurs in the aphotic zone.

F

How many elements comprise 99% of all the mass of all living things on Earth?

4

The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around the circumference of Earth without encountering land is the ____.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Upwelling and iron (suspended in glacial runoff) make these waters among the most productive on Earth.

Antarctic Ocean

Which of the following statements is true about an Ekman spiral?

Because of Ekman transport, at some frictional depth, water will be moving in the opposite direction from the surface current.

​How much of the ocean's primary productivity is generated by seaweeds?

Between 1% and 5%

​Which individual would be most likely to receive the title of "first marine scientist"?

Captain James Cook

Chemosynthesis is the dominant method of binding energy into carbohydrates on this planet.

Correct! False

Where is the most effective place to extract wind power?

Correct! ​Over or near the ocean

One of the driving forces of atmospheric circulation is ____.

Earth's uneven solar heating

El Niño results due to an interruption of flow of the ____ Current in the Pacific.

Equatorial

What is the name for a coast in which the dominant processes are those that remove coastal material?

Erosional coasts

Most tropical reefs form in areas with low wave energy so the force does not crush them.

F

Nonconservative nutrients will be enriched after a plankton bloom.

F

"Sea salt" contains only sodium chloride.

F

A shoreline with little tidal variation can erode slower than a more active shoreline because the wave action is less damaging.

F

Although ectotherms can tolerate large ranges in external temperature, they are unable to sustain large fluctuations in their internal temperatures.

F

Aquaculture produces very little of the amount of fish consumed by humans.

F

Bioaugmentation is the concentration of toxic substances in the flesh of marine organisms at higher levels in the food chain.

F

Biodiversity refers to the many different habitats organisms live in.

F

Cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry, an advancement from the phylum Porifera.

F

Coccolithophores need less light to photosynthesize and can go deeper into the euphotic zone.

F

Coral and barnacles are both arthropods due to their hard outer exoskeletons.

F

Deltas are present at every river mouth that brings sediment to a broad continental shelf.

F

Dinoflagellates have a deeper compensation depth than diatoms.

F

Externalities, or the costs associated with the harmful side effects of producing goods and services, are reflected in the cost of those goods and services.

F

Fjord estuaries tend to be well mixed with high surface area.

F

Huge, slowly turning turbines have been immersed in the Gulf Stream to provide commercial energy.

F

In a stable community, multiple populations can occupy the same "job" to ensure biodiversity.

F

Linnaeus was the first to start classifying organisms.

F

Alfred Wegener noticed that mountains differed in age, composition, and structure on both sides of the Atlantic, which supported his theory of continental drift.

False

An example of terrigenous sediment is the manganese nodule.

False

Arthropods have a steady growth pattern growing bigger over time.

False

Continental shelves can be made of granitic crust, basaltic crust, or both.

False

Hadley atmospheric circulation cells are found at the mid-latitudes.

False

Marine birds usually avoid land unless they are hunting.

False

Oil is denser than the surrounding sediments, so it is unable to migrate toward the surface from its source rock.​ True

False

One example of horizontal water movement is called downwelling.

False

Over the past century, ocean acidity has gradually decreased.

False

Oxygen is the primary component of air.

False

Plankton are categorized by their visibility or by the methods used to collect them.

False

Polychaetes are the most successful of the worm phyla, being found in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine environments.

False

Sediment refers to organic and inorganic materials that accumulate on the ocean floor.

False

Squid are the most intelligent invertebrates.

False

Superstorm Sandy was the result of a collision between a nor'easter and an extratropical cyclone.

False

The Challenger expedition used multibeam echo sounders to contour the seafloor.

False

The Gulf Stream is a current that runs south along the eastern coast of the United States.

False

The only way in which calcium carbonate sediment can form is by evaporation.

False

​ The 0.02 to 0.2 micrometer size class of plankton

Femo

Which is a factor that determines the location of a coast?

Global Tectonic ACtivity

​Which genus of dinoflagellate is known for producing a particularly harmful algal bloom called a red tide?

Karenia

Which statement is true with regard to latitude and longitude?

Latitude and longitude comprise a system of imaginary lines dividing Earth's surface into a grid.

Whatis the most likely consequence of fewerphytoplankton in the world ocean?

Less carbon dioxide uptake

​Who was the first person to compile a picture of the large-scale wind and current systems?

Matthew Maury

Pollutant from mining and coal ash that is particularly dangerous for fetuses.

Mercury

​The first scientific expedition to use an echo sounder was the ____.

Meteor expedition

What type of behavior is described as anadromous?

Migration to freshwater to spawn

​The 2.0 to 20 micrometer size class of plankton.

Nano

​Pollutant resulting in sticky mats of tar that can settle in sediments

Oil

Which reaction occurs during photosynthesis?

Oxygen is produced.

​Pollutant found in microbeads used in mildly abrasive skin cleaner

Plastics

Which worm has a segmented body plan?

Polychaeta​

​What feature marks the shoreward limit of marine erosion on a rocky coast?

Sea cliffs

​Pollutants written about in 1962 that began the environmental movement

Synthetic Pesticides

A beach slope in equilibrium will grow at slower rates than heavy depositional beaches.

