Oceanography Chapter 13, 14, 15, 16, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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Board surfers tend to avoid which type of breaker because they break right at the shoreline?

D) Surging breaker

Which type of breaker forms waves the present the greatest challenge to body surfers?

D) Surging breaker

Which type of breaker forms when the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope?

D) Surging breaker

Which type of breaker forms when the waves build up and break right at the shoreline?

D) Surging breaker

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Surging breaker B) Spilling breaker C) Surf D) Swell E) Plunging breaker

D) Swell

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called ________.

abyssal plains

Seals are members of which of the following orders? 81) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

Walruses are members of which of the following orders? 80) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

Organisms which feed only on other animals are called ________. 71) _____ A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores

carnivores

Satellites use microwave beams to measure sea level to an accuracy of four ________.

centimeters

The ________ force pulls an orbiting body toward the center of that orbit. 3) _____ A) tidal B) gravitational C) centripetal D) magnetic E) amphidromic

centripetal

Blue whales are members of which of the following orders? 89) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Bowhead whales are members of which of the following orders? 92) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Dolphins are members of which of the following orders? 87) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Finback whales are members of which of the following orders? 90) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Gray whales are members of which of the following orders? 94) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Humpback whales are members of which of the following orders? 93) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Porpoises are members of which of the following orders? 86) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Right whales are members of which of the following orders? 91) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Sperm whales are members of which of the following orders?88) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

cetacea

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a ________.

change in state

The flow of nutrients through a biotic community is ________. 84) _____ A) noncyclic and multidirectional B) noncyclic and unidirectional C) cyclic and unidirectional D) cyclic and multidirectional

cyclic and multidirectional

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is ________. 20) _____ A) top down B) cyclical C) unidirectional D) semi-conservative E) bi-directional

cyclical

The "Portuguese man-of-war" is an example of which of the following? 52) _____ A) Cnidarians B) Coccolithophores C) Ctenophores D) Foraminifers E) Radiolarians

cnidarians

Which of the following are armed with nematocysts containing a painful neurotoxin? 55) _____ A) Cnidarians B) Coccolithophores C) Ctenophores D) Foraminifers E) Radiolarians

cnidarians

In 2003 the world fishing fleet spent over ________ billion to catch $80 billion worth of fish. 99) _____ A) $140 B) $100 C) $60 D) $80 E) $120

$120

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species. 62) _____ A) 0.5%; 33% B) 1.0%; 50% C) 1.0%; 25% D) 1.0%; 33% E) 0.5%; 25%

0.5%; 25%

Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.47) _____ A) 30° B) 26° C) 18° D) 34° E) 22°

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae. 56) _____ A) 90% B) 80% C) 60% D) 70% E) 50%

90%

The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________. 11) _____ A) 30% B) 1% C) 10% D) 50% E) 90%

90%

About what percent of the world fishery is obtained within 320 kilometers (200 miles) of shore? 71) _____ A) 55% B) 95% C) 75% D) 25% E) 5%

95%

Which type of breaker is a turbulent mass of air and water that runs down the front slope of the wave as it breaks?

B) Spilling breaker

Wave speed of deep-water waves depends only on ________.

B) wavelength

Wave celerity is equal to ________.

B) wavelength divided by period

The circular motion of water molecules extends to a depth that is equal to ________.

B) wavelength/2

Which of the following is the biggest single source of mercury in the ocean? 59) _____ A) Leaching from rocks B) Disposal of mercury batteries C) Producing acetaldehyde D) Burning of coal E) Volcanic eruptions

Burning of coal

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 12) _____ A) Green crab B) Atlantic comb jelly C) Water hyacinth D) Caulerpa taxifolia E) Spartina alterniflora

Caulerpa taxifolia

Which of the following kingdoms has only a few species living in the marine environment? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Plantae E) Protista

D) Plantae

Which of the following is a zooplankton? A) Coccolithophores B) Diatoms C) Dinoflagellates D) Radiolarian E) Virioplankton

D) Radiolarian

Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________. 66) _____ A) heterotrophic B) consumers C) decomposers D) producers E) animals

decomposers

In the troposphere, air temperatures ________.

decrease with increasing altitude

Some planktonic marine organisms produce a tiny droplet of oil to ________ density and ________ buoyancy.

decrease, increase

An increase in seawater density can be caused by a ________ in temperature or a/an ________ in salinity.

decrease; increase

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased; increased

Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with ________.

deep sea trenches

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following?

deep-sea trenches

The tide-generating force varies ________. 5) _____ A) directly with the square of the distance between the objects B) inversely with the cube of the distance between the objects C) directly with the square of the distances of the objects divided by the product of the masses D) inversely with the square of the distance between the objects E) directly with the cube of the distance between the objects

inversely with the cube of distance between the objects

Identify the mismatched pair. 25) _____ A) Manatee—Cetacea B) Sea otter—Carnivora C) Dolphin—Cetacea D) Walrus—Pinnipedia E) Dugong—Sirenia

manatee-cetacea

Which of the following features is characteristic of an emerging shoreline? 47) _____ A) Drowned river valley B) Drowned beach C) Submerged dune topographyD) Marine terrace

marine terrace

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 150 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

one

The overfishing of which of the following caused the closure of North Carolina's century-old bay scallop fishery in 2004? 95) _____ A) Sharks B) Cod C) Rays D) Surgeonfish E) Lobster

sharks

The extent of a continent's coastal waters depends on the size and relief of its continental ________. 74) _____ A) ridge B) slopeC) trench D) rise E) shelf

shelf

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is ________.

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

The zone that lies between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves is known as the ________. 62) _____ A) coastline B) wave front C) coast D) shore E) beach

shore

The part of the shore that represents the water's edge and migrates back and forth with the tide is known as the ________. 67) _____ A) backshore B) foreshore C) nearshore D) offshore E) shoreline

shoreline

Dugongs are members of which of the following orders? 85) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

sirenia

Manatees are members of which of the following orders? 84) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

sirenia

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that ________.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean. 42) _____ A) deeper; greater B) less; greater C) less; lower D) deeper; lower

deep;lower

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current?

deeper currents, increased current velocity, warmer water, and narrower current are all true of western boundary currents

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called ________. 14) _____ A) barrier flats B) deltas C) barrier islands D) bay-mouth bar E) tombolos

deltas

Which of the following countries is the world leader (by percentage of its energy use) in wind power?

denmark

Thermohaline circulation is driven by ________.

density differences

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and caused by ________.

density differences; differences in salinity and temperature

As the salinity of seawater increases, its ________.

density increases

Arenicola is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 77) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

deposit

Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 78) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

deposit

Grunion spawning patterns have evolved to take advantage of ________ associated with tides. 73) _____ A) water temperatures B) whirlpools and maelstroms C) deposition and erosion D) nutrient rich water E) gravitational attractions

deposition and erosion

The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century. 54) _____ A) doubled B) quadrupled C) quintupled D) increased ten-fold E) tripled

doubled

Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

downwelling; low

Which of the following features is characteristic of a submerging shoreline? 48) _____ A) Drowned beach B) Ancient sea cliffs C) Wave-cut benches D) Marine terrace E) Sea stacks

drowned beach

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.65) _____ A) influx of freshwater B) elevated temperatures C) decreased sunlight D) high turbidity E) increased nutrients

elevated temperatures

The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________. 63) _____ A) covering the coral with sediment B) depleting dissolved oxygen C) excreting waste on the coral D) eating the coral polyps E) releasing toxins that kill zooxanthellae

eating the coral polyps

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent ________.

interior continental areas and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

Which of the following is an example of a passive continental margin?

east coast of the united states

The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

easter boundary current

The Benguela Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

eastern boundary current

The Canary Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

eastern boundary current

The Peru (Humboldt) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

eastern boundary current

The West Australian Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

eastern boundary current

Which of the following often wind up as bycatch because fishers commonly used them to locate tuna? 96) _____ A) Sharks B) Birds C) Turtles D) Dolphins E) Rays

dolphins

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?

doppler flow meters

Water flowing out of an enclosed basin due to the tides is called a/an ________. 25) _____ A) neap tide B) flood current C) spring tide D) tidal bore E) ebb current

ebb current

Squid have two long arms and ________ short arms. 59) _____ A) eightB) six C) four D) two E) ten

eight

Coastal winds can cause upwelling or downwelling due to which of the following?

ekman transport

The observation that ships and icebergs in the southern hemisphere float to the left of the wind direction is an example of which of the following?

ekman transport

Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________.

electrons

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.64) _____ A) predator attacks B) high turbidity C) influx of freshwater D) depleted oxygen E) elevated temperatures

elevated temperatures

The ________ of the Moon determines the position of the tidal bulges on Earth. 56) _____ A) apogee B) declination C) perihelion D) ecliptic E) syzygy

declination

The angular distance of the Sun or the Moon above or below the Earth's equatorial plane is called the ________. 15) _____ A) perihelion B) declination C) apogee D) ecliptic E) syzygy

declination

The average salinity of typical seawater is ________.

3.5%

Which of the following is the correct order of formation of sea ice as it forms directly from seawater?

(START) slush; pancake ice; ice floes; sea ice (FINISH)

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately ________.12) _____ A) 50% B) 90% C) 30% D) 10% E) 1%

The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill was estimated to have killed at least ________ sea otters. 39) _____ A) 700,000 B) 70,000 C) 100,000 D) 1,000 E) 10,000

1,000

Most ecological efficiencies in natural ecosystems average about ________ percent. 85) _____ A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 2 E) 6

Research on DDT concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations. 57) _____ A) double B) 10 times more C) 12 times less D) 12 times more E) 10 times less

10 times more

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around ________. 22) _____ A) 30% B) 75% C) 50% D) 10% E) 5%

10%

Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year.

100

If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)? 23) _____ A) 100 kcal B) 10,000 kcal C) 10 kcal D) 1,000 kcal E) 1 kcal

100 kcal

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________. 37) _____ A) 20 meters B) two to three kilometers C) one kilometer D) 100 meters E) one to two kilometers

100 meters

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 75) _____ A) 700-900 B) 300-500 C) 500-700 D) 100-300 E) 1000 or more

100-300

The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 74) _____ A) 1000 B) 2000 C) 3000 D) 4000 E) 5000 or more

1000

Dumping of sewage sludge at which of the following sites was terminated in 1993 due to reports of adverse effects on fisheries and concerns that sewage could be transported great distances in eddies of the Gulf Stream? 51) _____ A) Philadelphia sludge site B) New York Bight alternative sludge site C) 106-mile sludge site D) Boston Harbor sludge site E) New York Bight sludge site

106-mile sludge site

When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P). 40) _____ A) 106:106:1 B) 16:106:01 C) 16:16:01 D) 106:16:16 E) 106:16:01

106:16:01

Research on PCBs concentration in coastal waters has documented that they are ________ compared to open-ocean concentrations. 58) _____ A) 10 times more B) 12 times more C) 10 times less D) 12 times less E) double

12 times more

Maximum tides occur once every ________ years when Earth is closest to the Sun, the Moon is closest to the Earth and the Earth-Moon-Sun system is aligned. 61) _____ A) 3300 B) 160 C) 16000 D) 1600 E) 16

1600

Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year. 46) _____ A) 22° B) 26° C) 30° D) 18° E) 34°

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 73) _____ A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500 or more

200

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends ________. 1) _____ A) into open international waters B) 200 nautical miles from the coast C) 3 nautical miles from the coast D) 10.5 nautical miles from the coast E) 20 nautical miles from the coast

200 nautical miles from the coast

Of the 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment, about how many live in or on the ocean floor? 25) _____ A) 165,000 B) 225,000 C) 185,000 D) 145,000 E) 205,000

225,000

Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of ________.

23.5 degrees

A full lunar tidal cycle is ________. 8) _____ A) 24 hours and 50 minutes in duration B) 48 hours in duration C) 24 hours in duration D) 12 hours 25 minutes in duration E) 12 hours in duration

24 hours and 50 minutes in duration

On average, close to ________ percent of the commercial catch is discarded as bycatch. 97) _____ A) 15 B) 20 C) 10 D) 50 E) 25

Recent research has indicated that about ________ percent of seafood sold with a sustainable label is not meeting the criteria of sustainability.106) ____ A) 25 B) 15 C) 10 D) 20 E) 50

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that BP removed about ________ of the oil, most of it recovered directly from the well, burned at sea, or skimmed by boats. 42) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%

25%

After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil either was naturally dispersed in the water as small droplets or was chemically dispersed. 44) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%

25%

After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil evaporated or dissolved into scattered molecules. 43) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%

25%

After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil hasn't been fully accounted for. 45) _____ A) 10% B) 25% C) 40% D) 75% E) 90%

25%

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. A) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet) B) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) C) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) D) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) E) 840 meters (2,756 feet)

3,682 meters (12080 feet)

A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, dry, clear, fair weather with little precipitation occurs in which of the following regions?

30 degrees

The horse latitudes boundary occurs in which of the following regions?

30 degrees

The major deserts of the world occur in which of the following regions?

30 degrees

The average albedo of Earth's surface is about ________.

30%

A boundary or belt characterized by winds generally from the west and brings storms that influence weather across the United States occurs in which of the following regions?

30-60 degrees

Storms are most common in which of the following regions?

30-60 degrees

The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions?

30-60 degrees

The approximate boundary between salt marshes and mangrove swaps is ________ latitude. 91) _____ A) 10° B) 20° C) 30° D) 40° E) 50°

30°

Earth is about ________. 23) _____ A) 6,000 years old B) 40 billion years old C) 4.6 billion years old D) 400,000 years old E) 4.6 million years old

4.6 billion years old

What percentage of oil that enters the oceans worldwide is caused by underwater natural oil seeps? 49) _____ A) 47% B) 22% C) 53% D) 6% E) 72%

47%

About what percent of the world fishery is obtained beyond 320 kilometers (200 miles) of shore? 72) _____ A) 95% B) 55% C) 25% D) 75% E) 5%

A boundary or belt characterized by strong, steady winds, generally from the east occurs in which of the following regions?

5-30 degrees

The trade winds occur in which of the following regions?

5-30 degrees

Fossil discoveries indicate that whales evolved from mammals on land about ________ million years ago. 77) _____ A) 50 B) 90 C) 60 D) 80 E) 70

An estimated ________ of wetlands worldwide have been destroyed in the past century. 88) _____ A) 80% B) 90% C) 60% D) 50% E) 70%

50%

The percentage of the original area of wetlands currently left in the United States is approximately ________. 39) _____ A) 25% B) 10% C) 50% D) 65% E) 75%

50%

Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.

50,000

Scientists currently have documented the existence of more than ________ dead zones worldwide. 55) _____ A) 300 B) 500 C) 200 D) 100 E) 400

500

About what percentage of all the oil that enters the oceans, worldwide, is due to human consumption? 50) _____ A) 47% B) 53% C) 72% D) 38% E) 22%

53%

A boundary or belt characterized by variable winds and stormy, cloudy weather year round occurs in which of the following regions?

60 degrees

The polar front occurs in which of the following regions?

60 degrees

What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?

85%

The 24-unit tidal power plant at the La Race River estuary in France can generate, at peak operating capacity, enough electricity to power about ________ average U.S. homes. 77) _____ A) 50,000 B) 60,000 C) 30,000 D) 40,000 E) 24,000

60,000

A boundary or belt characterized by cold, dry winds generally from the east, occurs in which of the following regions?

60-90 degrees

The polar easterlies occur in which of the following regions?

60-90 degrees

More than ________ non-native species have been introduced in the United States. 17) _____ A) 17,000 B) 57,000 C) 7,000 D) 37,000 E) 77,000

7,000

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity? 34) _____ A) 98.50% B) 99.90% C) 99.50% D) 100% E) 98.00%

99.90%

How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?

> 20,000

A reduction in the strength of the Gulf Stream and a decrease in North Atlantic Deep-Water formation would most likely result in ________. A) absorbing surplus heat energy B) increasing oceanic primary productivity C) moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean D) removing carbon dioxide and sequestering carbon dioxide above the thermocline E) trapping carbon dioxide in sea ice

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via ________. A) fecal pellets B) wind C) precipitation D) carbonate dissolution E) deposit feeders

Calcareous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources? A) Rare-earth elements B) Gas hydrates C) Manganese nodules and crusts D) Phosphorite E) Sand and gravel

Circulation in which of the following oceans is particularly sensitive to changes in its deep-water circulation pattern that dramatically and abruptly affect climate? A) The North Atlantic Ocean B) The North Pacific Ocean C) The South Atlantic Ocean D) The South Pacific Ocean E) The Southern Ocean

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Calcareous B) Hydrogenous C) Lithogenous D) Biogenous E) Cosmogenous

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Tektites B) Halite and other salts C) Phosphates D) Manganese nodules E) Metal sulfides

Fossiliferous limestone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if countries come together to use both technology and general environmental controls to decrease emissions? A) 1°C B) 1.5°C C) 2°C D) 2.5°C E) 3°C

Numerous climate science studies suggest that ________ are the cause of the recent documented changes in Earth's climate. A) human activities B) lunar cycles C) natural variability D) solar variability E) sunspot cycles

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? A) Suspension settling B) Grain lithification C) Porosity reduction D) Sediment compaction E) Paleooceanography

Recent worldwide sea level rise cannot be attributed to which of the following? A) Geological uplifting of ocean basins B) Melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets C) Melting of land-based glaciers and mountain ice caps D) Thermal expansion of deep-ocean waters E) Thermal expansion of surface ocean waters

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) volcanogenic C) hydrogenous D) biogenous E) lithogenous

Siliceous ooze is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Sophisticated climate models forecast a strong warming of ________. A) high northern latitudes B) low northern latitudes C) low southern latitudes D) middle latitudes E) tropical latitudes

Stromatolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements? A) Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account. B) Human climate alterations have not yet produced significant impacts on biological systems. C) Ocean acidification is not a problem because the ocean does not absorb carbon dioxide gas. D) Recent regional climate changes have not yet affected physical systems on Earth. E) The temperature increases observed since the mid-20th century are very likely due to natural causes.

