Oceanography 1 - seawater composition
six most abundant ions in sea water
chloride, sodium, sulfate,magnesium, calcium, potassium
what is the state of salts found in sea water
dissolved and in the form of ions
trace elements
elements found in very little quantities( less than 1 ppm)
Arrange the following in increasing order of concentration of salt ions found in seawater - Chloride, magnesium, fluoride, bicarbonate, potassium, sodium, sulfate,calcium,
fluoride,bicarbonate,potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, sodium, chloride
units of density
g/cc or g/ml, g/l
viscosity
the resistance of a fluid to flow
salinity
total concentration of dissolved organic salts
units of salinity
0/00, parts per thousand(ppt), psu g/kg
units of concentration
0/00, parts per thousand(ppt), psu g/kg, ppm( parts per million)
sources of ocean salt
1) dissolved rocks/sediments, surface water run off, mantle volatile, weathering and out gassing
average open ocean salinity
3.5% or 35ppt
At what temperature does water have highest density
4 deg celsius
why can one float in dead sea?
because the water is very salty and hence very dense
two most abundant ions
Cl, Na ( come from NaCl - Table salt)
Chemical formula of table salt
NaCl - sodium chloride
why are salts found as ions?
because water is a polar molecule as oxygen is more electronegative
salt balance/salt budget
average incoming salt into oceans remains constant as average outgoing salt out of oceans
heat capacity of freshwater is _________ than salt water
higher
boiling point ________________ with salinity
increases
density ___________ with salinity
increases
viscosity ____________ with salinity
increases
what does adding salt during snowstorms do to roads?
it keeps water from freezing at 0 deg so water will stay as liquid and not turn into ice
ice floats on water because
its density is less than that of water
freezing point _________________ with salinity
lower
density
mass per unit volume
Formula for density
mass/volume=density
psu
practical salinity unit
how does salt leave ocean?
sea sprays, evaporites,
which one stays in liquid form - glass of freshwater at 100 deg or glass of sea water at 100 deg ?
seawater because boiling point increases with salinity
which one stays in liquid form - glass of freshwater at 0 deg or glass of sea water at 0 deg ?
seawater because freezing point lowers with salinity
heat capacity
the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.