OEA Study guide - Social Studies

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

petition of rights

(1628) Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government seperation of powers

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed Wanted a pocket of utopia Reformed workplace and limited child labor

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933. Strong believer in laissez-fair/ small gov. Believed that the economy would fix itself.

Battle of Okinawa

(1945) World War II victory for the Allied troops that resulted in the deaths of almost all of the 100,000 Japanese defenders; the battle claimed 12,000 American lives

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

Afghanistan War

(2001-Present) to find/kill Osama Bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and; help build a nation better for its citizens than what we found.

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. Justinian was an emperor who reigned in 527 CE. Roman laws were a mess, written and documented but shuffled around and mixed up and hard to keep track of. He created justinian code. They decorated churches with frescoes. Justian's accomplishments were great. They became too large to protect and threats came from all borders. Christian Church became a big part. They are part of Crusades.

Iran-Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Seminole

(n). a member of an American Indian people of the Creek confederacy and their descendants, noted for resistance in the 19th century to encroachment on their land in Georgia and Florida. Many were resettled in Oklahoma. They live in Chickees.

Aztec Culture

* Little level land so used raised garden beds Polytheistic-more than 1000 gods, offered sacrifices, held ceremonies and festivals, and dominated the Aztec life. Sun God for good harvests. * From Central America * Lived in family groups in large land-based communities. Men farmed, women took care of the home and children. War was sacred duty so they were fearsome warriors. * Great architects, collected writings called glyphs into books called codices. Advances in astronomy and created calendars. Mexico story with cactus and eagle.

Townshend Acts (1767)

*Provisions:* Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea. Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies. Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling. Issued Writs of Assistance. *Historical Significance:* Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston.

Civil Rights for Native Americans

*The Bureau of Indian Affairs is the watchdog agency making sure that all legislative benefits are administered to Native Americans *Native Americans are recognized as independent nations *Native Americans living on reservations are immune from state and federal laws *Militant leader Russell Means fought for the rights of Native Americans and he became director of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1970 *Some Native Americans have found financial success as a result of states granting them the right to open and operate casinos as a result of court decisions regarding land claims 1944: national congress of american indians was founded to advocate Indian civil rights act of 1968: tribal autonomy

Nicaraguan Revolution (1979)

- It led a Marxist revolution that in 1979 overthrew the Somoza political dynasty. Following their seizure of power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua for roughly 11 years from 1979 to 1990. First they ruled through the Junta of National Reconstruction. In 1984 there were democratic elections in which they won the majority of the votes.[1] They established a new national constitution. Today the FSLN remains one of Nicaragua's two leading parties.

Hobbes social contract

- Social Contract between the absolute ruler and the people - The Monarch protects the people and provides order and the people obey - People are naturally evil and selfish they need an absolute ruler to keep order and stability

Decline of the Federalist Party

-A direct effect of the war of 1812 -turned into whigs>>>then republicans

Karl Marx (Industrial Revolution)

-The Communist Manifesto--a class revolution--The Haves vs The Havenots -final stage of his revolution would be communism He believed that the industrial revolution was the first steps of dehumanizing workers, and a stepping stone to his revolution. He believed it set up a world that would eventually fall apart into revolution. He viewed the capitalist society as evil.

Decline of Organized Labor

-businesses implemented "welfare capitalism" where they provided their workers w/ private pensions, healthcare, benefits; claimed they paid more attention to the "human factor" in managment -businesses also adopted The American Plan where business stood free of govt or union intervention -collective bargaining w/ unions= "infringment on personal liberty and a menace to insitution of free ppl" -Unions lost over 2 mil members; unions disappeared in Seattle, Minneapolis, NOLA

Causes of the French Revolution

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

Reasons for colonization

1) find gold or wealth 2) trade for furs or other products 3) religious freedom 4) fresh start 5) adventure. Wanted to take their resources and push Christianity.

Nazi Aggression

1- Hitler rearmed Germany and had taken control of the Rhineland and Austria 2- At the 1938 Munich Conference, Hitler promised not to invade Czechoslovakia in return for the Sudetenland, an area on the German border where many German-speaking people lived (an example of appeasement) 3- Appeasement did not work 4- In March 1939, Hitler took over Czechoslovakia and then in September he invaded Poland - World War II began

Causes of the American Revolution

1. Taxation 2. Revocation of Royal Charters 3. Enforcement of Navigation Acts 4. British Demands for Colonists to pay for cost of French and Indian War. 5. Oppression by King 6. Interference of Parliament in Colonial Affairs. 7. No Representation in Parliament.