The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

The current level of atmospheric ________ recently surpassed 400 parts per million. A) carbon dioxide B) chlorofluorocarbons C) methane D) nitrous oxide E) water vapor

The gas(es) that has/have the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect is/are ________. A) carbon dioxide (CO2) B) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) methane (CH4) D) nitrous oxide (N2O) E) ozone (O3)

The rate of plate movement is only a few ________ per year so climate changes triggered by shifting plates happen on a scale of millions of years. A) centimeters B) decimeters C) feet D) meters E) millimeters

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. A) paleoceanography B) plate tectonics C) biogeochemistry D) climatology E) historical oceanography

The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________. A) texture B) angularity C) composition D) provenance E) fabric

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by ________. A) absorbing surplus heat energy B) increasing oceanic primary productivity C) moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean D) removing carbon dioxide and sequestering carbon dioxide above the thermocline E) trapping carbon dioxide in sea ice

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by clouds? A) 4 B) 6 C) 19 D) 23 E) 30

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the least ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Methane (CH4) C) Nitrous oxide (N2O) D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) E) Ozone (O3)

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? A) Foraminiferans B) Diatoms C) Glauconite D) Phosphorites E) Radiolarians

Which of the following drives deep-water circulation? A) The sinking of cold, high-salinity, surface waters at high latitudes B) The sinking of cold, high-salinity, surface waters at low latitudes C) The sinking of warm, high-salinity, surface waters at high latitudes D) The sinking of warm, high-salinity, surface waters at low latitudes E) The sinking of warm, low-salinity, surface waters at low latitudes

Which of the following human-generated gases absorbs the least infrared radiation per molecule? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Nitrous oxide (N2O) E) Water vapor

Which of the following human-generated gases makes the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Nitrous oxide (N2O) E) Water vapor

Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Diatom ooze B) Volcanic particles C) Glacial deposits D) Beach sand E) Clays

Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans? A) Decreasing ocean acidity B) Increasing ocean temperatures C) Increasing hurricane intensity D) Changes in deep-water circulation E) Melting of polar ice

Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system? A) Exosphere B) Atmosphere C) Hydrosphere D) Biosphere E) Geosphere

Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? A) Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. B) At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits. C) Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. D) Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures. E) Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments.

Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock? A) Evaporative salts B) Sand and gravel C) Phosphorite D) Manganese nodules E) Sediments rich in tin

Which of the following best describes the trend in the United States wetlands during this century? 92) _____ A) An increase in coastal wetlands and an increase in freshwater wetlands B) A decrease in coastal wetlands and a decrease in freshwater wetlands C) A decrease in coastal wetlands and an increase in freshwater wetlands D) An increase in coastal wetlands and a decrease in freshwater wetlands

A decrease in coastal wetlands and an increase in freshwater wetlands

On average how many vessels of all size are reported missing each year without a trace?

A) 1,000

A deep-water wave occurs when the water depth is equal to at least ________.

A) 1/2 of the wavelength

The current number of documented marine species represent about ________ of all known species on Earth. A) 13% B) 17% C) 21% D) 26% E) 30%

A) 13%

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3.5 meters?

A) 2.34 meters per second

What is the speed in meters per second of a deepwater wave with a wavelength of 5 meters?

A) 2.8 meters per second

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be over twice the height of the wave average.

A) 23

The most likely total number of species on Earth is estimated to be between ________. A) 6 and 12 million B) 12 and 40 million C) 100 and 200 million D) 600 and 900 million E) 1 and 2 billion

A) 6 and 12 million

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.

A) Africa

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________. A) Alfred Wegener B) John Tuzo Wilson C) Frederick Vine D) Harry Hess E) Drummond Matthews

A) Alfred Wegener

Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains species that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Plantae

A) Animalia

Which of the following domains is a group of simple, microscopic, bacteria-like creatures that includes methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents and seeps? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

A) Archaea

Ninety eight percent of marine species belong to which of the following? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

A) Benthos

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on or in the ocean bottom? A) Benthos B) Fungi C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

A) Benthos

The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following? A) Census of Marine Life B) History of Marine Animal Populations C) International Census of Marine Microbes D) Systematic Census of the Ocean E) The Ocean Biogeographic Information System

A) Census of Marine Life

Which of the following kinds of ocean pollution is an example of point source pollution? 68) _____ A) Trash that is washed down storm drains B) Pesticides from agriculture C) Road oil residue from automobiles D) Cooling water from a shoreline power plant E) Fertilizers from suburban lawns

A) Cooling water from a shoreline power plant

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary? A) East Pacific Rise B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Red Sea E) Mendocino Fault

A) East Pacific Rise

Which of the following caused the tsunami that killed 159 people in 1946?

A) Fault movement

Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Holoplankton

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and bat stars? A) Kingdom B) Phylum C) Class D) Order E) Family

A) Kingdom

________ waves also known as push-pull waves.

A) Longitudinal

Plankton that measure between 2 to 20 centimeters are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Macroplankton

Which of the following plankton are the largest? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

A) Macroplankton

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa? A) Mesosauras B) Lepidodendron C) Archaeopteris D) Glossopteris

A) Mesosauras

Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Period B) Height C) Trough D) Crest E) Length

A) Period

Which type of breaker forms on moderately steep beach slopes?

A) Plunging breaker

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket?

A) Plunging breaker

Which type of breakers are the best waves for surfing?

A) Plunging breaker

Which of the following, from earliest to latest, represents the typical wave formation?

A) Sea, swell, surf

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? A) Seafloor magnetic patterns B) Locations of active volcanoes C) Magnetic pole reversals D) Earthquake distribution E) Shape of continental margins

A) Seafloor magnetic patterns

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading? A) The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field. B) The correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents. C) The mid-ocean ridge is entirely volcanic in origin. D) The mid-ocean ridge rises more than 2.5 kilometers above the surrounding deep-ocean floor.

A) The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field.

Harry Hess suggested which of the following? A) The volcanic mid-ocean ridges were formed due to sea floor spreading. B) The continents plowed through oceanic lithosphere on their own power. C) Guyots formed at deep depths and migrated to shallow water. D) The oceans are much older than the continents.

A) The volcanic mid-ocean ridges were formed due to sea floor spreading.

The tectonic forces called slab pull and slab suction may act in unison at which type of plate boundary? A) Transform B) Intraplate C) Convergent D) Divergent

A) Transform

An internal wave might form ________.

A) at a density boundary within the ocean

Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the ________. A) bathypelagic zone B) epipelagic zone C) intertidal zone D) neritic province E) photic zone

A) bathypelagic zone

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies camouflaging them against the water-air interface is ________. A) countershading B) cryptic coloration C) disruptive coloration D) defensive coloration E) warning coloration

A) countershading

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves.

A) internal

Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________. A) is less stable than the planktonic environment B) is more stable than the planktonic environment C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) doesn't have any sunlight

A) is less stable than the planktonic environment

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by ________. A) latitude B) presence or absence of glacial debris C) plants and animals that live in an area D) Earth's geologic history E) longitude

A) latitude

Sound travels as ________ waves.

A) longitudinal

The movement of air across the ocean surface creates ________ waves.

A) ocean

Water waves are ________.

A) orbital waves

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as ________. A) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges B) not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges C) parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges D) perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges E) perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

A) parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges

The time between two successive waves is called the ________.

A) period

Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as ________. A) stenothermal B) eurythermal C) estuarine D) isothermal E) euryhaline

A) stenothermal

Deep ocean trenches are associated with ________. A) subduction zones B) rift valleys C) submarine canyons D) turbidity currents E) transform faults

A) subduction zones

Compared to freshwater fishes, marine fishes ________. A) tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater B) drink seawater and produce a large volume of urine C) produce a large volume of dilute urine in an effort to rid their bodies of excess water D) tend to gain water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is higher than that of seawater E) do not drink seawater in an effort to conserve as much water as possible

A) tend to lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentration is lower than that of seawater

The uplift or downdropping of large areas of the sea floor creates ________ waves.

A) tsunami

Waves in the surf zone begin to behave like shallow-water waves when ________.

A) water depth = wavelength/20

The horizontal distance between wave crest to crest is called the ________.

A) wavelength

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the ________.

A) westerlies

Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________. A) your fingernails grow B) a child crawls C) a snail crawls D) a river flows E) grass grows in the summer

A) your fingernails grow

The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is ________.

Antarctic intermediate water, north Atlantic deep water, antarctic bottom water

Which of the following best describes how DDT use lead to a serious decline in the osprey population of Long Island Sound during the late 1950's and 1960's? 56) _____ A) The adult ospreys ate DDT contaminated fish and died from eating the poisonous fish. B) The osprey chicks ate insects that were contaminated with DDT which lead to chick mortality. C) Adult ospreys could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply. D) DDT was sprayed on the grasses and contaminated the osprey chicks that walked through the grass. E) DDT was sprayed on the nesting sites in an attempt to eradicate mosquitos along the shoreline.

Adult ospreys could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply.

The 1989 oil spill that harmed Prince William Sound in Alaska was due to which of the following? 37) _____ A) It was deliberately released from a refinery B) It leaked from a ruptured pipeline C) It resulted from drilling on the sea floor D) An oil tanker ran aground E) An earthquake triggered natural seepage

An oil tanker ran aground

Which of the following best describes how DDT use lead to a serious decline in the brown pelican population of Anacapa Island, California during the 1960's? 55) _____ A) Adult pelicans could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply. B) DDT was sprayed on the grasses and contaminated the pelican chicks that walked through the grass. C) The adult pelicans ate DDT contaminated fish and died from eating the poisonous fish. D) The pelican chicks ate insects that were contaminated with DDT which lead to chick mortality

Adult pelicans could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply.

Which of the following characterizes the pesticide DDT and industrial chemicals such as PCBs?8) _____ A) Persistence in the environment B) Propensity to accumulate in food chains C) Biologically active D) Relatively high toxicity E) All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

The introduction of which of the following non-native species has done has done extensive damage to the Black Seas's fishing and tourist industries? 79) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the ________. A) Atlantic, Antarctic, Southern, Mediterranean, and Pacific Oceans B) Antarctic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans C) Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans D) Antarctic, Caspian, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans E) Atlantic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Southern, and Pacific Oceans

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the ________.

B) wave steepness

A person who refuses to listen to our experts and to accept the overwhelming evidence regarding human-caused climate change is a climate ________. A) believer B) denier C) gullible D) hiatus E) skeptic

An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a ________. A) positive-feedback loop B) negative-feedback loop C) neutral feedback loop D) reversible feedback loop E) irreversible feedback loop

An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a ________. A) positive-feedback loop B) negative-feedback loop C) neutral feedback loop D) reversible feedback loop E) irreversible feedback loop

Based on a comparison of satellite images from 1984 to 2011, which of the following trees has migrated by about 12 square kilometers north, along Florida's Atlantic coast? A) Buttonwood B) Mangrove C) Oak D) Pine E) Spruce

Chondrites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans. A) one-fourths B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds E) three-fourths

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans replace much of today's fossil fuel combustion by new and more efficient technologies? A) 2°C B) 2.5°C C) 3°C D) 3.5°C E) 4°C

In 2015 President Obama's White House set a formal goal of reducing US greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by ________. A) 2020 B) 2025 C) 2030 D) 2035 E) 2040

Increased ocean acidity due to the burning of fossil fuels doesn't harm which of the following organisms? A) Corals B) Diatoms C) Foraminifers D) Pteropods E) Sea urchins

Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by ________. A) 0.1°C B) 0.6°C C) 2.0°C D) 2.6°C E) 4.0°C

Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation. A) cosmic B) infrared C) microwave D) ultraviolet E) visible

Tektites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

The opening of Drake Passage about 41 million years ago caused a fundamental reorganization of ocean currents leading to the isolation of ________, which caused it to become much cooler. A) Africa B) Antarctica C) Asia D) Australia E) South America

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are ________. A) silt B) tektites C) evaporites D) oozes E) clays

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected back into space? A) 4 B) 6 C) 19 D) 23 E) 30

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected by clouds back into space? A) 6 B) 17 C) 23 D) 30 E) 47

What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments? A) Thirty to forty percent B) More than fifty percent C) Twenty to thirty percent D) Less than twenty percent E) Forty to fifty percent

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Methane (CH4) C) Nitrous oxide (N2O) D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) E) Ozone (O3)

Which of the following contains the most organic carbon on Earth? A) Peat B) Gas hydrates C) Fossil Fuels D) Soil E) Living organisms

Which of the following greenhouse gases is also destroying the ozone layer? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Nitrous oxide (N2O) E) Water vapor

Which of the following is a natural factor that doesn't affect Earth's climate? A) Changes in solar energy B) Reversed magnetic polarity C) Tectonic plate movement D) Variations in Earth's orbit E) Volcanic eruptions

Which of the following is not a natural cause for global climate change? A) Changes in solar input B) Increase in elevation C) Tectonic plate movement D) Variation in the Earth's orbit E) Volcanic activity

Which of the following organism is not likely to be directly affected by ocean acidification? A) Geological uplifting of ocean basins B) Melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets C) Melting of land-based glaciers and mountain ice caps D) Thermal expansion of deep-ocean waters E) Thermal expansion of surface ocean waters

Which of the following statements about Earth of 56 million years ago is correct? A) Climate change was triggered by a huge release of volcanic ash. B) It was marked by the extinction of many marine species. C) Ocean surface waters were enriched in dissolved oxygen. D) The climate was much colder than it is today. E) There was a decrease in ocean temperatures.

Which of the following statements about human-caused climate change is correct? A) Scientific consensus about human-caused climate change was only established in the past five years. B) Social acceptance of human-caused climate change by the U.S. general public lags far behind scientists. C) Stolen e-mails from researchers at the University of East Anglia proved that climate change is an elaborate hoax invented by climate scientists. D) The most highly trained experts in climate science have the most disagreement that human activities are causing the recent changes in Earth's climate. E) The vast majority of scientists do not accept human-caused climate change.

Which of the following statements about increasing ocean temperatures as a result of global warming is correct? A) Deep ocean waters are not yet showing signs of increased temperature. B) Deeper ocean waters are warming faster than expected. C) Ocean warming has not been documented below a depth of 0.5 kilometers. D) The warming of surface waters is uniform throughout the ocean. E) There has been an overall decrease in ocean surface temperature.

Which of the following statements about marine sediments is correct? A) They contain plant fossils used to map the movement of the continents. B) They record the timing and severity of some global extinction events. C) They provide a discontinuous, disturbed record of Earth history. D) They are useful for determining the distribution of ancient dinosaurs. E) They represent Earth history dating back for billions of years.

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be three times as high as the height of the wave average.

B) 1175

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 4 meters?

B) 2.5 meters per second

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A and Sea B have wave heights of 3 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

B) 6 meters

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary? A) Mendocino Fault B) Aleutian Islands C) San Andreas Fault D) East Pacific Rise E) Red Sea

B) Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Japan B) Andes Mountains C) Mariana Trench D) Hawaiian Islands E) Aleutian Islands

B) Andes Mountains

Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000

B) Between 150,000 and 200,000

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and common dolphins? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus

B) Class

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales? A) Phylum B) Class C) Order D) Family E) Genus

B) Class

Which of the following is a phytoplankton? A) Copepod B) Dinoflagellates C) Foraminifers D) Noctiluca E) Radiolarian

B) Dinoflagellates

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor attached to rocks? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

B) Epifauna

Which of the following terms describes organisms living on the surface of the sea floor moving along the bottom? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

B) Epifauna

Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

B) Eubacteria

Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

B) Eubacteria

Compared to a typical estuary, which of the following exhibits the exact opposite circulation pattern? 84) _____ A) San Francisco Bay B) Laguna Madre C) Chesapeake Bay D) Pamlico Sound E) Galveston Bay

B) Laguna Madre

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated? A) Basalt B) Limestone C) Sandstone D) Granite E) Schist

B) Limestone

Organisms that spend only part of their lives as plankton are called which of the following? A) Holoplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

B) Meroplankton

________ waves also known as interface waves.

B) Orbital

A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean.

B) Pacific

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental divergent plate boundary? A) San Andreas Fault B) Red Sea C) Himalaya Mountains D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

B) Red Sea

Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Progressive B) Spilling C) Longitudinal D) Orbital E) Transverse

B) Spilling

Which type of breaker has a longer life span and give surfers a longer ride than other breakers?

B) Spilling breaker

Which type of breaker results from a gently sloped ocean bottom, which gradually extracts energy from the wave over an extended distance and produces breakers with low overall energy?

B) Spilling breaker

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

B) Spilling breakers

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Drummond Matthews B) Stanley Miller C) Frederick Vine D) Alfred Wegener E) Harry Hess

B) Stanley Miller

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? A) There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. B) There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents C) His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species. D) The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

B) There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents

Which of the following caused the anomalously large tsunami in Papua New Guinea in 1998?

B) Underwater landslide

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? A) Shallow earthquakes B) Volcanic island arcs C) Hot spots D) Fracture zones E) Mid-ocean ridges

B) Volcanic island arcs

When compared to their warmer water counterparts, cold-water plankton often ________. A) are smaller in size B) are larger in size C) exhibit countershading D) have more spines and ornamentation on the cell wall E) reproduce asexually only

B) are larger in size

Neritic marine environments would be found ________. A) in subduction zones B) associated with continental shelves C) within a deep-sea trench D) at mid-ocean ridges E) deep in the ocean basin

B) associated with continental shelves

The sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area ________. A) above the highest tide B) below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf C) between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide D) beyond the continental shelf E) where demersal and pelagic organisms are found

B) below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf

Osmotic pressure increases as the ________. A) difference in salinity decreases B) difference in salinity increases C) difference in temperature increases D) temperature increases E) salinity increases

B) difference in salinity increases

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called ________. A) patch reefs B) fringing reefs C) barrier reefs D) basaltic reefs E) atolls

B) fringing reefs

Refraction causes headlands to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of ________.

