Ocean
weathering of rocks geothermal activity
Dissolved materials salts are produced by
hydrometer specific gravity
How do you measure salinity?
1.010 - 1.020
Hydrometer reading for Brackish
1.000 - 1.010
Hydrometer reading for freshwater
> 1.030
Hydrometer reading for hypersaline (Brine)
1.020 - 1.030
Hydrometer reading for seawater
parts per thousand
If 35 grams are left behind then the salinity is 35%₀. %₀ = _____ ______ _______.
1.18%
Percent of calcium (Ca⁺²)
55.03%
Percent of chloride (Cl⁻)
3.68%
Percent of magnesium (Mg⁺²)
1.11%
Percent of potassium (K⁺)
30.59%
Percent of sodium (Na⁺)
7.68%
Percent of sulfate (SO₄⁻²)
addition
Salinity can be decreased by the _______ of freshwater.
the evaporation freezing
Salinity can be increased by ____ _______ and _________ which leaves salts behind.
1000
Salinity is expressed as the number of grams of salt left behind when _______ grams of seawater are evaporated.
water column
Salinity is not always even throughout the __________ ____________.
halocline
Salinity is not always even throughout the water column. There are sometimes differences in salinity due to evaporation or addition of freshwater.
salts dissolved
Salinity is the total amount of _________ _____________ in seawater.
0.5 to 17 ‰
Salinity level of brackish
greater than 40‰
Salinity level of brine ( hypersaline )
17 - 40‰
Salinity level of seawater
less than 0.5‰
Salinity of freshwater
8‰
Salinity of the Baltic Sea
188‰
Salinity of the Black Sea
38‰
Salinity of the Mediterranean Sea
40‰
Salinity of the Red Sea
chloride sodium sulfate magnesium calcium potassium
Seawater composition is made of what six different ions?
densities layering
Since different salinities have different _________ you have stratification (____________).
water column
Sometimes this causes the layers to remain _________ and does not allow _________ to occur.
evaporation addition of freshwater
There are sometimes differences in salinity due to ___________ or addition of _______________.
1 g/ml
Water is usually the reference liquid for specific gravity since it is?
sodium chloride
What are the two elements which account for nearly 85% of the dissolved ions and cause the seawater to taste like salt (NaCl)?
ocean water
What evaporates and leaves the salts behind and therefore the salinity increased over time?
salty
What happened to the oceans and seas when : The dissolved materials salts are produced by weathering of rocks and geothermal activity (undersea volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, etc....) The ocean water evaporates it leaves the salts behind and therefore the salinity increased over time.
increases salinity
What happens to the salinity of seas when there is a lack of rainfall and a high evaporation rate?
decreases
What happens to the salinity when there is a high influx of fresh water and low evaporation rate?
seawater
What is mainly composed of six different ions (99%)?
35‰
What is the average salinity of the world's oceans?
hydrometer
What is the instrument that measures the specific gravity of a liquid?
specific gravity
ratio of the density of one liquid to another.