T

A change in salinity can affect the buoyancy of an organism.

T

All life on Earth is fundamentally the same.

T

An organism's response to a particular pollutant will depend solely on its sensitivity to the quantity of that pollutant.

T

Approximately 70% of discarded plastic sinks to the bottom of the ocean.

T

Bottom trawling, which disturbs sediments, is more devastating to ocean environments than bycatch.

T

Brittle stars employ a unique evasive technique that involves detaching an arm if grabbed by a predator.

T

Coastal cells in southern California are smaller due to the location on an active, leading edge of a continent.

T

Coastal water tends to support greater plankton populations than oceanic water does due to nitrate runoff from soil.

T

Coastlines have not come into equilibrium with modern sea levels.

T

Coasts refer to an entire area that is affected by biological processes in addition to tectonic activity.

T

Deep scattering layers are best developed in regions with high surface productivity.

T

Despite its vast size, the ocean will likely not be able to provide enough food to alleviate future malnutrition and starvation in the world.

T

Diatoms have one of the most efficient energy conversion rates known, using approximately 55% of absorbed sunlight.

T

Eight of the 11 species of large, hunted whales are considered to be commercially extinct.

T

Exotic species can reduce the biodiversity of their new habitats.

T

Halogenated hydrocarbons are some of the most abundant and dangerous synthetic organic compounds found in marine waters.

T

Human demand has exceeded Earth's ability to regenerate resources.

T

If an environment is changed by disruption, a different climax community always establishes.

T

It has been suggested that Archaea may be more closely related to Eukarya than Bacteria.

T

Many large intertidal plants must be slippery in addition to being strong and elastic to avoid being shredded by the intense wave energy of the intertidal.

T

Membranes are considered selectively permeable when they allow only certain kinds of small molecules to pass through.

T

Why was Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift dismissed?

The evidence at the time seemed to suggest a solid mantle that did not allow drifting of continents to be possible.

Which statement accurately describes active continental margins?

They are areas of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes.

Which statement is true with regard to subduction zones?

They are zones where old seafloor descends into the crust and mantle.

​Why do large, broad beaches have gradual slopes?

They have a large area for wave energy to dissipate.

A seamount is a volcanic projection that does not rise above the surface.

True

An example of a siliceous ooze are those formed from radiolarian shells.

True

Cold water can dissolve more CO2 than warm water.

True

Density is a measure of relative heaviness and is defined as mass per unit volume.

True

Drift bottles are useful in determining coastal circulation by tracking the path of surface currents.

True

Hydrothermal vents such as black smokers are found at spreading centers.

True

Marine science draws on information from disciplines of geology, biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering.

True

Ocean gyres are asymmetrical because of the Coriolis effect.

True

The global temperature trend has been generally upward since the last ice age, but the rate of increase has recently accelerated.

True

The pycnocline can occur at the same range of depths as a halocline.

True

The uneven heating of the surface of Earth results in atmospheric convection currents.

True

The white cliffs of Dover are chalk-like deposits of coccolithophores that are around 100 million years old.

True

The world reserves of oil and natural gas are found more on the continental margins than in the deep-sea floors.

True

There are planktonic forms of every major group of animals.

True

There are three types of plate convergences: continent-continent, ocean-continent, and ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries.

True

Water resists rising in temperature as heat is added, or falling in temperature when heat is removed.

True

​One piece of evidence that suggests the existence of Pangaea is the apparent fit of continents across North and South Atlantic.

True

Who was the first person to estimate the size of the Earth within approximately 8% of its true size based on the geometric observations of travelers?

U.S. naval officer Matthew Maury

Which of the following statements is true with regard to air?

Warm air is less dense than cold air.

The hydrogen bonds of water molecules account for which of the following?

Water can cause surface tension and wetting.

What marks the submerged limit of rapid marine erosion?

Wave-cut platforms

Most of the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina was due to ____.

a huge storm surge

In the process of lithification, sediments ____.

are converted into solid rock

The hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of Earth is called the ____.

asthenosphere

Residence time is the ____.

average length of time an element spends in the ocean

The discovery and study of ocean floor contours is called ____.

bathymetry

An El Niño causes a reversal in the distribution of atmospheric pressure in what ocean?

between the eastern and western Pacific

The grazing of phytoplankton by copepods would be an example of a(n) _____ influencing a community.

biological factor

What is an ophiuroid?

brittle stars

How can a satellite sense the contours of the ocean bottom from space?

by using radar to sense the height of the sea surface over submerged features

Carbonate sediments are rare in deep sea sediments because the ____.

carbonate shells are dissolved in deep water

The long-term statistical sum of weather in a geographic region is called ____.

climate

During times of high productivity which plankton are notable for making the surface water appear milky or chalky?​

coccolithophores

The amount of dissolved oxygen that seawater can hold in solution will be greater in ____.

colder water

The densest water in ocean currents is the ____.

coldest and saltiest

The mid-ocean mountains, such as the ridges and rises, are ____.

constructed of volcanic basalt

The submerged outer edge of a continent is called the ____.

continental margin

Neritic sediments are found on the ____.