B) good; erosion

Coral reefs ________. A) can be found at latitudes above 60° B) include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs C) are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins D) were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola E) form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event

B) include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave height ________.

B) increases and its wavelength decreases

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere ________. A) decreases in proportion to the distance B) increases in proportion to the distance C) is unrelated to the distance from the ridge D) randomly varies E) remains the same

B) increases in proportion to the distance

The San Andreas Fault ________. A) is associated with deep focus earthquakes B) is a continental transform fault C) is associated with volcanic activity D) is an oceanic transform fault E) is located in the Juan de Fuca Plate

B) is a continental transform fault

The majority of marine invertebrates are ________. A) estuarine B) isotonic with respect to their environment C) adapted to life in the pelagic zone D) hypertonic with respect to their environment E) found only in benthic environments

B) isotonic with respect to their environment

Planktonic organisms that spend part of their life in planktonic form and the rest of their life as either benthos or nekton are called ________. A) macroplankton B) meroplankton C) bacterioplankton D) zooplankton E) holoplankton

B) meroplankton

The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 ________. A) thousand B) million C) billion D) trillion E) quadrillion

B) million

Which of the following word pairs correctly link a descriptor with the way in which the organism lives in the ocean? A) plankton—bottom-dwelling B) nekton—swim C) benthos—drift D) benthos—swim E) nekton—bottom-dwelling

B) nekton—swim

Waves at the ocean surface are ________ waves.

B) orbital

Refraction causes bays, near headlands, to be areas of________surfing and sites of________.

B) poor; deposition

Planktonic organisms often have needle-like structures that________. A) serve as a "skeleton" to support the diatom B) prevent sinking C) increase density D) are used as a defense mechanism E) are used as paddles to catch ocean currents

B) prevent sinking

A tsunami is considered to be a ________.

B) shallow-water wave

Large icebergs that fall from coastal glaciers create ________ waves.

B) splash

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining ________. A) the location of ancient coral reefs B) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor C) apparent polar wandering D) glacial debris at various locations E) fossils in marine sediments

B) the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor

The diameter of a wave orbital at the surface is equal to ________.

B) wave height

Which of the following occurs during heavy wave activity? 44) _____ A) Much of the swash soaks into the beach B) A backward movement of sand along the beach face C) Backwash dominates the transport system D) A net movement of sand down the beach face E) The beach is saturated with water from previous waves

Backwash dominates the transport system

Which of the following estuaries forms when wave action creates a barrier island that separates the estuary from the ocean? 80) _____ A) Bar-Built Estuary B) Coastal Plain Estuary C) Delta System D) Fjord E) Tectonic Estuary

Bar-Built Estuary

Which of the following can help prevent beach starvation? 49) _____ A) Lining a river with concrete B) Damming a river C) Disrupting longshore transport D) Beach replenishment E) Sand and gravel mining

Beach replenishment

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? A) Low pressure and warmer temperatures B) Low pressure and colder temperatures C) Lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures D) Lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures E) Low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? A) Marine sediments on land B) Estuaries and lagoons C) The deep-ocean floor D) Continental shelf

Currently, a little less than ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere stays there. A) one-fourths B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds E) three-fourths

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Ozone (O3) E) Water vapor (H2O)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Glaciers B) Turbidity currents C) Siliceous ooze D) Volcanic ash E) Rivers

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Radiolarians B) Diatoms C) Oolites D) Foraminiferans E) Coccolithophores

Manganese nodules are an example of ________. A) biogenous sediments B) cosmogenous sediments C) hydrogenous sediments D) volcagenic sediments E) terrigenous sediments

Marine phosphate is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Oolites are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment E) Terrigenous Sediment

Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about ________. A) 0.5 inches/year B) 0.3 feet/year C) 3 millimeters/year D) 0.3 meters/year E) 0.006 kilometers/year

Sediments found on continental margins are called ________. A) estuarine B) oceanic C) neritic D) pelagic E) continental

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following? A) The microbiology of the deep-ocean floor B) The mechanism that causes tsunamis C) Earthquake-generated heat from friction D) The properties of the deep crust E) Earth's climate change patterns

Some scientists suggest we can increase the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by adding ________ to stimulate productivity in tropical oceans. A) calcium B) carbon C) iron D) magnesium E) manganese

Sophisticated climate models forecast relatively little warming of ________. A) high northern latitudes B) high southern latitudes C) low latitudes D) middle northern latitudes E) middle southern latitudes

The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) productivity B) erosion C) destruction D) dilution E) ecology

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the ________. A) continental rise B) crest of a mid-ocean ridge C) abyssal plain far from a continent D) continental shelf

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed in the atmosphere? A) 6 B) 19 C) 23 D) 30 E) 47

Which of the following greenhouse gases is produced by leakage from landfills, by domestic cattle, and by the cultivation of rice? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Nitrous oxide (N2O) E) Water vapor

Which of the following is not considered paleoclimatological proxy data? A) Cave deposits B) Fossil pollen C) Reversed magnetic polarity D) Sea floor sediments E) Tree-growth rings

Which of the following is the cause of the presumed pause in the rise of Earth's average global surface temperature in the past few decades? A) A global warming hiatus B) Decrease in solar output C) Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys D) Moderate surface cooling of the Indian Ocean E) Variability in sunspot cycles

Which of the following is the key to understanding how the greenhouse effect works? A) How currents are created in the oceans? B) How plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water? C) The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared D) The difference between surface waters and deep waters E) The ocean readily absorbs carbon dioxide gas

Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface? A) Changes in the Sun's brightness B) Major volcanic eruptions C) Release of human-caused emissions D) Reversed magnetic polarity E) Variations in Earth's orbit

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? A) Sand and gravel B) Gas hydrates C) Petroleum D) Manganese nodules and crusts E) Rare-earth elements

Which of the following statements about human-caused climate change is correct? A) Scientific consensus about human-caused climate change was only established in the past five years. B) Stolen e-mails from researchers at the University of East Anglia proved that climate change is an elaborate hoax invented by climate scientists. C) The existing scientific disagreements about human-caused climate change are about specific future impacts and consequences. D) The most highly trained experts in climate science have the most disagreement that human activities are causing the recent changes in Earth's climate. E) There is disagreement among scientists about the reality of human-caused climate change.

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

C) 3 meters

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

C) 6 meters

C) 7 meters

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? A) Fracture zones B) Hot spots C) Andesitic volcanoes D) Mid-ocean ridges E) Volcanic island arcs

C) Andesitic volcanoes

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that range in complexity from simple sponges to complex vertebrates belong to the kingdom ________. A) Protista B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Archaebacteria E) Plantae

C) Animalia

The superkingdoms of life called Eubacteria is identical to which of the following? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

C) Bacteria

Which of the following domains includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

C) Bacteria

How many known marine species have been catalogued by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species? A) Between 100,000 and 150,000 B) Between 150,000 and 200,000 C) Between 200,000 and 250,000 D) Between 250,000 and 300,000 E) More than 300,000

C) Between 200,000 and 250,000

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and killer whales? A) Class B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species

C) Family

Which of the following kingdoms includes 100,000 species of mold and lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

C) Fungi

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that live with cyanobacteria or green algae to form lichen? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

C) Fungi

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Age of the ocean floor B) Distribution of earthquakes C) Ice age D) Seafloor spreading E) Paleomagnetism

C) Ice age

Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

C) Infauna

Which of the following agencies defines life as "Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution?" A) EPA B) FBI C) NASA D) NOAA E) POTUS

C) NASA

All animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents are called ________. A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

C) Nekton

Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

C) Nekton

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? A) The distribution of organisms B) Matching sequences of rocks C) Paleomagnetic reversals D) Past glacial activity E) The fit of the continents

C) Paleomagnetic reversals

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Pangaea B) Tethys Sea C) Panamerica D) Panthalassia E) Gondwanaland

C) Panamerica

Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food? A) Holoplankton B) Photoplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Synthoplankton E) Zooplankton

C) Phytoplankton

Plankton that measure between 0.2 to 2 microns are classified, based on size, as which of the following? A) Macroplankton B) Phytoplankton C) Picoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

C) Picoplankton

Which of the following caused the tsunami at Krakatau in 1883?

C) Volcanic eruption

Which of the following generates most ocean waves?

C) Wind blowing across the surface

The first wave that forms when the wind begins to blow across the ocean surface is a ________.

C) capillary wave

The euphotic zone is confined to the ________. A) abyssopelagic zone B) bathypelagic zone C) epipelagic zone D) mesopelagic zone E) neritic province

C) epipelagic zone

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater ________.

C) fault movement

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it ________. A) increases the ability to absorb nutrients B) increases the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism C) increases the ability to absorb nutrients, the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, and also increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking D) increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking

C) increases the ability to absorb nutrients, the ability of wastes to diffuse out of the organism, and also increases the surface area to volume ratio that in turn reduces frictional resistance to sinking

An example of an organism that might be part of the infauna is a ________. A) crinoid B) tuna C) lug worm D) bull kelp E) shark

C) lug worm

High-latitude ocean water tends to support large planktonic communities because ________. A) of the longer summer day length B) there is abundant light C) of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations D) of higher dissolved carbon dioxide E) there are fewer predators that feed on plankton

C) of higher dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called ________. A) paleomagnetism B) paleogeography C) paleoclimatology D) sedimentology

C) paleoclimatology

The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called ________. A) diffusion B) osmosis C) passive transport D) active transport E) Brownian movement

C) passive transport

Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called ________. A) hotspots B) mantle plumes C) tablemounts D) seamounts E) abyssal hills

C) tablemounts

The number of wave crests passing a fixed location per unit of time is called the ________.

C) wave frequency

Standing waves may be caused by ________.

C) wave reflection

The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the ________.

C) wave steepness

The longer the ________, the faster a deep-water wave travels.

C) wavelength

Most ocean waves form as a result of ________.

C) winds blowing across the ocean surface

The European "Age of Discovery" began with ________. 9) _____ A) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean B) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands C) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" D) Viking voyages to North America E) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World"

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates? 17) _____ A) Dead zones B) Hypoxic zones C) Equatorial downwelling zones D) Coastal upwelling zones

Coastal upwelling zones

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present?

Color

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE? 17) _____ A) Continental crust is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust. B) Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust. C) Continental crust is thinner and denser than oceanic crust. D) Continental crust and oceanic crust have equivalent densities. E) Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the ________.

Continental slope

The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called ________. A) dilution B) erosion C) ecology D) productivity E) destruction

Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

An international agreement to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the ________. A) Coriolis protocol B) IPCC C) Keating conference D) Kyoto protocol E) United Nations Environmental Programme

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans and continents? A) carbon dioxide B) methane C) nitrous oxide D) ozone E) water vapor

Calcite dissolves more readily in seawater that is ________ in temperature and ________ in pressure. A) warmer; higher B) colder; lower C) warmer; lower D) colder; higher

Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years? A) Manganese nodules and crusts B) Phosphorite C) Sand and gravel D) Rare-earth elements E) Gas hydrates

Glacial deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called ________. A) biogenous sediment B) hydrogenous sediment C) cosmogenous sediment D) lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called ________. A) biogenous B) cosmogenous C) lithogenous D) hydrogenous E) volcanogenic

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by ________. A) a river delta B) the wind C) a volcanic eruption D) a glacier E) organisms

Shale is an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased more than ________. A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% E) 50%

Sophisticated climate models forecast a moderate warming of ________. A) high northern latitudes B) low northern latitudes C) low southern latitudes D) middle latitudes E) tropical latitudes

Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? A) Fish and amphibians B) Dinosaurs C) Peat and coal D) Microscopic organisms E) Land based plants

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. A) coal B) wind power C) rare-earth elements D) gas hydrates E) ethanol

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is________. A) pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits B) manganese nodule deposits C) neritic siliceous sediment deposits D) neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits E) abyssal clay deposits

Turbidite deposits are an example of which of the following sediment types? A) Biogenous Sediment B) Cosmogenous Sediment C) Hydrogenous Sediment D) Lithogenous Sediment

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include ________. A) the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity) B) the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity) C) the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession) D) eccentricity, obliquity and precession

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space? A) 4 B) 6 C) 23 D) 30 E) 47

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? A) Corals B) Coccolithophores C) Phosphorites D) Radiolarians E) Foraminiferans

Which of the following is a biogenous sediment? A) Halites B) Phosphates C) Manganese nodule D) Stromatolites E) Evaporites

Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? A) Dredge B) Seiche disk C) Long line D) Gravity corer E) Rotary corer

Which of the following is considered paleoclimatological proxy data? A) Air samples collected in Hawaii B) Present day coral bleaching C) Reversed magnetic polarity D) Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice E) Variations in Earth's orbit

Which of the following is thought to have enriched ocean floor sediments with rare-earth elements? A) Groundwater leaching B) Nodule and crust creation C) Sea floor methane seeps D) Deep-sea hotsprings E) Clathrate formation

D) 1 meter

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 6.5 meters?

D) 3.19 meters per second

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Canary Islands B) Galapagos Islands C) Aleutian Islands D) Azores E) Iceland

D) Azores

Which of the following statements about coastal waters is correct? 73) _____ A) Coastal waters only support about 15% of the total mass of life in the oceans. B) Coastal waters are of minor importance for shipping because they traverse the open ocean. C) Coastal waters receive land-derived pollutants after passing through the open ocean. D) Coastal waters serve as nursery grounds for many species that inhabit the open ocean. E) Coastal waters have limited opportunities for oil production and recreational activities.

D) Coastal waters serve as nursery grounds for many species that inhabit the open ocean.

Which of the following caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004?

D) Fault movement

Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following? A) Other faults in the sea floor B) Mid-ocean ridges C) Ocean trenches D) Faults on land

D) Faults on land

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that function primarily as decomposers in the marine ecosystem? A) Animalia B) Archaebacteria C) Eubacteria D) Fungi E) Protista

D) Fungi

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist ________. A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Drummond Matthews C) Alfred Wegener D) Harry Hess E) Frederick Vine

D) Harry Hess

Which of the following is an example of a continental-continental convergent plate boundary? A) Andes Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Himalaya Mountains E) Mendocino Fault

D) Himalaya Mountains

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Oceanic-continental convergence B) Oceanic-oceanic convergence C) Transform plate boundary D) Hot spot E) Divergent plate boundary

D) Hot spot

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Island arc B) Volcanoes C) Mountains D) Hydrothermal vents E) Oceanic trench

D) Hydrothermal vents

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Wind B) Gravity wave C) Capillary wave D) Internal wave E) Sea or sea area

D) Internal Wave

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Transform fault B) Oceanic transform fault C) San Andreas Fault D) Mariana Trench E) North Anatolian Fault

D) Mariana Trench

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries?

D) Meteorite impacts

Octopuses, crabs, and sea urchins are classified as which of the following? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

D) Nektobenthos

Which of the following terms describes organisms that live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor? A) Benthonektos B) Epifauna C) Infauna D) Nektobenthos E) Planktofauna

D) Nektobenthos

Most of Earth's mass of living organisms consists of which of the following? A) Animalia B) Benthos C) Nekton D) Plankton E) Plantae

D) Plankton

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled plants, all of which photosynthesize? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

D) Plantae

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? A) Mid-ocean ridges B) Hot spots C) Fracture zones D) Uplifted mountain ranges E) Volcanic island arcs

D) Uplifted mountain ranges

Which of the following plankton are the smallest? A) Bacterioplankton B) Meroplankton C) Phytoplankton D) Virioplankton E) Zooplankton

D) Virioplankton

The speed of longshore currents increases as which of the following decreases? 46) _____ A) Wave height B) Beach slope C) Wave frequency D) Wave period E) Breaker angle

D) Wave period

Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by ________. A) bioluminescence B) large, sensitive eyes C) no eyes D) bioluminescence and large, sensitive eyes E) bioluminescence and no eyes

D) bioluminescence and large, sensitive eyes

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________. A) the edge of the continental shelf B) current shorelines C) oceanic trenches in subduction zones D) edges at around 2,000 meters depth E) edges of the deep sea floor

D) edges at around 2,000 meters depth

An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as ________. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) stenohaline D) euryhaline E) hypertonic

D) euryhaline

Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find ________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust. A) decreased; increased B) decreased; decreased C) increased; increased D) increased; decreased

D) increased; decreased

Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance. A) decreases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) increases; decreases D) increases; increases E) There is no relationship between body size and floating.

D) increases; increases

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is ________. A) being thrust under Japan B) being thrust over the North American plate C) being subducted beneath the North American plate D) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume E) being subducted beneath Japan

D) moving over a hot spot or mantle plume

All organisms that drift with ocean currents are classified as ________. A) benthos B) fungi C) nekton D) plankton E) plantae

D) plankton

Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called ________.

D) plunging breakers

Constructive interference results in larger waves whereas destructive interference produces ________.

D) smaller waves

The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________. A) diffusion B) pressure C) salinity D) sunlight E) temperature

D) sunlight

Waves that are moving faster than local wind and are sorted out by wavelength are called ________.

D) swell

A tsunami may result from ________.

D) tectonic activity on the seafloor

The fetch refers to ________.

D) the distance over which the wind blows without interruption

The low parts of the waves are called ________.

D) troughs

The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to ________.

D) water depth

The depth below the surface where the circular orbits become so small that movement is negligible is called the ________.

D) wave base

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the ________.

D) wave period

Waves converge on headlands due to ________.

D) wave refraction

In shallow-water waves the water depth is less than the ________ divided by twenty.

