ocean water test

inefficient. very little energy is passed in from one trophic level to the next

Is the transfer of energy between trophic level efficient or inefficient?

- Bc warm water is denser at the equator so the salinity decreases bc there is a lot of precipitation which lowers the salinity. - the cold water at the poles has a higher salinity bc the water is colder and more dense

Why does salinity vary by latitude

- at low latitudes, temperature declines with depth.. sun rays cannot penetrate below 1000 meters. After there, the temperature stabilizes just above freezing. this is called thermocline. - at high latitudes, the surface of the water is colder bc of this, the temperature stays relatively the same (just above freezing)all the way down. this is called isothermal.

be able to explain the graph. explain ocean temperature variation at low latitudes and high latitudes

-at high latitudes, the water has no pycnocline - at low latitudes, the water has a rapid change in density that occurs between 300 and 1000 meters. this is called pycnocline

compare the density of water at high latitudes and low latitudes

- pelagic zone: any open ocean - benthic zone: any bottom dweller - abyssal zone: high water pressure, low temperature, darkness, sparse food.

describe marie zone based on the water depth

- photic zone: upper part of the ocean where light penetrates - euphotic zone: upper portion of the photic zone with enough light for photosynthesis

describe marine zones based on the availability of light

- intertidal zone: between high tide and low tides line - neurotic zone: from the low tide zone and out over the continental shelf - oceanic zone: beyond the continental shelf

describe marine zones based on the distance from shore

- harsh place to live - crashing waves - periodic drying out - rapid changes in temperature, salinity, and oxygen concentration

describe the internal zone

- only 5% of the world's ocean but has the greatest number of organisms - 90% of commercial fisheries are supported by the biomass found in this zone

describe the neurotic zone

1) polar oceans: - solar energy limits photosynthesis productivity > dark for 3 months in winter > continuous daylight for 3 months in the summer 2) tropical oceans: - permanent thermocline limits the mixing of surface water and nutrient-dense deep water - productivity is limited by the lack of nutrients 3) temperate oceans: - oceans to mid-latitudes - the productivity is limited by a combination of limited solar radiation and a lack of nutrients that are dependent on the season

describe the primary limitation to productivity in polar oceans, tropical oceans, and temperate oceans

- amount of plankton - amount of suspended sediment - decaying organic materials

describe what the clarity of the photic zone is affected by

- a food chain if a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred. It always beings with a producer. - a food web is a series of interconnected food chains showing all feeding relationships.

differentiate between a food chain and a food web.

1) plankton: - floaters - organisms that drift with the ocean - contains phytoplankton and zooplankton - EXAMPLE: of phytoplankton are diatoms - EXAMPLE: of zooplankton are larva of fish and crabs 2) nekton: - swimmers - organisms capable of moving independently without he help of current - they do this with swimming and other means of propulsion - EXAMPLE: all fish 3) benthos: - bottom dwellers - organisms living on or in the ocean bottom - EXAMPLE: sea urchins and sea stars

differentiate between and give an example of plankton, nekton, and benthos

1) marine producers: - can make their own energy - includes phytoplankton and larger algae like seaweed 2) maine consumers: - must get their energy from consuming other organisms - includes crabs, clams, fish, and whales

differentiate between marine producers and consumers and give examples of both

- both types of primary productivity 1) photosynthesis: - use of light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into energy-rich glucose - limited by the availability of nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron) and the amount of sun or solar radiation 2) chemosynthesis: - creation of organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using chemical energy - EXAMPLES: bacteria at hydrothermal vents use hydrogen sulfide

differentiate between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

|WINTER|: very low productivity - this is bc the nutrient concentration is the hight. solar energy is limited bc the days are short in the winter and the angle of the suns rays are low. |SPRING|: very high-> rapid decrease - this is bc the suns rays are higher than in the winter so it creates a greater depth at which photosynthesis can occur - a spring bloom occurs bc there is high nutrients and more solar energy - seasonal thermocline traps the nutrients. - phytoplankton decrease bc of a lack of nutrients |SUMMER|: very low - this is bc the sun is highest so the surface temperature increases - this creates a strong thermocline which prevents vertical mixing. The nutrients gets trapped at the bottom |FALL|: moderate-> low - this is bc the solar radiation decreases so the surface temperature decreases. therefore the thermocline breaks down. the nutrients returns to the surface from the bottom - this creates a fall bloom of phytoplankton - it is short lived bc the sunlight is the limited factor

how and why does ocean productivity vary based on the season. look on notability for graph

where they live and how they move

how are marine organisms classified

- it determines the vertical position bc ocean water sinks below less dense water

how does density affect the position of water in the ocean

density

mass per unit volume or how heavy something is for its size

1) shallow surface mixing zone • 2% of ocean water • warmest layer with nearly uniform temperature • good mixing by waves, current and tides 2) transition zone • 18% of ocean water • temperature declined abruptly • thermocline and pycnocline 3) deep zone • 80% of ocean water • temperature only a few degrees above freezing • high density water

name , describe, and be able to label the three ocean layers when they are separated based on water density. why doesn't this model apply to oceans at high latitudes like the arctic

- variations from adding water decreases salinity • EXAMPLES: - precipitation - runoff from land - icebergs melting - sea ice melting - variations from removal of water increase salinity • EXAMPLE: - evaporation - formation of sea ice (salts don't become a part of the ice)

name the effect and causes of addition and removal of water to the salinity of the ocean

- chemical weathering of rocks on continents - earths interior through volcanic eruptions

name the two main sources of sea salts

- increasing salinity increases density because of the added dissolved substances. - incasing temperature decreases density - the most dense water in the world in in antarctic bc it has a high salinity and cold water

name two factors that affect seawater density. what combination of these two factors produces the highest density water in the world.

primary productivity

production of organic compounds from inorganic substances

thermocline

rapid change in temperature; means heat slope

pycnocline

the rapid change in density that occurs between 300 and 1000 meters

salinity

total amount of salts in water

- it is light produced through a chemical reaction that oxidizes a protein called luciferin - most of the organisms living in deep sea ares like the abyssal zone use bioluminescence. they use it to fend off predators and to attract a mate

what is bioluminescence? why do so many deep-ocean organisms utilize it

phytoplankton

what is the basis of the food chain for the majority ocean organisms

- phytoplankton are the bottom of the food chain and are capable of photosynthesis - zooplankton are animals like larvae. they are many different animal larvae while phytoplankton are just phytoplankton

what is the difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton

sodium chloride which is other wise know as NaCl or common table salt

what is the predominant salt in seawater

3.5%. it is expressed by oceanographers as 3.5 o/oo or parts per thousand

what percent of water is dissolved salts? how is this percentage expressed by oceanographers?

- they were discovered in 1977 at the mid-ocean ridge - they are cracks in the seafloor where seawater seeps in. It then becomes superheated and saturated with minerals and is sent out through geysers known as black smokers - they are known as that bc the water sent out is very dark and almost black

what si a hydrothermal vent? why are they also called back smokers

isothermal

when the surface of the ocean is already very cold

a technology advances, there are places in the ocean that we can go that we never have been able to go to before. bc of this we are able to see and find new organisms. also, we have only explored 5% of the ocean.

why do you think that so many new species are still being discovered in the ocean

- the sun is stronger here than in the poles, making the air temperature warmer, thereof making the surface of he ocean warmer - the sun id less direct making it colder, this makes the surface of the ocean colder than it is in the equator

why does temperature very by latitude