continental shelf

The transition between the shelf and the deep seafloor is the ____.

continental slope and rise

​When an air parcels rises, it ____.

cools and expands

Radiolarians and diatoms are both examples of ____.

creatures whose shells form siliceous oozes

The mass flow of ocean water that is driven by wind or gravity is referred to as ocean ____.

currents

The mid-ocean ridges are ____.

divergent plate boundaries

Calm equatorial areas of low pressure are referred to as the ____.

doldrums

Coastal upwelling is most common in association with ____ in the Northern Hemisphere.

eastern boundary currents

The islands bordering deep-sea trenches are ____.

eruptive volcanoes called island arcs

Warm air ____ and cool air ____.

expands and rises; contracts and sinks

​Small plankton that have a calcium carbonate shell

foraminifera

The boundary between two air masses of different densities is called a ____.

front

A crystal lattice of interlocking water molecules containing trapped gas.

gas hydrate

The wavelengths of light that penetrate deepest into the ocean are ____.

green and blue

Flat-topped seamounts that once rose near or above sea level are called ____.

guyots

​Important component of wallboard and other building materials..

gypsum

Chemicals used in flame retardants that can accumulate in fish

halogenated hydrocarbons

​Zooplankton that spend their whole lives in the plankton community

holo

Tropical cyclones are also called ____ in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific.

hurricanes

What comprises the most abundant form of matter in the universe?

hydrogen and helium

What type of bond enables water molecules to stick together?

hydrogen bond

Heat can be carried to the polar regions ____.

in ocean currents from the tropics

Which area is most likely to have the most populous and diverse community of organisms?

intertidal zone

What factor is rarely a difficulty for marine organisms?

iron availability​

​If coastal winds are blowing offshore producing a land breeze, the time of day is most likely ____.

just after sunset

​Plankton that are a major food source for whales

krill

​Humid air is ____ than dry air because molecules of water vapor ____ than molecules of nitrogen and oxygen at the same temperature.

less dense; weigh less

The rigid outer layer of Earth that comprises the continental crust, oceanic crust, and the uppermost mantle is called the ____.

lithosphere

​Plankton that are greater than 1 cm in diameter

macro

The strong El Niño of 2015-2016 generated significant impacts in many areas of the world. Southern California produced record global sea surface temperatures resulting in ____.

many uncharacteristic marine visitors, such as hammerhead sharks

The 200 to 2000 micrometer size class of plankton.

meso

​Animals that are plankton as juveniles and later adopt a benthic or nektonic lifestyle

mevro

​The 20 to 200 micrometer size class of plankton.

micro

The oozes on the seafloor mostly consist of ____.

microscopic hard parts of single-celled living organisms

A ____ is a pattern of wind circulation that changes with the seasons and generally results in wet summers and dry winters in parts of Africa and Asia.

monsoon

Antarctic Bottom Water flows ____ water in surface currents.

much slower than

The most abundant gaseous components of Earth's atmosphere are ____.

nitrogen and oxygen

Japan is located along the "Pacific Ring of Fire" and experiences many earthquakes. The majority of the earthquakes around Japan occur ____.

only on the east side of the island where the Pacific plate subducts

The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and ____.

periodic reversals in the polarity of Earth's magnetic field

The thin layer of lighted water near the surface of the ocean is called the ____.

photic zone

Oxygen first began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere as a result of ____.

photosynthesis

The 0.2 to 2.0 micrometer size class of plankton.

pico

​How do entirely new genetic traits arise?

pontaneous mutation

Used in the manufacture of cell phones, solar panels, and LCD displays.

rare-earth elements

What is the second most valuable marine resource?

sand and gravel

Abyssal hills are small extinct volcanoes commonly associated with ____.

seafloor spreading

Weather may be defined as ____.

short-term, localized states of the atmosphere

​The inclination of Earth's axis causes the days to become ____ in June and ____ in December in the Southern Hemisphere. ​longer; longer

shorter; longer

What is the IQOE particularly concerned with in the ocean?

sound pollution

What process reestablishes climax communities after a major disruption to the environment?

succession

A transverse current is a ____.

surface current that connects eastern-boundary and western-boundary currents

The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with ____.

the Challenger expedition

​Which voyage was the first expedition devoted purely to marine science?

the Challenger expedition

The power for tropical cyclones comes from ____.

the condensation of warm, moist air

The density of seawater will increase when ____.

the salinity increases

The field of marine science involves ____.

the scientific study of the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering lands

A boundary in which crustal plates slide laterally past one another is called a ____.

transform fault

California's San Andreas fault is which type of plate boundary?

transform plate boundaries

Which of the following conditions contributed most to the destructive nature of Hurricane Katrina?

very strong winds, up to 125 miles per hour

​Carbon dioxide combines chemically with water to form a(n) ____.

weak acid

The primary force responsible for surface currents is ____.

wind

Hydrothermal vents are located near ____.

zones of rapid seafloor spreading

What term is used to describe the exclusive microecosystem picoplankton have been discovered to operate in?

​"black market economy"

Planktonic organisms are classified by size. What is the range of plankton size categories?

​0.02 micrometers to 2.0 meters


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