D) wavelength

Which of the following caused devastating effects on the marine food chain and was banned in the United States in 1972? 52) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge

DDT

Which of the following is found at a depositional shore? 9) _____ A) Sea caves B) Wave-cut cliffs C) Headlands D) Sea arches E) Deltas

Deltas

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to ________. A) autotrophic processes B) chemosynthesis C) metabolism D) photosynthesis E) respiration

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment ________. A) abyssal clays and evaporites B) biogenous oozes and evaporites C) biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris D) microscopic spherules and abyssal clays E) microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Clay B) Rock fragments C) Quartz sand D) Volcanic ash E) Siliceous ooze

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Stromatolites B) Chalk C) Coccolithophores D) Limestone E) Diatoms

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following? A) Cosmogenous sediments B) Silt-sized particles C) Manganese nodules D) Clay-sized particles E) Large particles such as gravel

How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study? A) Less than 500 B) 500 to 1000 C) 1000 to 1500 D) 1500 to 2000 E) More than 2000

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans follow a "business-as-usual" scenario? A) 2°C B) 2.5°C C) 3°C D) 3.5°C E) 4°C

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. A) shell fragments than in temperate waters B) coral debris than in tropical waters C) clay than in temperate waters D) silt and sand than in tropical waters E) gravel than in tropical waters

Most of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is in and near the ________ portion of the spectrum. A) cosmic B) infrared C) microwave D) ultraviolet E) visible

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are ________. A) less than 30% neritic material B) more than 30% neritic material C) more than 30% hydrogenous material D) more than 30% biogenous material E) less than 30% biogenous material

Phosphate-rich nodules form in ________. A) hydrothermal vent areas B) mid-ocean ridges C) continental shelf waters D) estuaries E) regions of upwelling

Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________ A) hydrogenous B) biogenous C) cosmogenous D) volcanogenic E) lithogenous

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called ________. A) cosmogenous B) terrigenous C) volcanogenic D) hydrogenous E) biogenous

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is ________. A) carbon dioxide B) methane C) nitrous oxide D) ozone E) water vapor

The deposition of coarse-grained lithogenous material in neritic environments along continental margins is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment. A) productivity B) ecology C) erosion D) destruction E) dilution

The most massive part of Earth's climate system belongs to the ________. A) atmosphere B) biosphere C) cryosphere D) geosphere E) hydrosphere

What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by ocean and land? A) 6 B) 19 C) 23 D) 30 E) 47

Which of the following contributes the most to the greenhouse effect? A) Carbon dioxide (CO2) B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) C) Methane (CH4) D) Nitrous oxide (N2O) E) Water vapor

Which of the following is not a predicted consequence of global warming? A) Droughts in prime agricultural areas B) Increasing hurricane intensity C) Melting of glacial ice D) Shifts in the worldwide distribution of plant and animal communities E) Droughts, hurricanes, melting of glacier ice and shifts of plants and animal communities are predicted consequences of global warming.

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? A) Seiche disk B) Dredge C) Long line D) Rotary corer E) Gravity corer

Which of the following natural gasses is most common in gas hydrates from under the ocean floor? A) Ethane B) Carbon dioxide C) Hydrogen sulfide D) Propane E) Methane

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? A) Long line B) Rotary corer C) Gravity corer D) Seiche disk E) Dredge

E) 0 meters

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 1.5 meters?

E) 1.53 meters per second

On average how many supertankers or containerships are reported missing each year without a trace?

E) 10

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

E) 2 meters

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3 meters?

E) 2.17 meters per second

E) 5 meters

Nekton are restricted to particular ocean areas by ________. A) differences in water pressure with depth B) changes in salinity C) temperature variations with latitude and depth D) availability of food E) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.

E) All of the above conditions may restrict the distribution of nekton.

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? A) Himalaya Mountains B) San Andreas Fault C) Aleutian Islands D) Mendocino Fault E) Andes Mountains

E) Andes Mountains

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was ________. A) John Tuzo Wilson B) Harry Hess C) Drummond Matthews D) Alfred Wegener E) Charles Darwin

E) Charles Darwin

Humans are part of which of the following domains? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following domains includes complex organisms: multicellular plants, multicellular animals, fungi, and protoctists? A) Archaea B) Archaeabacteria C) Bacteria D) Ediacaria E) Eukarya

E) Eukarya

Which of the following associations is correct? A) Kingdom Eubacteria—bacteria in hydrothermal vents B) Kingdom Protista—mushrooms C) Kingdom Plantae—blue-green algae D) Kingdom Fungi—phytoplankton E) Kingdom Animalia—sponges

E) Kingdom Animalia—sponges

Which of the following kingdoms include various types of marine algae and single-celled organisms called protozoa? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

E) Protista

Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus? A) Archaebacteria B) Eubacteria C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Protista

E) Protista

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Convergent plate boundary B) Continental arc C) Volcanic arc D) Island arc E) Rift valley

E) Rift valley

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Oceanic trench B) Seafloor spreading C) Rift valley D) Divergent plate boundary E) Rifting

E) Rifting

The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the ________. A) Phylum B) Order C) Family D) Genus E) Species

E) Species

The sea floor of which of the following oceans has the simplest and most symmetric pattern of age distribution? A) The Indian Ocean B) The Arctic Ocean C) The Pacific Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean

E) The Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the lithosphere? A) The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. B) The lithosphere is composed only of igneous rock. C) The lithosphere is composed only of outer mantle material. D) The lithosphere is composed only of metamorphic rock. E) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

E) The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

Which of the following are unlikely to generate a tsunami?

E) Transform fault

________ waves also known as side-to-side waves.

E) Transverse

Ripple like clouds in the sky are an example of ________ waves.

E) atmospheric

Most marine species are found in the ________. A) mesopelagic environment B) bathypelagic environment C) oceanic environment D) pelagic environment E) benthic environment

E) benthic environment

A good working definition of life does not need to incorporate that living things ________. A) are capable of reproduction B) can adapt to their environment C) can capture, store, and transmit energy D) can change through time E) contain carbon in their chemical makeup

E) contain carbon in their chemical makeup

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a ________. A) convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic) B) convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic) C) transform fault boundary D) convergent plate boundary (continent-continent) E) divergent plate boundary

E) divergent plate boundary

The height of a wave depends upon ________.

E) fetch, wind duration, and wind speed

In general, the restoring force for most wind-generated waves is ________.

E) gravity

So few of the world's species live in the ocean because the marine environment ________. A) doesn't have any sunlight B) is a poor habitat for life C) is a prime habitat for life D) is less stable than the terrestrial environment E) is more stable than the terrestrial environment

E) is more stable than the terrestrial environment

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. A) asthenosphere; lithosphere B) crust; lithosphere C) lithosphere; mesosphere D) mantle; crust E) lithosphere; asthenosphere

E) lithosphere; asthenosphere

The seasonal temperature range in the deep ocean is usually ________. A) between −2° and 32°C B) between 8° and 25°C C) between 2° and 8°C D) between 0° and 15°C E) negligible

E) negligible

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________. A) plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets B) plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions C) entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living D) poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past E) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

E) plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called ________. A) hotspots B) guyots C) tablemounts D) mantle plumes E) seamounts

E) seamounts

Some planktonic marine organisms, especially those that live in warm water, have unusual appendages to increase their ________. A) body mass B) hunting skills C) overall size D) sexual attractiveness E) surface area

E) surface area

A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that ________. A) has a wide, blunt front end B) tapers at the front end C) tapers at the top surface D) tapers at the bottom surface E) tapers at the back end

E) tapers at the back end

Overall, as many as two ________ new marine and terrestrial species are discovered each year. A) dozen B) hundred C) million D) score E) thousand

E) thousand

Energy travels at right angles to the direction of the vibrating particles in ________ waves.

E) transverse

Generally, ________ waves transmit energy only through solids.

E) transverse

The slight forward movement caused by the circular orbit of waves is called ________.

E) wave drift

The vertical distance between a wave crest and a wave trough is called the ________.

E) wave height

An unintended consequence of the jetty that protects the harbor entrance at Newport Harbor, California is a wave pattern that has crippled and killed many body surfers due to ________.

E) wave reflection

In deep-water waves the water depth is greater than the ________ divided by two.

E) wavelength

The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to ________.

E) wavelength

Rogue waves tend to occur ________.

E) where storm waves move against strong surface currents

Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?

Easter Island

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was ________. A) Seneca B) Pytheas C) Herodotus D) Eratosthenes E) Ptolemy

Eratosthenes

The introduction of which of the following non-native species altered the ecology of fresh-water lakes and blocked the water-carrying pipes of power plants? 78) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Which of the following is considered the world's largest accidental oil spill? 41) _____ A) Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. B) Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year. C) Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. D) Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010. E) Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.

Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010.

The European "Age of Discovery" ended with ________. 10) _____ A) Polynesian colonization of Pacific Islands B) Viking voyages to North America C) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe D) Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World" E) Phoenician exploration of the Mediterranean

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

Which of the following chemical pollutants can cause harmful algal blooms? 65) _____ A) Prescription drugs B) Methyl mercury C) Fertilizer D) Caffeine E) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Fertilizer

Which of the following estuaries forms when sea level rises and floods an existing U-shaped glacial valley? 79) _____ A) Bar-Built Estuary B) Coastal Plain Estuary C) Delta System D) Fjord E) Tectonic Estuary

Fjord

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?

Fracture zone

Which of the following are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space? 44) _____ A) Ultraviolet Radiation B) X-rays C) Visible Light D) Gamma Rays E) Cosmic Rays

Gamma Rays

Which of the following statements about Grunion is correct? 42) _____ A) Grunion spawn on the three or four nights prior to the highest spring high tide. B) Grunion are similar to salmon in that they return to their stream of birth to spawn. C) Grunion are the only marine fish that comes completely out of water to spawn. D) Fertilized grunion eggs are ready to hatch about twenty days after spawning. E) Grunion count on the highest spring high tide to bury their eggs with sand.

Grunion are the only marine fish that comes completely out of water to spawn.

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is ________.

HCO3-

The water level of the eastern Mediterranean Sea is lower than the level at the Strait of Gibraltar due to which of the following? 86) _____ A) Glacial erosion B) Tectonic events C) River erosion D) High evaporation E) Ocean currents

High evaporation

Legal scholars from which of the following nations were important, early on, in formulating international laws of the sea and the territorial limit? 28) _____ A) Spain B) Switzerland C) Portugal D) Holland E) Dutchland

Holland

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an ________. 11) _____ A) hypothesis B) observation C) guess D) law E) theory

Hypothesis

Where are the large floating regions of trash in all oceans of the world where plastics outnumber marine organisms several times over located? 75) _____ A) Along equatorial countercurrents B) In subtropical gyres C) Near the poles D) In foreshore regions E) In areas of Ekman transport

In subtropical gyres

Where does sand accumulate during light wave activity? 42) _____ A) Beneath the breakers B) Along the beach face C) Offshore sand bars D) Behind the dunes E) In the berm

In the berm

Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill? 40) _____ A) Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. B) Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year. C) Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991. D) Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. E) Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010

Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.

The movement of sea water at a pynocline creates ________ waves.

Internal

Which of the following has been proposed by scientists for the fate of the missing residual oil due to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010? 46) _____ A) It sunk to the sea floor. B) It evaporated. C) It dissolved into scattered molecules. D) It naturally dispersed in the water. E) It burned at sea.

It sunk to the sea floor.

Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below. A) Canary Current, Gulf Stream B) Kuroshio Current, California Current C) Agulhas Current, West Australia Current D) Brazil Current, Benguela Current E) Labrador Current, Humboldt Current

Labrador current, humboldt current

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Indian B) Arctic C) Atlantic D) Mediterranean E) Pacific

Mediterranean

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 24) _____ A) Increased seafloor spreading rates B) Melting glacial ice C) Formation of large inland lakes D) Melting sea ice E) Uplifted continental crust

Melting sea ice

Which of the following causes Minamata disease, a degenerative neurological disorder that causes blindness, brain damage, birth defects, paralysis, and death? 14) _____ A) PCBs B) DDT C) Sewage sludge D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Methyl mercury

Methyl mercury

Which of the following has been indicated as a cause of spontaneous abortions in sea lions and the death of shrimp in Escambia Bay, Florida? 54) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge

PCBs

Which of the following occurs during light wave activity? 43) _____ A) A net movement of sand down the beach face B) Much of the swash soaks into the beach C) The beach is saturated with water from previous waves D) A backward movement of sand along the beach face E) Backwash dominates the transport system

Much of the swash soaks into the beach

Which of the following is considered point source pollution? 15) _____ A) Fertilizers from lawns B) Trash washed down storm drains C) Municipal sewage sludge D) Road oil from automobiles E) Pesticides from agriculture

Municipal sewage sludge

which of the following animals uses an external shell as a rigid gas container to achieve neutral buoyancy?

Nautilus

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ________. 13) _____ A) protoplanet B) solar system C) supernova D) nebula E) quasar

Nebula

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically inactive, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.

Neither

Which of the following has been shown to cause liver cancer and harmful genetic mutations in animals? 53) _____ A) DDT B) Methyl mercury C) PCBs D) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons E) Sewage sludge

PCBs

Oil from the Exxon Valdez supertanker that polluted Prince William Sound in 1989 originated from which of the following? 38) _____ A) Gulf of Mexico B) Valdez, Alaska C) Bligh Reef D) North Slope of Alaska E) California refineries

North Slope of Alaska

Where does sand accumulate during heavy wave activity? 41) _____ A) Beneath the breakers B) Along the beach face C) Behind the dunes D) Offshore sand bars E) In the berm

Offshore sand bars

Since Tuna is sold in 5 ounce (142 grams) cans in the U.S.A., what is the most frequently you eat an entire can of tuna and not be above the average U.S. fish consumption rate?

Once a week

Why do many health organizations call for local exceptions to the ban on DDT? 61) _____ A) Fish no longer eat the plankton that cause DDT biomagnification B) DDT was blamed for problems it never actually caused. C) The pelican population needs to be reduced D) A cure for Minamata disease has been found E) Outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased

Outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased

Deep-ocean trenches and volcanic arcs result from the collision of two plates at convergent plate boundaries and mostly occur along the margins of which of the following oceans?

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the ________. A) Pacific Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Atlantic Ocean D) Southern Ocean E) Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?

Pacific ocean

Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long? 43) _____ A) Nephrops norvegicus B) Panulirus interruptus C) Metanephrops japonicus D) Homarus americanus E) Panulirus argus

Panulirus Argus

The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the ________. A) Vikings B) Phoenicians C) New Zealanders D) Greeks E) Polynesians

Phoenicians

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 11) _____ A) Mercury B) Petroleum C) DDT D) Nitrates E) Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment? 2) _____ A) Heavy metals such as mercury and silver B) Sewage sludge C) Phytoplankton D) Nutrient runoff E) Hydrocarbons

Phytoplankton

Which of the following types of trash, found in the ocean, typically accumulates at the surface because it doesn't readily sink or biodegrade? 67) _____ A) Glass B) Rags C) FoodD) Plastic E) Metal

Plastic

Research studies of trash on beaches has identified pieces of which of the following types of debris as the most numerous? 70) _____ A) Plastic nurdles B) Cigarette filters C) Food packaging D) Bottle caps E) Styrofoam cups

Plastic nurdles

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the metallic minerals in and around black smokers?

Precipitation

Which of the following resulted in mercury contamination and over 1780 deaths due to Minamata disease in Japan? 60) _____ A) Leaching from rocks B) Producing acetaldehyde C) Burning of coal D) Volcanic eruptions E) Disposal of mercury batteries

Producing acetaldehyde

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 27) _____ A) John Cabot B) Ferdinand Magellan C) Vasco de Gama D) Christopher Columbus E) Ptolemy

Ptolemy

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by ________. A) Ptolemy B) Herodotus C) Pytheas D) Eratosthenes E) Seneca

Pytheas

What is the fate of the largest proportion of plastic pollution that enters the oceans each year? 74) _____ A) Sinks to the sea floor B) Washes up on the beach C) Eaten by marine animals D) Encrusted by marine life E) Remains floating at sea

Remains floating at sea

Marketing of which of the following non-native marine species by the aquarium industry is causing problems worldwide? 77) _____ A) Atlantic comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi B) Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia C) European green crab Carcinus maenas D) Atlantic cordgrass Spartina alterniflora E) European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia

Up until 1993 New York City dumped which of the following into the coastal ocean? 13) _____ A) Sewage sludge B) Pesticide C) Waste oil D) Oil dispersants E) Industrial chemicals

Sewage sludge

Which of the following estuaries forms when the sea floods a downdropped area caused by faulting? 81) _____ A) Bar-Built Estuary B) Coastal Plain Estuary C) Delta System D) Fjord E) Tectonic Estuary

Tectonic Estuary

Most marginal seas result from which of the following? 85) _____ A) Ocean currents B) Tectonic events C) Geostrophic flow D) River erosion E) Glacial erosion

Tectonic events

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?

The Arctic Ocean

Which ocean is similar in size and average depth to the Indian Ocean? 42) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Southern Ocean C) The Atlantic Ocean D) The Pacific Ocean E) The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

Which ocean is mostly, but not entirely, in the southern hemisphere?

The Indian Ocean

Which ocean was considered by 14th century Europeans to be one of the seven seas?

The Indian Ocean

Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?

The Indian Ocean

Which of the following best explains why there is a difference between a lunar day and a solar day? 35) _____ A) The Moon must rotate an additional 50 minutes to catch up to Earth. B) During one Earth rotation, the Moon has continued orbiting Earth. C) The solar day and lunar day are measured from different meridians. D) The tide-generating forces of the Sun and Moon are working at right angles. E) The Sun has a stronger pull on the larger Earth versus the smaller Moon.

The Moon must rotate an additional 50 minutes to catch up to Earth.

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world? 40) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

Which ocean's name comes from a word meaning peace? 41) _____ A) The Arctic Ocean B) The Pacific Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Antarctic Ocean E) The Atlantic Ocean

The Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans?

The Southern Ocean

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: River runoff does not mix well with seawater along the coast BECAUSE freshwater is less dense than seawater. 93) _____ A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid. B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid. C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect. D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct. E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be a decrease in air temperature BECAUSE the higher reflectivity of clouds dominates over the heat absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Which of the following is TRUE concerning the deepest part of the ocean? 4) _____ A) The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest. B) The deepest part of the ocean is located in a trench off the coast of Japan. C) The depth of this trench is estimated at 15,000 meters. D) The bottom of this trench has never been reached by a submersible. E) This trench is called the Philippine Trench.

The depth of this trench exceeds the height of Mount Everest

Which of the following best describes littoral drift? 70) _____ A) The movement of sediment in a zigzag fashion caused by the longshore current. B) The formation of a rocky flattened beach face with a narrow berm. C) The formation of a sandy steep beach face with a wide berm. D) The building of a berm at the expense of a longshore bar caused by light wave activity. E) The use of floating objects such as shoes from shipping mishaps to track currents.

The movement of sediment in a zigzag fashion caused by the longshore current.

Which of the following statements comparing a tidal power electricity-generating with a conventional thermal power plant is correct? 80) _____ A) The initial cost of building a tidal power electricity-generating plant may are lower. B) Tidal power initially requires fossil or nuclear fuels to get started. C) The periodicity of the tides is an advantage of a tidal power electricity-generating plant. D) The operating costs of a tidal power electricity-generating plant are lower. E) Conventional thermal power is considered a cleaner and renewable resource.

The operating costs of a tidal power electricity-generating plant are lower.

The one-league territorial limit from shore that each country maintains was based on which of the following? 29) _____ A) The edge of the continental shelf B) The length of the longest rope C) The speed of the fastest ship D) The point where ocean depth increased E) The range of a cannon ball

The range of a cannon ball

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of ________. 12) _____ A) hypotheses B) guesses C) laws D) theories E) observations

Theories

Which of the following properties makes plastic an increasingly abundant component of oceanic flotsam and very damaging to the marine environment? 69) _____ A) They are dense, so they sink and concentrate at the sea floor. B) They are weak, so entangled marine organisms can break free. C) They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely. D) They cannot be recycled so they must be disposed after use. E) They are expensive and used sparingly.

They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely.

Which of the following statements comparing a tidal power electricity-generating with a conventional thermal power plant is correct? 43) _____ A) The operating costs of a tidal power electricity-generating plant are higher. B) Tidal power initially requires fossil or nuclear fuels to get started. C) Tidal power is considered a cleaner and renewable resource. D) The initial cost of building a tidal power electricity-generating plant may are lower. E) The periodicity of the tides is an advantage of a tidal power electricity-generating plant.

Tidal power is considered a cleaner and renewable resource.

Which of the following countries has not yet banned disposable plastic grocery bags?

United States

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________. 8) _____ A) Vikings of Scandinavia B) Portugal C) France D) Italy E) Spain

Vikings of Scandinavia

The speed of longshore currents decreases as which of the following increases? 45) _____ A) Breaker angle B) Wave height C) Beach slope D) Wave period E) Wave frequency

Wave period

Which of the following coasts is an example of a mixed tidal pattern? 66) _____ A) East Coast of The United States B) Gulf of Mexico C) West Coast of Africa D) West Coast of South America E) West Coast of The United States

West Coast of The United States

Which of the following coasts is an example of a semidiurnal tidal pattern? 67) _____ A) Southwest Coast of South America B) West Coast of Africa C) Gulf of Mexico D) Pacific coast of Asia E) West Coast of The United States

West coast of africa

Which of the following statements about wetlands is incorrect? 89) _____ A) Wetlands are inefficient at cleansing polluted water. B) Wetlands are some of the most highly productive ecosystems on Earth. C) Wetlands are home to a diverse assortment of plants and animals. D) Wetlands serve as stopover points for migrating birds. E) Wetlands provide enormous economic benefits.

Wetlands are inefficient at cleansing polluted water.

Which of the following statements about wetlands is incorrect? 90) _____ A) Wetlands serve as nurseries for commercially important fishes. B) Wetlands in the United States nearly dried up about 6 million years ago. C) Wetlands protect shorelines from erosion. D) Wetlands defend against hurricanes and tsunami. E) Wetlands remove inorganic nitrogen compounds and metals.

Wetlands in the United States nearly dried up about 6 million years ago.

If you went out for dinner once a week and always ordered an 8-ounce (227 gram) Tuna steak, which of the following statements about your fish consumption is correct?

You eat less fish than an average Swede but more than an average American.

Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface?

a column of warm, less dense air

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

a current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater

A beach is ________. 1) _____ A) always found along a coast B) only that area above the high-tide mark C) a deposit of the shore area D) always comprised of non-biologic components E) constant in space and time

a deposit of the shore area

The average slope of the continental shelf is similar to the slope of which of the following?

a large parking lot

The barycenter follows ________. 2) _____ A) a pattern that parallels the Moon's orbit B) the Earth's declination C) a wavy path around the Sun D) a path that is perpendicular to the Earth's ecliptic E) a smooth orbit around the Sun

a smooth orbit around the sun

The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately ________.

a tenth of a degree

Which of the following would you expect to find on a summertime beach? 5) _____ A) A wide, sandy berm B) A rocky terrain along the beach C) Larger, high-energy waves D) A narrow berm E) Prominent longshore bars

a wide, sandy berm

The maximum tidal currents are reported ________. 26) _____ A) at low tide B) about half way between high and low tides C) during neap tides D) at high tide E) in the intertidal zone

about half way between high and low tides

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called ________.

abyssal hills

In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________. 76) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

abyssal plains and in deep trenches

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

accidental spills from container ships

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons? 70) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

acidification

Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 80) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

active predation

The sand star Astropectean is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 79) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

active predation

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the ________. 22) _____ A) ages of rocks B) formation method C) metamorphism D) origin of rocks E) chemical composition of rocks

age of rocks

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) California Current B) Canary Current C) Benguela Current D) West Australian Current E) Agulhas Current

agulhas current

Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________. 114) ____ A) Orange Roughy B) Sharks C) Swordfish D) Albacore Tuna E) Alaska Wild Salmon

alaska wild salmon

The giant brown bladder kelp the fastest-growing ________ in the world. 41) _____ A) algae B) mammal C) plant D) annelid E) meiofauna

algae

Which marine ecosystem has average net primary productivity comparable to a tropical rainforest? 52) _____ A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone

algae beds and coral reefs

Which marine ecosystem has the highest average net primary productivity? 51) _____ A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone

algae beds and coral reefs

The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. 14) _____ A) galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another B) Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity C) the moon is derived from a protoplanet D) the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" E) all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

Sediment is supplied to the coastal zone by ________. 7) _____ A) rivers B) local biological activity C) coastal erosion D) All of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone. E) Only A and B are sources of sediment in the coastal zone.

all of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone

Western intensification causes ________.

all of the choices are the result of westward intensitification

Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? 37) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. B) The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. C) The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. D) The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. E) All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

all of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion? 18) _____ A) Beach nourishment B) Seawall C) Groin D) All of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion. E) Both the groin and seawall prevent or retard shoreline erosion.

all of these are used to try and prevent or retard shoreline erosion

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the ________. 15) _____ A) amount of toxic synthetic chemicals which stimulate excessive bacterial growth B) amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth C) water temperature that kills zooxanthellae D) water temperature that results in coral bleaching E) salinity of the water that results in coral bleaching

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth

The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a/an ________. 18) _____ A) rotary center B) cotidal center C) amphidromic point D) seiche E) tidal flux

amphidromic point

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is ________. 35) _____ A) an increased salinity during particular times of the year B) salinity fluctuations due to reduced inflow from rivers C) the removal of sediments behind hydroelectric dams D) decreased tributary river flow due to increased water demand E) an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals

an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals

The main current in Antarctic waters is the ________ Current.

antarctic circumpolar

Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?

antarctic circumpolar

When the Earth is at its greatest distance from the Sun, it is said to be at ________. 16) _____ A) perigee B) apogee C) perihelion D) proxigean E) aphelion

aphelion

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________. 81) _____ A) Archaea B) Zooxanthellae C) Eukarya D) Ediacaria E) Bacteria

archaea

Winter beaches ________. 6) _____ A) are narrower than summer beaches due to high-energy waves during the winter B) are characterized by most of the swash soaking into the beach C) contain more sediment than summer beaches due to high-energy waves during the winter D) are wider than summer beaches due to low-energy waves during the winter E) contain less sediment than summer beaches due to low-energy waves during the winter

are narrower than summer beaches due to high-energy waves during the winter

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 30) _____ A) Asthenosphere B) Granite C) Basalt D) Oceanic crust E) Continental crust

asthenosphere

Where are the deepest portions of the world's oceans found?

at convergent plate boundaries

In the United States, semidiurnal tides commonly occur along the ________. 22) _____ A) Pacific coast B) Gulf of Alaska C) Florida Keys D) Atlantic coast E) Gulf of Mexico coast

atlantic coast

Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals? 51) _____ A) Indian and Pacific Oceans B) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans C) Indian Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean E) Pacific Ocean

atlantic ocean

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) Atmosphere B) Mesosphere C) Core D) Asthenosphere E) Lithosphere

atmosphere

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest?

atmospheric water vapour

The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.

atoms

Algae, plants, archaea, and photosynthetic bacteria are examples of ________ organisms. 67) _____ A) decomposer B) siliceous C) autotrophic D) consumer E) heterotrophic

autotrophic

In polar region oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 61) _____ A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature

available sunlight only

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the fall and by ________ in the spring. 63) _____ A) available sunlight; nutrient supply B) available sunlight; available sunlight C) nutrient supply; available sunlight D) nutrient supply; nutrient supply

available sunlight; nutrient supply

Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics. 59) _____ A) nutrient supply; nutrient supply B) nutrient supply; available sunlight C) available sunlight; available sunlight D) available sunlight; nutrient supply

available sunlight; nutrient supply

The part of the shore that is above the high tide shoreline and is covered with water only during storms is known as the ________. 65) _____ A) backshore B) foreshore C) nearshore D) offshore E) shoreline

backshore

The section of the coast that extends from normal high tide level to the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves is called the ________. 3) _____ A) offshore B) foreshore C) backshore D) nearshore E) shoreline

backshore

Squid swim by expelling water out a siphon to propel themselves ________. 58) _____ A) forward B) backward C) leftward D) rightward E) downward

backward

Organisms which feed only on bacteria are called ________. 73) _____ A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores

bacteriovores

Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of ________. 27) _____ A) bar-built estuaries B) fjords C) coastal plain estuaries D) salt wedge estuaries E) tectonic estuaries

bar-built estuaries

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 21) _____ A) Longshore trough B) Beach face C) Barrier flat D) Longshore bar E) Berm

barrier flat

The area of the barrier island complex that would contain thickets and woodlands would be the ________. 13) _____ A) low marsh B) barrier flat C) dune D) lagoon E) high marsh

barrier flat

The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system is called the ________. 1) _____ A) perihelion B) barycenter C) perigee D) aphelion E) apogee

barycenter

Oceanic crust is primarily ________. 16) _____ A) granite B) clay minerals C) siltstone D) basalt E) carbonate sedimentary rocks

basalt

Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to ________.

be deflected toward the east

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Breakwater B) Groin C) Beach compartment D) Seawall E) Jetty

beach compartment

If one were to walk from the ocean landward across a barrier island complex, in which order would one encounter the following environments? 12) _____ A) Beach, dune, barrier flat, low marsh, high marsh B) Low marsh, high marsh, barrier flat, dune, beach C) Dune, barrier flat, beach, high marsh, low marsh D) Barrier flat, dune, beach, low marsh, high marsh E) Beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh

beach, dune, barrier flat, high marsh, low marsh

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 28) _____ A) Theory B) Testing C) Observation D) Hypothesis E) Belief

belief

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences estimates that 13 ________ pounds of litter enters the world's oceans each year. 66) _____ A) hundred B) trillion C) million D) billion E) thousand

billion

Dolphins and porpoises emit sounds from their ________. 112) ____ A) blowhole B) melon C) museau du singe D) junk E) nostril

blowhole

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following Tuna should you avoid? 107) ____ A) Albacore (Canada & US Pacific, troll/pole) B) Bluefin C) Bigeye (US farmed) D) Tongol (US farmed) E) Yellowfin (US troll/pole)

bluefin

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? 18) _____ A) Suspended sediment B) Fishing C) Scuba and snorkeling D) Boat collisions E) Boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling, and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the condensation point?

boiling point

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 60) _____ A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature

both available sunlight and nutrient supply

Which of the following produces a tidal current? 28) _____ A) Flood tide B) Both neap tides and spring tides C) Both ebb tides and flood tides D) Spring tide E) Ebb tide

both ebb tides and flood tides

Which of the following is a western boundary current?

brazil current

Compared to western boundary currents, eastern boundary currents are ________.

broad and slow

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following?

broad continental shelves

Which of the following types of algae is responsible for the name of the Sargasso Sea? 48) _____ A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae

brown algae

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are ________. 4) _____ A) periwinkle snails and kelp B) goose barnacles and mussels C) buckshot barnacles and limpets D) sea anemones and hermit crabs E) keyhole limpets and Irish moss

buckshot barnacles and limpets

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is ________. 10) _____ A) flattened body shape B) attachment to the substrate C) burrowing into the sediment D) sessile lifestyle E) swimming

burrowing into the sediment

In the open ocean, 1 in ___ will be four times as high as the height of the wave average.

c) 300,000

The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by ________. 3) _____ A) the EPA B) determining the total biomass of affected organisms in the environment C) estimating the number of trophic transfers in the food web affected by the pollutant D) determining the length of time that the pollutant remains in the environment E) calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die

calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) California Current B) Gulf Stream C) North Atlantic Current D) Canary Current E) North Equatorial Current

california current

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Western United States being arid?

california current

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is the definition of ________.

calorie

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen ________. 21) _____ A) can form ozone and block some UV radiation B) was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere C) combines with iron in volcanic rocks D) reduces atmospheric temperature E) is necessary for photosynthesis to occur

can form ozone and block some UV radiation

Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions. 83) _____ A) sulfuric acid B) arsenic C) cadmium D) hydrogen sulfide E) carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

Earth's primordial atmosphere most likely included ________. 18) _____ A) ammonia, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor B) nitrogen, ozone, and sulfur dioxide C) carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and methane D) hydrogen, helium, and oxygen

carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide, and methane

Fur seals are members of which of the following orders? 83) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

Polar bears are members of which of the following orders? 79) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

Sea lions are members of which of the following orders? 82) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

Sea otters are members of which of the following orders? 78) _____ A) Carnivora B) Cetacea C) Chiroptera D) Rhenanida E) Sirenia

carnivora

An example of a coastal plain estuary is the ________. 30) _____ A) San Francisco Bay B) Chesapeake Bay C) Pamlico Sound D) Monterey Bay E) Laguna Madre

chesapeake bay

Which of the following is the largest estuary in the United States? 82) _____ A) Galveston Bay B) Pamlico Sound C) Chesapeake Bay D) Laguna Madre E) San Francisco Bay

chesapeake bay

Which of the following deep-water fish was originally called the toothfish and is now on the Seafood Watch List of fish to avoid purchasing? 105) ____ A) Alaskan Salmon B) Greenland Halibut C) Chilean Seabass D) Orange Roughy E) Australian Slimehead

chilean seabass

Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

chloride

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the ________. 7) _____ A) aeration of liquid effluent following chlorination B) chlorination of the liquid effluent C) separation of the suspended solids from the liquid effluent D) addition of bacteria to process organic contaminants E) removal of inorganic nutrients from the liquid effluent

chlorination of the liquid effluent

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters. 26) _____ A) density B) salinity C) chlorophyll D) temperature E) carbonic acid

chlorophyll

Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division ________. 7) _____ A) Chlorophyta B) Haptophyta C) Chrysophyta D) Angiospermae E) Pyrrophyta

chrysophyta

In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues. 82) _____ A) lobsters B) crabsC) corals D) clams E) mussels

clams

Jellies are an example of which of the following? 53) _____ A) Cnidarians B) Coccolithophores C) Ctenophores D) Foraminifers E) Radiolarians

cnidarians

The zone extends inland from the shore to as far as ocean-related features can be found is known as the ________. 63) _____ A) wave front B) coastline C) coast D) foreshore E) beach

coast

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 18.7% of the world marine fishery? 91) _____ A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings

coastal and coral systems

The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the ________. 24) _____ A) tropical areas B) coastal areas C) bathypelagic zone D) upwelling areas E) mesopelagic zone

coastal areas

Which of the following estuaries forms when sea level rises and floods an existing river valley? 78) _____ A) Coastal Plain Estuary B) Delta System C) Bar-Built Estuary D) Tectonic Estuary E) Fjord

coastal plain estuary

The boundary between the shore and the coast is known as the ________. 64) _____ A) shore-coast B) wave front C) coastline D) shoreline E) beach front

coastline

The Canadian government declared which of the following completely off-limits to fishing in 2003? 102) ____ A) Halibut B) Haddock C) Flounder D) Cod E) Herring

cod

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 110) ____ A) Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States) B) Arctic Char (farmed) C) Saberfish (Alaska & Canada) D) Black Cod (Alaska & Canada) E) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled)

cod: atlantic (Canada and United States)

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a ________.

cold core ring

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an ________.

cold front

Gray whales feed primarily on sea floor organisms in ________ in the ________. 152) ____ A) cold high-latitude waters; winter B) cold high-latitude waters; summer C) mild mid-latitude waters; spring D) tropical lagoons; summer E) tropical lagoons; winter

cold high-latitude waters; summer

Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities? 84) _____ A) Hypersaline seeps B) Cold water reefs C) Subduction zone seeps D) Hydrothermal vents E) Hydrocarbon seeps

cold water reefs

The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of ________. 5) _____ A) natural deep-sea seeps B) collision and/or sinking of oil tankers C) urban run-off D) blow out accidents on drilling platforms E) discharge from refueling tankers and ships

collision and/or sinking of oil tankers

Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure ________. 35) _____ A) temperature B) color C) oxygen D) biomass E) radioactivity

colour

Which of the following will cause the highest air pressure at the surface?

column of cool, dense air

A remora attaching itself to a shark to obtain food and transportation without harming its host is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship? 148) ____ A) Commensalism B) Mutualism C) Naturalism D) Parallelism E) Parasitism

commensalism

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the ________ for photosynthesis. 5) _____ A) carbonate depth B) compensation depth C) epipelagic depth D) productive zone E) euphotic zone

compensation depth

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the boiling point?

condensation point

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. 68) _____ A) producer B) siliceous C) decomposer D) autotrophic E) consumer

consumers

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest?

continent to ocean

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?

continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

In the deep ocean, coarse sediments from nearby land sources are found on the ________. 78) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

continental rise

The relief in which of the following regions is similar to that found in mountain ranges on the continents?

continental slope

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin?

continental slope

The air in the center of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________.

cool dry; downward

Microscopic, shrimplike animals that have a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic are called ________. 4) _____ A) foraminifers B) radiolarians C) copepods D) fishes E) cnidarians

copepods

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct? 60) _____ A) Coral reefs contain about twice as much algal biomass as animal biomass. B) Fisheries associated with coral reefs supply more than one fourth of all fish from the sea. C) Coral reefs protect coasts from volcanoes, storm waves and tsunami. D) Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product. E) About 300 million people worldwide depend on healthy reef systems.

coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities? 80) _____ A) Mussels B) Clams C) Corals D) White crabs E) Tubeworms

corals

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the ________.

coriolis effect

Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate ________.

counterclockwise

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 111) ____ A) Oysters (farmed) B) Crab: Dungeness C) Crab: King (imported) D) Mussels (farmed) E) Crab: Stone

crab: king (imported)

The high parts of waves are called ___.

crests

Important marine autotrophs that have silica incorporated into their cell walls are ________. 9) _____ A) coccolithophorids B) dinoflagellates C) cyanobacteria D) diatoms E) radiolarians

diatoms

Idealized pressure belts and wind systems are significantly modified by Earth's tilted axis of rotation and ________.

differences in the heat capacities of the ocean and land

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the ________. 15) _____ A) initial collection of materials and their position in Earth B) differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth C) gravitational force created by the rotating Earth D) presence of water at Earth's surface E) decrease in temperature downward toward the core

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth

Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 30) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

difficulty finding mates

The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________. 55) _____ A) foraminifera B) copepod C) dinoflagellate D) radiolarian E) ostracod

dinoflagellate

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are ________. 16) _____ A) protozoans B) foraminifera C) dinoflagellates D) golden algae E) bacteria

dinoflagellates

Which of the following statements concerning tides is correct? 29) _____ A) Mixed tides are a tidal pattern in which there are two high and low tides daily of approximately equal tidal heights. B) Semidiurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there are two high tides and two low tides per lunar day, one high tide higher than the other. C) Diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day. D) At perigee, tidal ranges are minimized. E) Neap tides occur when the solar tide and the lunar tides are additive, producing the highest high tide and lower low tides

diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along ________.

divergent plate boundaries

A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, abundant cloudiness and much precipitation occurs of the following regions?

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

Earth's breeding ground for hurricanes occurs in which of the following regions?

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

The Doldrums occur in which of the following regions?

equatorial (0-5 degrees)

The North Equatorial Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

equatorial current

The South Equatorial Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

equatorial current

Submarine canyons were most likely formed by ________.

erosion by turbidity currents

Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to ________. 14) _____ A) net primary productivity B) photoperiodicity C) autotrophication D) eutrophication E) phototropism

eutrophication

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water?

evaporation

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn?

evaporation

Which of the following processes increases seawater salinity?

evaporation

Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth?

fathom

Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day. 40) _____ A) inches B) feet C) yards D) meters E) centimeters

feet

Geostrophic circulation within a gyre is driven by ________.

gravity and the Coriolis effect

Baleen whales are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 75) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

filter

Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 74) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

filter

Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 76) _____ A) active predation B) deposit C) filter D) passive predation E) photosynthetic

filter

Whale sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.82) _____ A) deposit B) active predation C) photosynthetic D) passive predation E) filter

filter

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

five

An estuary formed from a flooded glacial valley is called a ________. 28) _____ A) vertically mixed estuary B) fjord C) coastal plain estuary D) bar-built estuary E) tectonic estuary

fjord

In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________. 77) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean ________.

flow from land to sea and are dry

Most high-speed fish use their caudal fins ________. 64) _____ A) for swim propulsion B) primarily as stabilizers C) to hold onto prey D) to increase the surface area E) to turn, brake, and balance

for swim propulsion

The part of the shore that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide is known as the ________. 66) _____ A) backshore B) foreshore C) nearshore D) offshore E) shoreline

foreshore

The section of the coast that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide is called the ________. 2) _____ A) nearshore B) foreshore C) backshore D) shoreline E) offshore

foreshore

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

four

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically inactive, occurs beyond offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction?

fracture zone

Which of the following methods are used to measure deep ocean currents directly?

free-drifting argo floats

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point?

freezing point

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity? 50) _____ A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone

freshwater swamp and marsh

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity? 58) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

from 20 meters to 50 meters

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 4% of the surface intensity? 57) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

from 50 meters to 150 meters

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 60% of the surface intensity? 59) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters

from a few centimeters to a few meters

The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

from northeast to southwest

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?

from northwest to southeast

The polar easterly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?

from southeast to northwest

The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?

from southeast to northwest

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

from southwest to northeast

The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Northern Hemisphere?

from the northeast to southwest

The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following? 66) _____ A) Gas bubble B) Yellow blotch C) Rapid wasting D) Black band E) White plague

gas bubble

Scientific studies have shown that fish exposed to PAHs in crude oil exhibited changes in ________ that are linked to developmental abnormalities, decreased embryo survival, and lower reproductive success. 48) _____ A) gene expression B) heart rate C) metabolism D) blood concentrations E) body temperature

gene expression

A sperm whale uses its junk and the spermaceti organ to do which of the following? 113) ____ A) Dig in seafloor sediment B) Generate sounds C) Remain submerged for extended periods D) Digest squid and other prey E) Produce offspring

generate sounds

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. 34) _____ A) chemical B) geological C) physical D) archaeological E) biological

geological

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect?

geostrophic circulation

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are ________. 5) _____ A) sea anemones and hermit crabs B) fiddler crabs and Littorina C) buckshot barnacles and rockweed D) periwinkle snails and kelp E) goose-necked barnacles and mussels

goose-necked barnacles and mussels

The attraction between Earth and the Moon is an example of ________ force. 36) _____ A) magnetic B) resultant C) gravitational D) tectonic E) electrical

gravitational

The migration of which of the following baleen whales is the best-studied? 151) ____ A) Rorqual whale B) Blue whale C) Gray whale D) Humpback whale E) Minke whale

gray whale

The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________.

greater

Deep-water circulation brings dense, cold, oxygen-rich water from the surface to the deep ocean because of ________.

greater dissolution of oxygen in colder water than warmer water

Red muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than white tissue. 69) _____ A) greater; higher B) lesser; lower C) greater; lower D) lesser; higher

greater; higher

Dead Man's Fingers is a kind of which of the following types of algae? 49) _____ A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae

green algae

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) South Pacific B) North Atlantic C) South Atlantic D) Gulf of Alaska E) Indian

gulf of alaska

Which of the following coasts is an example of a diurnal tidal pattern? 64) _____ A) East Coast of The United States B) Gulf of Mexico C) West Coast of Africa D) West Coast of South America E) West Coast of The United States

gulf of mexico

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid?

gulf stream

Which of the following is NOT an eastern boundary current?

gulf stream

A tablemount is another name for a(n) ________.

guyot

Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a flattened top are called ________.

guyots

The collapse of Atlantic cod stocks resulted in fishers seeking the deep-water Greenland ________, which is now in danger of becoming overfished throughout the Atlantic. 103) ____ A) flounder B) halibut C) tilapia D) herring E) haddock

halibut

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________.

halocline

A blue moon occurs once every few ________. 58) _____ A) months B) centuries C) generations D) decades E) years

years

A spring tide ________. 11) _____ A) has very high high tides and very low low tides B) occurs at the vernal equinox C) has very little difference between high and low tides D) has moderate high and low tides E) occurs at a blue moon

has very high tides and very low low tides

Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they ________. 26) _____ A) cannot rotate their front flippers backward B) use their rear flippers for swimming C) have external ears D) cannot rotate their front flippers forward E) have a short neck

have external ears

Prevailing offshore winds produce coastal waters that ________. 26) _____ A) have lower salinities B) are biologically diverse C) are cooler D) have higher salinities E) are identical to the open ocean

have higher salinities

Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they ________. 6) _____ A) have planktonic larval forms B) are sessile C) cannot tolerate desiccation or drying out D) cannot tolerate temperature fluctuations E) cannot tolerate fluctuating salinity

have planktonic larval forms

Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________.70) _____ A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores

herbivores

The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as ________. 8) _____ A) lunate B) rounded C) forked D) heterocercal E) truncate

heterocercal

The caudal fin shape that is asymmetrical, with most of the mass in the upper lobe, is a ________. 10) _____ A) forked fin B) rounded fin C) truncate fin D) lunate fin E) heterocercal fin

heterocercal fin

Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms. 69) _____ A) heterotrophic B) producer C) siliceous D) autotrophic E) decomposer

heterotrophic

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 32) _____ A) Photosynthesis B) Autotrophs C) Heterotrophs D) Plants E) Chemosynthesis

heterotrophs

Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth? 14) _____ A) Low light B) Water temperatures below 18°C C) High sediment load in the water D) Low nutrient levels in the water E) High concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

Coastal wetlands are characterized by ________. 38) _____ A) low levels of organic matter in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich muds B) high levels of inorganic matter in the tidal zone and anoxic muds C) high levels of organic matter in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich muds D) high levels of inorganic matter in the tidal zone and oxygen-rich muds E) high levels of organic matter in the tidal zone and oxygen-poor muds

high levels of organic matter in the tidal zone and oxygen-poor muds

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to ________.

high surface tension

If the side of the Earth that faces the Moon experiences a high tide, then the side of the Earth that is opposite from the Moon will have a ________. 7) _____ A) low tide B) neap tide C) proxigean tide D) spring tide E) high tide

high tide

Compared to Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water is ________.

higher in salinity

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a ________.

higher salinity

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is ________.

higher than other liquids

Deep-sea fish species exhibit which of the following adaptations to life in the deep ocean? 75) _____ A) Small sharp teeth B) Rigid bodies C) Small mouths D) Hinged jaws E) Insensitive eyes

hinged jaws

Whales evolved from a land-dwelling ancestor similar to which of the following? 76) _____ A) Yak B) Bear C) Mastodon D) Elephant E) Hippopotamus

hippopotamus

The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus? 44) _____ A) Homarus B) Panulirus C) Metanephrops D) Portunus E) Nephrops

homarus

Organisms such as a mackerel sharks and tunas that can maintain a relatively constant body temperature are referred to as ________. 17) _____ A) poikilothermic B) homeothermic C) ectothermic D) cold-blooded E) None of the above is correct.

homeothermic

The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

hotspot

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________. 68) _____ A) floods B) hurricanes C) sea stars D) humans E) tsunami

humans

Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world?

humboldt current

Songs of which of the following whales are thought to be a form of sexual display? 118) ____ A) Blue whale B) Gray whale C) Humpback whale D) Minke whale E) Rorqual whale

humpback whale

Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of ________. 6) _____ A) hydrocarbons B) thermal effluents C) pesticides D) heavy metals E) nitrates

hydrocarbons

The Columbia River estuary received its most significant ecological damage from which of the following sources? 34) _____ A) Dredging of the river to accommodate boat traffic B) Dikes erected by farmers to prevent flooding C) Pollution due to soil erosion from logging D) Poor farming practices E) Hydroelectric dams

hydroelectric dams

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

hydrogen ion

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the ________.

hydrologic cycle

Which of the following Gray whales are the last to migrate south? 157) ____ A) Pregnant females B) Non-pregnant mature females C) Immature males D) Mature males E) Immature females

immature males

In coastal regions, sea breezes happen ________ and land breezes happen ________.

in the afternoon; at night

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is ________.

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

Which of the following has caused an increase in the mortality of blue crab, oysters, and other bottom-dwelling animals in Chesapeake Bay since the early 1950s? 83) _____ A) Increased maximum river flow in the spring B) An oil pipeline rupture and spill C) Large seasonal changes in salinity and temperature D) Increased discharge of sewage and fertilizers E) Numerous drier years with less river runoff

increased discharge of sewage and fertilizers

Eustatic changes in sea level might include ________. 16) _____ A) increased glacial melting due to the global warming B) volcanic activity resulting in the formation of new continental crust C) rise in sea level due to a large weight of glacier on a continental mass D) sinking of the crust due to large increases in sediment load E) uplift related to earthquake activity

increased glacier melting due to the global warming

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

increased; decreaed

The surface tension of water ________.

increases as density decreases

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?

increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the ice crystals is inhibited

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 25) _____ A) Black B) Mediterranean C) Indian D) Adriatic E) Caspian

indian

Minamata disease is associated with ________. 9) _____ A) harmful algal blooms B) illegal fishing in tropical areas C) dinoflagellates in tropical reef ecosystems D) ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish E) eutrophication

ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

The doldrums refer to the same region as the ________.

inter-tropical convergence zone

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?

iodine

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.

ions

The concentration of which of the following nutrients limits productivity in the waters near Antarctica and the Galapagos Islands? 41) _____ A) Silica B) Iron C) Nitrogen D) Phosphorus E) Sodium

iron

Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ________.

is a polar molecule

The particle size on a beach ________. 4) _____ A) is related to whatever material is locally available B) varies only with storm intensity and duration C) can be related to the frequency of storms D) shows seasonal variation only on low energy coasts E) is a function of the type of bedrock underlying the coastal area

is related to whatever material is locally available

The island of Honshu is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

island arc

The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

island arc

Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because ________. 15) _____ A) it helps them blend more easily with their environment B) it increases the power output of muscle tissue C) they are cold blooded D) it assists them in predator avoidance E) they only need to move periodically

it increases the power output of muscle tissue

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0°C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

it remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

Despite the International Whaling Commission ban on commercial whaling which of the following nations continues to hunt whales under the guise of scientific research? 121) ____ A) Norway B) Greenland C) Japan D) United States E) Russia

japan

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 33) _____ A) Jurassic B) Silurian C) Devonian D) Permian E) Ordovician

jurassic

Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans? 57) _____ A) Dioxin B) Ciguatera C) Gonyaulax D) Karenia E) Mercury

karenia

The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by ________. 8) _____ A) green algae B) Zostera C) kelp D) Thalassia E) coralline algae

kelp

In order to keep up with the tidal force of the Moon, the tidal bulge waveform moves across Earth's oceans at a speed of about 1,600 ________ per hour. 59) _____ A) centimeters B) kilometers C) meters D) miles E) fantoms

kilometers

Pick the pair which does not fit the pattern. 20) _____ A) Krill—whale B) Isopod—fish C) Clown fish—anemone D) Remora—shark

krill-whale

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Density-driven circulation B) Antarctic Bottom Water C) North Atlantic Deep Water D) Kuroshio Current E) Thermohaline circulation

kuroshio current

Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 32) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

lack of space or attachment sites

An example of a bar-built estuary is ________. 31) _____ A) Puget Sound B) Laguna Madre C) Aleutian Islands D) Chesapeake Bay E) San Francisco Bay

laguna madre

Deep-water currents move ________ volumes of water and are much ________ than surface currents.

larger; slower

Individual members of a feeding population in a food chain are generally ________ in size and ________ numerous than their prey. 86) _____ A) larger; more B) smaller; less C) larger; less D) smaller; more

larger;less

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as ________. 26) _____ A) minimum catch that will still allow the population to increase B) largest catch that will cover the minimum cost of fishing C) annual harvest that will balance natural mortality and predation D) largest catch that can be taken without overfishing E) maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing occurs

largest catch that can be taken without overfishing

The strength of a hurricane stems from water's ________.

latent heat of condensation

In terms of erosion protection from wave action, seawalls ________. 19) _____ A) are cost effective B) lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides C) result in a more gradual seaward slope of beaches D) require very little maintenance E) are permanent and thus never need to be replaced

lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the ________. 11) _____ A) composition of the sediment B) oxygen content of the sediment C) turbidity of the surface water D) length of its siphon E) wave frequency and water velocity

length of its siphon

The reported amount of plastic pollution entering the oceans each year is ________ of the annual global production of plastic. 73) _____ A) 10 to 20% B) more than 20% C) less than 1% D) 5 to 10% E) 1 to 5 %

less than 1%

When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in coastal regions. 43) _____ A) deeper; lower B) less; greater C) less; lower D) deeper; greater

less; greater

Productivity in polar oceans is ________. 15) _____ A) oxygen-limited B) light- and nutrient-limited C) nutrient- and oxygen-limited D) light-limited E) nutrient-limited

light-limited

Which of the following do not eat oysters? 45) _____ A) Snails B) Lobsters C) Crabs D) Sea stars E) Fishes

lobsters

Compared with a solar day, a lunar day is ________. 9) _____ A) twice the length of a solar day B) longer than a solar day C) shorter than a solar day D) equal to a solar day E) half the length of a solar day

longer than a solar day

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of ________. 19) _____ A) loss of zooxanthellae B) increased sediment loads C) crown-of-thorn sea stars D) fungal parasites E) increase in zooxanthellae concentrations

loss of zoocanthellae

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers? 87) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

lost city

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers? 85) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

lost city

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers? 86) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

lost city

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields is thought to be driven by serpentinization? 89) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

lost city

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields releases methane and hydrogen into the surrounding water instead of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved metals from typical black smokers? 88) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque

lost city

Eroded material is carried along coastlines from high-energy wave areas to ________. 8) _____ A) low-energy wave areas B) the nearshore zone C) the foreshore D) active offshore berms E) the backshore

low-energy wave areas

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 29) _____ A) High light levels B) Upwelling C) Increased phosphorus concentration D) Lower rates of photosynthesis E) Increased nitrogen concentration

lower rates of photosynthesis

White muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than red tissue. 70) _____ A) greater; higher B) greater; lower C) lower; lower D) lower; higher

lower; lower

The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the ________. 12) _____ A) feather duster worm B) ghost crab C) clam D) lugworm E) fan worm

lugworm

the caudal fin of fast-cruising fish such as tuna is ________. 9) _____ A) lunate B) truncate C) forked D) heterocercal E) rounded

lunate

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 26) _____ A) Eratosthenes B) Magellan C) Herodotus D) Pytheas E) Ptolemy

magellan

Which of the following is the second most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

magnesium

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 112) ____ A) Catfish (US farmed) B) Mahi mahi (imported longline) C) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) D) Salmon (Alaska wild) E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)

mahi mahi (imported longline)

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who can eat low to moderate amounts of swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish with little concern?

male college students

The gray whale and other baleen whales migrate every year to ________. 27) _____ A) feed in the tropics during the summer B) feed in the tropics during the winter C) mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter D) mate and give birth in the Arctic and Antarctic regions during the summer E) feed in the Arctic and Antarctic regions during the winter

mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter

Scientists typical do not use a specific environmental bioassay to draw general conclusions about a pollutant because they ________. 35) _____ A) are specific to all creatures in an ecosystem B) take into account how pollutants may combine to create new pollutants C) may result in data that isn't applicable to other species D) only predict the long-term effect of pollution on marine organisms E) can be performed quickly with little effort

may result in data that isn't applicable to other species

When less saline water enters a marginal sea above a return flow of saltier water, the circulation pattern is called ________. 37) _____ A) lagoon circulation B) loop current circulation C) fjord circulation D) Mediterranean circulation E) estuarine circulation

mediterranean circulation

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ________. 13) _____ A) meiofauna B) mesofauna C) microfauna D) epifauna E) subfauna

meiofauna

In dolphins and porpoises, an organ called the ________ focuses the sounds they generate. 111) ____ A) spermaceti organ B) junk C) nostril D) museau du singe E) melon

melon

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the freezing point?

melting point

Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a ________.

mid-ocean ridge

Researchers estimate that the Pacific Ocean contains at least 46 ________ pounds of floating microplastic pieces (microbeads) that originate from hand cleaners, exfoliating facial scrubs, and toothpaste, that are known to transport pollutants and be eaten by fish. 71) _____ A) thousand B) trillion C) billion D) hundred E) million

million

The most common tidal pattern around the world are ________. 21) _____ A) semidiurnal tides B) spring tides C) diurnal tides D) proxigean tides E) mixed tides

mixed tides

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________.

molecules

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? 9) _____ A) Mud flats B) rocky shores C) Mangrove swamps D) Kelp forests E) Coral reefs

mud flats

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? 37) _____ A) Mud flats B) Sand beaches C) Pebble berms D) Salt marshes E) Boulder beaches

mudflats

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? 38) _____ A) Sand beaches B) Pebble berms C) Mud flats D) Boulder beaches E) Salt marshes

mudflats

A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts? 34) _____ A) Sea urchin B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Limpets E) Mussels

mussels

The stinging tentacles of a sea anemone protecting a clown fish which chases away any fish that tries to feed on the anemone is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship? 149) ____ A) Commensalism B) Mutualism C) Naturalism D) Parallelism E) Parasitism

mutualism

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an ________. 17) _____ A) mutualistic symbiosis B) facultative ectoparasitism C) facultative commensalism D) obligate commensalism E) obligate endoparasitism

mutualistic symbols

Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________. 36) _____ A) it results from extraction on the sea floor B) it leaks from a ruptured pipeline C) it was already sent to a refinery D) oil tankers run aground E) natural seepage is responsible

natural seepage is responsible

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called ________. 20) _____ A) natural selection B) adaptation C) descent with modification D) intelligent design E) evolution

natural selection

The minimum tidal range happens during ________ tides. 40) _____ A) fall B) neap C) spring D) summer E) winter

neap

There is destructive interference between the lunar and solar tidal bulges during ________ tides. 41) _____ A) fall B) neap C) spring D) summer E) winter

neap

The part of the shore that extends seaward from the low tide shoreline to the low tide breaker line is known as the ________. 68) _____ A) backshore B) foreshore C) nearshore D) offshore E) shoreline

nearshore

Squids, fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals are examples of ________ organisms. 56) _____ A) nektonic B) phytoplanktonic C) zooplanktonic D) benthic E) abyssal

nektonic

Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________.

neutrons

The two most abundant components of dry air are ________.

nitrogen and oxygen

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include ________. 4) _____ A) carbon dioxide and nitrogen B) carbon dioxide C) phosphorus D) nitrogen and phosphorus E) nitrogen

nitrogen and phosphorus

Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________. 72) _____ A) autotrophic B) bacteriovores C) carnivores D) herbivores E) omnivores

omnivores

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to ________. 28) _____ A) krill and other shellfish B) species raised in aquaculture settings C) species caught as part of traditional fisheries D) non-target species that are caught along with commercial species E) species harvested for industrial purposes

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species

The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________. 83) _____ A) cyclic and unidirectional B) noncyclic and unidirectional C) noncyclic and multidirectional D) cyclic and multidirectional

noncyclic and unidirectional

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 35.6% of the world marine fishery? 88) _____ A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings

nontropical shelves

The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are ________. 4) _____ A) normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off B) blow out accidents and urban run-off C) tar balls and oil tanker accidents D) natural seeps and urban run-off E) oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters

normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off

The Sargasso Sea is the water that circulates around the rotation center of the ________ gyre.

north atlantic

The North Atlantic Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

northern boundary current

The North Pacific Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

northern boundary current

In the Southern Hemisphere, the coastal geostrophic current curves ________ on the eastern coast of continents. 76) _____ A) northward B) southward C) westward D) eastward

northward

The Maelstrom off the coast of ________ is one of the strongest whirlpools in the world. 71) _____ A) Norway B) Canada C) Italy D) Scotland E) Japan

norway

Which of the following Gray whales are the last to migrate north? 158) ____ A) Immature males B) Nursing females C) Non-pregnant mature females D) Mature males E) Immature females

nursing females

In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months ________. 18) _____ A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease B) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease C) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures decrease D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and water temperatures increase E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease

nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease

In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the summer months ________. 19) _____ A) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and dissolved oxygen decreases B) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases C) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases D) nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases E) nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen increases

nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and dissolved oxygen decreases

In low latitude (tropical) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________. 62) _____ A) available sunlight only B) both available sunlight and nutrient supply C) nutrient supply only D) salinity E) water temperature

nutrient supply only

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________ in the spring and by ________ in the fall. 64) _____ A) nutrient supply; available sunlight B) nutrient supply; nutrient supply C) available sunlight; nutrient supply D) available sunlight; available sunlight

nutrient supply; available sunlight

Productivity in tropical oceans is generally ________. 16) _____ A) light- and nutrient-limited B) oxygen-limited C) nutrient- and oxygen-limited D) nutrient-limited E) light-limited

nutrients-limited

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest?

ocean to atmosphere

New lithosphere is produced in association with ________.

oceanic ridges

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called ________.

oceanic rises

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's ________.

oceanic trenches

The part of the shore beyond the low tide breaker line and is deep enough that waves rarely affect the bottom is known as the ________. 69) _____ A) backshore B) foreshore C) nearshore D) offshore E) shoreline

offshore

An area that experiences diurnal tides will have ________. 20) _____ A) two unequal low and high tides daily B) two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily C) one high tide and two low tides daily D) one low tide and two high tides daily E) one high tide and one low tide daily

one high tide and one low tide daily

In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________. 36) _____ A) one kilometer B) 20 meters C) one to two kilometers D) 100 meters E) two to three kilometers

one kilometer

Some plastics accumulate poisons such as DDT and PCBs to levels as high as a ________ times their concentrations in seawater. 16) _____ A) one hundred B) fifty C) one million D) one thousand E) one billion

one million

Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics to the poles.

one-third

Which marine ecosystem has the lowest average net primary productivity? 53) _____ A) Algae beds and coral reefs B) Estuaries C) Freshwater swamp and marsh D) Open Ocean E) Upwelling zone

open ocean

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 3.8% of the world marine fishery? 92) _____ A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings

open ocean

The type of circulation pattern found in Laguna Madre is ________. 36) _____ A) wind-driven circulation pattern B) slightly stratified circulation pattern C) vertically mixed circulation pattern D) salt wedge pattern E) opposite of the typical estuarine circulation pattern

opposite of the typical estuarine circulation pattern

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 113) ____ A) Salmon (Alaska wild) B) Orange Roughy C) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) D) Halibut: Pacific (United States) E) Striped Bass (farmed & wild)

orange roughy

Which of the following deep-water fish was original called the slimehead and is now on the Seafood Watch List of fish to avoid purchasing? 104) ____ A) Patagonian Toothfish B) Alaskan Salmon C) Orange Roughy D) Chilean Seabass E) Greenland Halibut

orange roughy

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water?

osmosis

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? 101) ____ A) Over enforcement of international regulations B) Fisheries often include a variety of ecosystems C) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries D) Limited scientific analysis E) Misreporting of catch and bycatch

over enforcement of international regulations

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs? 69) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

overfishing

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 31) _____ A) Carbon dioxide B) Oxygen C) Ammonia D) Water vapor E) Methane

oxygen

Examine the five words and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution

Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans? 90) _____ A) Arctic B) Pacific C) Caribbean D) Atlantic E) Indian

pacific

Gray whales begin to migrate south when ________.155) ____ A) killer whales start to attack B) the calves are nursing C) the first calves are born D) pack ice begins to form E) breeding has concluded

pack ice begins to form

An isopods attaching itself to a fish and derive its nutrition from the body fluids of the fish, robbing it of some of its energy supply, is an example of which of the following types of symbiotic relationship? 150) ____ A) Commensalism B) Mutualism C) Naturalism D) Parallelism E) Parasitism

parasitism

A squids mouthpiece resembles a ________. 60) _____ A) volcanic crater B) suction cup C) dog's mouth D) dolphin's blowhole E) parrot's beak

parrot's beak

Sea anemone are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding. 81) _____ A) filter B) deposit C) active predation D) photosynthetic E) passive predation

passive predation

A common inhabitant of the supratidal zone on the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest is the ________. 3) _____ A) gooseneck barnacle B) mussel C) periwinkle snail D) kelp E) sea urchin

peiwinkle snail

Tidal ranges will be greatest when the Earth and the Moon are at ________. 17) _____ A) apogee B) perihelion C) perigee D) aphelion E) proxigean

perigee

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are ________.

perpendicular to the ridge axis

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Somali Current B) Peru Current C) Gulf Stream D) Kuroshio Current E) North Equatorial Current

peru current

The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called ________.2) _____ A) upwelling B) photosynthesis C) visible light D) chemosynthesis E) biomass

photosynthesis

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. 35) _____ A) chemical B) physical C) archaeological D) geological E) biological

physical

Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when ________.10) _____ A) pellets appear in the sediments B) plastic waste strangles seals and birds C) bacteria levels increase in them D) degradation rapidly releases toxins into the environment E) plastics degrade into DDT

plastic waste strangles seals and birds

An organism such as a fish whose body temperature is nearly the same as the environment is referred to as ________. 16) _____ A) endothermic B) poikilothermic C) homeothermic D) warm-blooded

poikilothermic

Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer.

polar; tropical

A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions?

poles (90 degrees)

Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?

poles (90 degrees)

Warm currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce warm, humid conditions.

poleward; eastern

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

precipitation

The instrument that emits a high-frequency sound beam to measure the depth of the ocean developed in the 1950s is the ________.

precision-depth recorder (PDR)

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 31) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 29) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

predators

Which of the following Gray whales are the first to migrate south? 156) ____ A) Immature females B) Mature males C) Immature males D) Non-pregnant mature females E) Pregnant females

pregnant females

A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.

pressure

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?

pressure gradients

Most active swimming fish use dorsal and anal fins ________.63) _____ A) for swim propulsion B) primarily as stabilizers C) to hold onto prey D) to increase the surface area E) to turn, brake, and balance

primarily as stabilizers

Most active swimming fish use vertical fins ________. 62) _____ A) for swim propulsion B) primarily as stabilizers C) to hold onto prey D) to increase the surface area E) to turn, brake, and balance

primarily as stabilizers

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called ________. 3) _____ A) chlorophyll B) biomass C) primary productivity D) compensation depth E) upwelling

primary productivity

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to ________. 1) _____ A) primary productivity B) thermocline depth C) current patterns D) sediment variety E) wave energy

primary productivity

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________. 65) _____ A) producers B) animals C) consumers D) decomposers E) heterotrophic

producers

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?

propeller flow meters

Subatomic particles with a positive charge are called ________.

protons

An area of the ocean where rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is the ________.

psycnocline

Modification of ________ have reduced dolphin mortality as bycatch. 98) _____ A) drift nets B) long lines C) purse seine nets D) lobster traps E) gill nets

purse seine nets

A layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a ________.

pycnocline

Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division ________. 8) _____ A) Bacillariophyta B) Chlorophyta C) Phaeophyta D) Rhodophyta E) Pyrrophyta

pyrrophyta

Which of the following rivers has the largest tidal bores in the world? 68) _____ A) Amazon B) Qiantang C) Mississippi D) Mekon E) Thames

qiantang

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?

radar altimeters

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly? A) Anchored buoys B) Radar altimeters C) Doppler flow meters D) Radio-transmitting float bottles E) Pressure gradients

radio-transmitting float bottles

Which of the following are single-celled, microscopic protozoans that build their hard shells out of silica?

radiolarians

Which of the following types of algae is the most abundant and widespread of the marine macroscopic algae? 47) _____ A) Brown algae B) Green algae C) Purple algae D) Red algae E) Yellow algae

red algae

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by ________. 7) _____ A) mussels B) hermit crabs C) red and brown algae and surf grasses D) fiddler crabs E) limpets

red and brown algae and surf grasses

Which of the following results in the growth of coastal wetlands? 40) _____ A) Industrial development B) Reintroduction of coastal vegetation C) Coastal housing D) Removal of mangroves E) Agriculture

reintroduction of coastal vegetation

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?

respiration

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management? 100) ____ A) The environmental degradation of many ecosystems B) Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels C) Inadequate guidance for minimally regulated new fisheries D) That fishing limits are difficult to enforce internationally E) Fisheries often encompass the waters of many different countries

restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

Catches above the maximum sustainable yield ________. 27) _____ A) result in overfishing B) can be increased to prevent overfishing C) result in increased populations of the target species D) produce decreased fishing effort E) result in underutilization of the target species

result in overfishing

The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the ________. 4) _____ A) resultant force B) diurnal force C) solar force D) dynamic force E) tidal force

resultant force

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

reverse osmosis

Whirlpools can be created in some restricted shallow passages due to ________. 72) _____ A) wave refraction B) tsunamis or tidal waves C) reversing tidal currents D) a vertically mixed estuary E) tidal bores up low-lying rivers

reversing tidal currents

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division ________. 6) _____ A) Bacillariophyta B) Phaeophyta C) Chrysophyta D) Chlorophyta E) Rhodophyta

rhodophyta

Narrow currents flowing across the surf zone toward the open ocean are called ________. 10) _____ A) rip currents B) longshore currents C) surf flow D) nearshore currents E) swash

rip currents

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore? 33) _____ A) Sea anemone B) Sea cucumber C) Sea urchin D) Rock louse E) Rock weed

rock weed

The strength of a hurricane is ranked from 1 to 5 on the ________.

saffir-simpson scale

Estuarine circulation associated with a deep, high river volume system where no horizontal salinity gradient exists at the surface is called a ________. 32) _____ A) vertically mixed estuary B) bar-built estuary C) highly stratified estuary D) salt wedge estuary E) slightly stratified estuary

salt wedge estuary

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

saltwater is boiled and the water vapour is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as fresh

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts? 36) _____ A) Sea stars B) Sea urchin C) Limpets D) Sea Anemones E) Snails

sea anemones

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a ________.

sea breeze

Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive? 71) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise

sea level rise

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 23) _____ A) Tombolo B) Delta C) Bay-mouth bar D) Spit E) Sea stack

sea stack

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell? 35) _____ A) Limpets B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Snails E) Sea urchin

sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? 42) _____ A) Sea urchins B) Mollusks C) Otters D) Lobsters E) Sea stars

sea urchins

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1000 meters tall are called ________.

seaknolls

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called ________.

seamounts

Volcanic peaks that are below sea level but rise more than 1 kilometer above the deep-ocean floor and have a pointy top like an upside-down ice cream cone are called ________.

seamounts

Which of the following is an example of hard stabilization? 20) _____ A) Beach replenishment B) Construction restrictions C) Relocation D) Beach renourishment E) Seawalls

seawalls

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing

Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques?

seismic reflection

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea? 91) _____ A) Acidification B) Photosynthesis C) Oxidation D) Serpentinization E) Sedimentation

sepentinization

Which of the following existing or proposed tidal power plants would, upon completion, produce the most electricity? 76) _____ A) Severn Estuary B) La Race River C) Sihwa Lake D) Cook Inlet E) Annapolis River

severn estuary

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers. 67) _____ A) sediment B) fishing C) sewage D) mining E) bioerosion

sewage

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. 36) _____ A) position; latitude B) size; shape C) shape; position D) depth; elevation

shape; position

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________.

sharing of electrons between the atoms

If you are standing at 28 degrees north latitude, you will experience a high tide when the Moon is directly overhead. When will low tide occur? 57) _____ A) Twelve solar hours later B) Twenty-four lunar hours later C) Six lunar hours later D) Twelve lunar hours later E) Six solar hours later

six lunar hours later

Which of the following is not an important seawater nutrients needed by phytoplankton? 39) _____ A) Sodium B) Phosphorus C) Iron D) Silica E) Nitrogen

sodium

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

sodium

Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverses its flow direction?

somali current

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is ________.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

The first recorded attempt to measure the ocean's depth was conducted using which of the following techniques?

sounding

Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a large landmass?

south equatorial current

Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning towards the ________ due to Ekman transport.

south; left

The West Wind Drift is an example of which of the following types of currents?

southern boundary current

In the Southern Hemisphere, the coastal geostrophic current curves ________ on the western coast. 75) _____ A) northward B) southward C) westward D) eastward

southward

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is ________. 2) _____ A) food B) light C) predation D) nutrients E) space

space

A linear ridge of sediment attached to land at one end might be called a ________. 11) _____ A) bay barrier B) tombolo C) barrier island D) spit E) bay-mouth bar

spit

The maximum tidal range happens during ________ tides. 39) _____ A) fall B) neap C) spring D) summer E) winter

spring

There is constructive interference between the lunar and solar tidal bulges during ________ tides. 38) _____ A) fall B) neap C) spring D) summer E) winter

spring

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

squid

Identify the mismatched pair. 3) _____ A) Squid—Annelid B) Arrow worm—Chaetognath C) Physalia—Cnidarian D) Krill—Crustacea E) Sea gooseberry—Ctenophore

squid-annelid

The mass of a population of fish present at a given time is called its ________. 25) _____ A) maximum sustainable yield B) standing stock C) fish stock D) recruitment mass E) diversity

standing stock

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach. 39) _____ A) steeply; fine B) gentle; fine C) gentle; coarse D) steeply; coarse

steeply; coarse

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to ________.

storm surge

Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes?

storm surge

Which of the following environmental conditions is not necessary for coral growth? 54) _____ A) A hard substrate B) Wave or current action C) Salt water D) High turbidity E) Strong sunlight

strong sunlight

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) decreased fish stock in coastal Peru B) Peruvian upwelling stops C) flooding rains in southeastern United States D) Australian drought E) strong trade winds

strong trade winds

Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 28) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity

strong wave activity

Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?

stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between molecules

The three varieties of seeps on the seafloor include hypersaline, hydrocarbon and:

subduction zone seeps

The oceanic climate region that is characterized by sea ice coverage in the winter and open water (but cold) in the summer is ________.

subpolar

The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following?

subtropical convergence

Which of the following is not a source of deep water in the ocean?

subtropical convergence

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

sulfate

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are ________. 20) _____ A) sulfur-oxidizing archaea B) Riftia tubeworms C) giant clams D) algae E) eyeless shrimp

sulfur-oxidizing archea

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the ________.

summer solstice

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?

surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called 'gyres'

Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?

suspension settling

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have. 53) _____ A) symbiotic zooxanthellae algae B) stinging tentacles C) bright coloration D) calcium carbonate skeletons E) large reef structures

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a ________. 29) _____ A) coastal plain estuary B) tectonic estuary C) bar-built estuary D) salt wedge estuary E) fjord

tectonic estuary

Killer whales are considered members of the dolphin family due to similarities in which of the following? 109) ____ A) Appearance B) Teeth C) Color D) Behavior E) Range

teeth

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by ________.

temperature

Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin? 27) _____ A) Salinity B) Conductivity C) Temperature D) Density E) Carbonic acid

temperature

The two factors that are most important in determining the density of air are ________.

temperature and water vapour content

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is ________. 13) _____ A) polar waters, tropical waters, temperate waters B) temperate waters, tropical waters, polar waters C) tropical waters, temperate waters, polar waters D) polar waters, temperate waters, tropical waters E) temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters

temperature waters, polar waters, tropical waters

Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth? 38) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is the single largest geographic feature on the planet? 39) _____ A) The Pacific Ocean B) The Atlantic Ocean C) The Indian Ocean D) The Southern Ocean E) The Antarctic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

Which of the following best defines heat capacity?

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree celsius

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?

the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water

Which of the following best defines temperature?

the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules

In a bay experiencing a mixed tidal pattern, which of the following represents the highest ebb or flood velocity? 70) _____ A) The flood current between the lower low water tide and the lower low water tide B) The few minutes during the highest high slack water C) The ebb current between the lower high water tide and the higher low water tide D) The flood current between the higher low water tide and the higher low water tide E) The ebb current between the higher high water tide and the lower low water tide

the ebb current between the higher high water tide and the lower low water tide

Which of the following best defines latent heat?

the energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place

Which of the following best defines heat?

the energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

Which of the following best defines condensation point?

the highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as ________.

the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure

Which of the following statements comparing a tidal power electricity-generating with a conventional thermal power plant is correct? 79) _____ A) Conventional thermal power is considered a cleaner and renewable resource. B) The periodicity of the tides is an advantage of a tidal power electricity-generating plant. C) The operating costs of a tidal power electricity-generating plant are higher. D) The initial cost of building a tidal power electricity-generating plant may are higher. E) Tidal power initially requires fossil or nuclear fuels to get started.

the initial cost of building a tidal power electricity-generating plant are higher

Which of the following statements about the Coriolis effect is correct?

the magnitude of the coriolis effect depends on hoe long the object is in motion

Which of the following statements about the Mediterranean Sea is correct? 87) _____ A) The Mediterranean Sea is underlain by continental crust. B) The Mediterranean Sea is the remnant of the ancient Atlantic Ocean. C) The Mediterranean Sea nearly dried up about 10,000 years ago. D) The Mediterranean Sea is several connected small seas. E) The Mediterranean Intermediate water flows eastward toward Cyprus.

the mediterranean sea is several connected small seas

Which of the following statements about the movement of Earth's atmosphere is correct?

the movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the wind belts

The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________. 94) _____ A) limiting fishing to one month a year B) an on-shore breeding program C) the overfishing of cod D) a lobster fishing moratorium E) human-induced climate change

the overfishing of cod

In the United States, mixed tides commonly occur along ________. 23) _____ A) Cape Cod B) the Gulf of Mexico coast C) the Atlantic coast D) the Pacific coast E) the Florida Keys

the pacific coast

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following? 52) _____ A) The past positions of the continents B) Increased nutrients provided by upwelling C) The distance from Earth to the Sun D) The El Nino Southern Oscillation E) The mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs

the past positions of the continents

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of ________.

the polarity of water molecules

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to ________.

the presence of convergent active margins

Isostatic movement of a coastline might occur due to ________. 15) _____ A) uplift related to earthquake activity B) the removal of a large glacier that rested in that area C) changes in the rate of seafloor spreading D) additional seawater E) underwater landslides

the removal of a larger glacier that rested in the area

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the continental shelves of passive margins?

the shallowest slope below sea level

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?

the shallowest slope below sea level

Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because ________

the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

Covalent bonds are formed by which of the following?

the sharing of electrons between atoms

Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes linear scars in the ocean floor, caused by the collision of two plates along convergent plate margins?

the steep deepest part below sea level

Which of the following best defines boiling point?

the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gass

Which of the following best defines freezing point?

the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid

Which of the following best defines melting point?

the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect? 72) _____ A) The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor. B) Oxygen content at the deep-ocean floor is constant and relatively high. C) The physical environment is comparable to that at the surface. D) The physical environment is quite unstable and high variable. E) Below 1500 meters, light is present but in low concentrations.

the temperature rarely exceeds 0 degrees celcius at the deep-ocean floor

Which of the following powers tropical cyclones?

the vast amounts of latent heat as water evaporates and condenses

The Ekman spiral is caused by ________.

the wind and the Coriolis effect

In primary production ________. 1) _____ A) there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms B) carbon dioxide is released into the water C) oxygen utilized by animals is less than the oxygen consumed by autotrophs D) oxygen is utilized by plants E) proteins are made by animals

there is a net gain in organic carbon by organisms

Which of the following occurs when seafloor spreading rates increase? 17) _____ A) New continental crust forms B) Subduction increases C) Sea level falls D) There is a rise in sea level E) There is no change in sea level

there is a rise in sea level

A layer of rapidly changing temperature with depth is called a ________.

thermocline

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the ________.

thermocline

Which of the following characteristics is not found in cruising fishes such as tuna? 14) _____ A) They swim constantly in search of prey. B) They tend to have lunate tails. C) They are capable of short periods of high-speed swimming. D) Their muscle tissues are mostly red. E) They rely on a swim bladder for neutral buoyancy

they rely on a swim bladder for neutral buoyancy

Which of the following statements of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group is correct? 154) ____ A) They cannot survive in cold water and live year round in southern California. B) Their newborn calves are born along the Pacific coast from Washington to California. C) They spend the summer along the Pacific coast from Canada to northern California. D) They feed primarily in cold high-latitude waters in the coastal Arctic Ocean. E) They do not migrate at all because they don't store enough fat to survive the migration.

they spend the summer along the Pacific coast from Canada to Northern California

White muscle tissue in fish is ________ and contains much ________ concentrations of myoglobin than red muscle tissue. 72) _____ A) thicker; lower B) thinner; higher C) thinner; lower D) thicker; higher

thicker; lower

Red muscle tissue in fish is ________ and contains much ________ concentrations of myoglobin than white muscle tissue. 71) _____ A) thinner; higher B) thicker; higher C) thicker; lower D) thinner; lower

thinner; higher

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deepocean floor. 79) _____ A) twenty B) fifty C) million D) thousand E) hundred

thousand

In the United States alone, more than 7 ________ introduced species (not counting microorganisms) have been documented, of which about 15% cause ecological and economic damage 80) _____ A) million B) hundred C) trillion D) thousand E) billion

thousand

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 190 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

three

Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass. 61) _____ A) half B) three times C) one fourth D) twice E) four times

three times

Most active swimming fish use pelvic fins and pectoral fins ________. 61) _____ A) for swim propulsion B) primarily as stabilizers C) to hold onto prey D) to increase the surface area E) to turn, brake, and balance

to turn, brake, and balance

The vertical difference between consecutive high and low tides is called the ________. 10) _____ A) tidal height B) tidal bore C) tidal range D) flood tide E) ebb tide

tidal range

The force that creates two simultaneous ocean bulges on opposite sides of Earth, directed toward or away from the Moon, is called the ________ force. 37) _____ A) tide-generating B) zenith C) barycentric D) nadir E) oceanographic

tide-generating

If the resultant force has a significant horizontal component (tangential to Earth's surface), it produces tidal bulges on Earth, creating what are known as ________. 6) _____ A) tide-generating forces B) centripetal forces C) solar bulges D) resultant forces E) lunar bulges

tide-generating forces

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 109) ____ A) Tilapia (US farmed) B) Sardines: Pacific (US) C) Striped Bass (farmed & wild) D) Trout: Rainbow (US farmed) E) Tilapia (Asia farmed)

tilapia (asia farmed)

The function of a swim bladder is ________. 1) _____ A) to prevent predators from eating the puffer fish B) to assist the organism in steering with the currents C) to increase the surface area of the organism to prevent sinking D) to allow a fish to change position in the water column E) to increase the density of the organism to keep it afloat

to allow a fish to change position in the water column

In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is always ________.

to the left of the wind direction

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected ________.

to the right of their original direction

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 22) _____ A) Marine terrace B) Wave-cut cliffs C) Tombolo D) Sea caves E) Sea arches

tombolo

Cold currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce arid conditions.

toward the equator; western

Equatorial currents are driven by the ________.

trade winds

Low latitude wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the ________.

trade winds

What is a linear sea floor feature that is seismically active, occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the opposite direction?

transform fault

A Secchi disk is used to measure water ________. 38) _____ A) transparency B) temperature C) salinity D) acidy E) density

transparency

Researchers reported in 2014 that more than 5.25 ________ plastic pieces are now floating in the ocean.72) _____ A) hundred B) trillion C) thousand D) billion E) million

trillion

The oceanic climate region(s) where the majority of strong tropical cyclonic storms are produced is ________.

tropical

Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans. 48) _____ A) tropical B) subtropical C) polar D) subpolar E) temperate

tropical

Gray whales breed and give birth in ________ in the ________. 153) ____ A) mild mid-latitude waters; spring B) cold high-latitude waters; summer C) tropical lagoons; winter D) cold high-latitude waters; winter E) tropical lagoons; summer

tropical lagoons; winter

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 21.0% of the world marine fishery? 89) _____ A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings

tropical shelves

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the ________.

troposphere

An example of a "cruiser" is a ________. 12) _____ A) flounder B) tuna C) shark D) grouper E) mackerel

tuna

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid? 108) ____ A) Cod: Pacific (US non-trawled) B) Salmon (Alaska wild) C) Catfish (US farmed) D) Tuna: Canned (except troll/pole) E) Arctic Char (farmed)

tuna: canned

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are ________.

turbidity currents

The Law of the Sea treaty established a uniform territorial sea of ________ nautical miles. 30) _____ A) twelve B) three hundred seventy C) three D) two hundred E) nineteen

twelve

Spring tide occurs about ________. 12) _____ A) twice per year B) once per year C) once per month D) twice per month E) once per season

twice per month

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 170 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

two

About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface?

two

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?

two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west

An area that experiences semidiurnal tides will have ________. 19) _____ A) one high tide and two low tides daily B) two unequal low and high tides daily C) two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily D) one low tide and two high tides daily E) one high tide and one low tide daily

two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily

The Law of the Sea treaty established a exclusive economic zone of ________ nautical miles from all land within a nation, including islands. 31) _____ A) twelve B) nineteen C) two hundred D) three E) three hundred seventy

two hundred

Which of the following is not a marine seed-bearing plant? 10) _____ A) Eelgrass B) Spartina alterniflora C) Ulva D) Mangroves E) Surf grass

ulva

Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?

underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

Energy flow in an ecosystem is ________. 21) _____ A) semi-conservative B) unidirectional C) bi-directional D) top down E) cyclic

unidirectional

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water through ________.

upwelling

Diverging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.

upwelling; high

Tropical shelves and ________ contribute about the same percentage to the world marine fishery. 93) _____ A) upwellings B) nontropical shelves C) coastal systems D) coral reefs E) the open ocean

upwellings

Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 20.9% of the world marine fishery? 90) _____ A) Coastal and coral systems B) Nontropical shelves C) Open ocean D) Tropical shelves E) Upwellings

upwellings

The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude.

velocity

Estuarine circulation associated with a shallow, low-volume estuary in which river water mixes evenly at all depths with ocean water would be called a ________. 33) _____ A) salt wedge estuary B) vertically mixed estuary C) slightly stratified estuary D) highly stratified estuary E) tectonic estuary

vertically mixed estuary

The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characteristic? 24) _____ A) A diurnal tide B) Very low tidal range C) Two amphidromic points D) Very large seiche E) Very high tidal range

very high tidal range

A neap tide has ________. 13) _____ A) very high tidal range B) moderately high tidal range C) no tidal range D) very low tidal range E) moderately low tidal range

very low tidal range

Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonding?

very strong bonding from the sharing of electrons between atoms

Sensors in the human eye are most efficient at detecting which of the following types or radiation? 45) _____ A) Ultraviolet Radiation B) Microwaves C) Gamma Rays D) Infrared Radiation E) Visible Light

visible light

All true oceanic islands are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Worldwide, scientists estimate that there are about 125,000 known seamounts, many of which originated at ________ centers.

volcanic

Which of the following is not one of the names associated with huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain?

vortex

The Full Moon is immediately followed by the ________ phase of the Lunar Cycle. 54) _____ A) Waning gibbous B) Waxing gibbous C) Waning crescent D) New Moon E) Waxing crescent

waning gibbous

Which of the following parcels of air would have the lowest density?

warm moist air

The air surrounding of the eye of the hurricane is ________ air moving ________.

warm moist; upward

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane freshwater side

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. 19) _____ A) water vapor released from volcanic outgassing B) water-bearing minerals found in meteorites C) comets from outer space D) release of liquid water from the core

water vapour released from volcanic outgassing

The New Moon is immediately followed by the ________ phase of the Lunar Cycle. 55) _____ A) Waning gibbous B) Waxing crescent C) Waxing gibbous D) Waning crescent E) Full Moon

waxing crescent

Which of the following coasts has both semidiurnal and mixed tidal patterns? 65) _____ A) East Coast of The United States B) Gulf of Mexico C) West Coast of Africa D) West Coast of South America E) West Coast of The United States

west coast of South America

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is also known as which of the following?

west wind drift

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A) Autumnal equinox B) Summer solstice C) Westerlies D) Vernal equinox E) Ecliptic

westerlies

The temperate regions are characterized by ________.

westerly winds

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins. 49) _____ A) southern B) central C) western D) northern E) eastern

western

The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins. 50) _____ A) western B) central C) eastern D) northern E) southern

western

The Agulhas Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

The Brazil Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

The East Australian Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

The Gulf Stream is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

The Kuroshio (Japan) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

Which subtropical boundary current is faster, narrower and deeper than its counterparts?

western boundary current

The observation that one subtropical boundary current is faster, narrower, and deeper than its counterparts is an example of which of the following?

western intensification

The majority of the world's tropical cyclones are formed in the waters north of the equator in the ________ Ocean.

western pacific

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator. 56) _____ A) eastern; toward B) eastern; away from C) western; toward D) western; away from

western; toward

A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be ________.

wet and warm

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

when the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules

Neap tides occur ________. 14) _____ A) at summer and winter solstice B) when the Sun is at perihelion or aphelion C) when the Moon is in quadrature D) when the Moon is full or new E) during a storm surge

when the moon is in quadrature

A tidal current can produce a rapidly spinning body of water called a vortex or ________. 27) _____ A) shoal B) whirlpool C) flood current D) ebb current E) tidal bore

whirlpool

The muscle tissue of a "lunger" is predominantly ________. 13) _____ A) gray B) pink C) blue D) white E) red

white

Warm-water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form ________.

white smokers

Coastal geostrophic currents are variable because they depend on the ________ and the amount of runoff for their strength. 77) _____ A) temperature gradient B) depth effect C) tide D) wind E) salinity gradient

wind

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Which of the following types of radiation is used to create images of the internal composition of something because it is able to pass through many materials opaque to light? 46) _____ A) Ultraviolet Radiation B) Infrared Radiation C) X-rays D) Gamma Rays E) Cosmic Rays

x-rays

Blue whales time their migration through middle latitude and polar oceans to coincide with maximum ________ productivity. 58) _____ A) primary B) zooplankton C) phytoplankton D) dinoflagellate E) photosynthetic bacteria

zooplankton

Which of the following feeds closest to the primary producing population? 87) _____ A) Humans B) Zooplankton C) Tuna D) Anchovy E) Mako shark

Oceanography Chapter 13, 14, 15, 16, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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