Six Essential Elements of Geography

1. The World in Spatial Terms 2. Places and Regions 3. Physical Systems 4. Human Systems 5. Environment and Society 6. The Uses of Geography

Neolithic Revolution and the birth of human civilization -Growth of Agriculture -Domesticating Animals -Social differences -Economic -Politics -Emergence of Towns

10) Neolithic Revolution and the birth of human civilization, The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East where humans first took up farming (Turkey/ Iraq). Also believe it began in China / sub saharan africa / South America. This was an important period of change in which humans began cultivating plants, breeding animals for food and forming permanent settlements. The advent of agriculture separated Neolithic people from their Paleolithic ancestors. - including the growth of agriculture: Some scientist think that climate change forced them into farming. Some believe that the human brain was not developed enough previously. They also believe they may have been running out of food / so they cooperated. Wild wheat and barley began to grow in the fertile crescent. They also believe that it may have been the human brain becoming more intelligent. Çatalhöyük in southern Turkey is one of the best-preserved Neolithic settlements. Some of the earliest evidence of farming comes from the archaeological site of Tell Abu Hureyra, a small village located along the Euphrates River in modern Syria. The village was inhabited from roughly 11,500 to 7,000 B.C. They ended up becoming the first to domesticate plants and choose what they believed were desirable traits in plants. All civilizations during this time were all discovering farming independently at the same time! - the domestication of animals: The first livestock were domesticated from animals that Neolithic humans hunted for meat. Domestic pigs were bred from wild boars, for instance, while goats came from the Persian ibex.The first farm animals also included sheep and cattle. These originated in Mesopotamia between 10,000 and 13,000 years ago. Water buffalo and yak were domesticated shortly after in China, India and Tibet. Draft animals including oxen, donkeys and camels appeared much later—around 4,000 B.C.—as humans developed trade routes for transporting goods. They began to breed them so they were desirable to eat. - social differentiation: The inhabitants of Çatalhöyük appear to have valued art and spirituality. They buried their dead under the floors of their houses. The walls of the homes are covered with murals of men hunting, cattle and female goddesses. The development of specialized labor helped lead to the emergence of separate classes - led to artist, elites, farmers, etc. Writing allowed for the codification of laws, better methods of record-keeping, and the birth of literature, which fostered the spread of shared cultural practices among larger populations. - economic specialization:Agricultural surplus allowed for more complex economic systems. After the Neolithic Revolution, new labor systems developed. With the emergence of a stable food supply, people had more time to focus on specialized tasks, which led to the specialization of labor. -political organization: Agriculture led to an increased food supply and a more sedentary lifestyle, which facilitated the development and growth of cities. Cities concentrated large numbers of people who had no personal connections. Governments emerged to manage the larger number of resources and people. Governments and states emerged as rulers gained control over larger areas and more resources, often using writing and religion to maintain social hierarchies and consolidate power over larger areas and populations. -the emergence of towns: Because of domestication of plants and animals towns could start to be formed because people were stationary. The first civilizations appeared in major river valleys, where floodplains contained rich soil and the rivers provided irrigation for crops and a means of transportation. Foundational civilizations developed urbanization and complexity without outside influence and without building on a pre-existing civilization, though they did not all develop simultaneously.Cities were at the center of all early civilizations. People from surrounding areas came to cities to live, work, and trade. This meant that large populations of individuals who did not know each other lived and interacted with one another. So, shared institutions, such as government, religion, and language helped create a sense of unity and also led to more specialized roles, such as bureaucrats, priests, and scribes.

Egypt

11) Egypt: lasted 3000 B.C. - 300 B.C. Geography:Nile was safe and easily navigable. It also flooded at the right time, so much they would just throw seeds and let it happen. The cities existed only on the Nile. It is easily tamed as well. They could use basin irrigation. They could create big food surplus so that lead to the future. Social: Old: we now believe that the pyramids were built by peasants during the off season not slaves. Elites began building larger tombs which were precursors to the pyramids. These tombs represented a growing divide between the elite and common people in Egyptian society. Only the wealthy and important could afford and be considered as deserving of such elaborate burials. Intermediate: semantic people, language is the same as arabic, hebrew, etc. Had standing armies. New: Political: Repeated struggles for political control of Egypt showed the importance of the region in terms of its agricultural production and the economic resources that its highly complex social organization produced. Old Kingdom: King was viewed as an extension of the Gods. The pyramids were during this time. 2575-2465 BC most famous pyramids. Intermediate: they were still pharaohs but came from other areas. New kingdom: left and expanded so they could find slaves and expand their empire. Akhenaten - first person to try to push monotheism and believed in Ra (sun god). Son is king tut. Ramses the second = battle at Kaddish which is the first battle we know the tactics of (largest chariot battle). Economic: Ancient Egyptians developed wide-reaching trade networks along the Nile, in the Red Sea, and in the Near East. Culture: Old: The Nile River lead to specialization of labor because farming was so easy. Ra was a regional God then become the top God. If humans did their job (like building pyramids) then they would help the Gods. They believed in magic and that some animals were sacred like cats. They also began to write in two different forms. Hyroglifics for sacred, and common day for contracts = demotic. They also were rich and then they had droughts. Intermediate: New rulers were outsiders anc changed Gods. New: highest culture.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

batle of antietam

1862, Confederate army crossed the Potomac into Frederick Maryland. Lee planned to divide his army into three units. Single deadliest one day battle.

Gettsyburg

1863. Two largest armies in Civil war clashed in most costly battle of the war. North won and South lost too many men.

Reconstruction

1865-1877 the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union Freedmen's bureau: agency whose goal was to help the newly freed men by providing education, food,housing medical aid.

reconstruction acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Coolidge

1923-1929: quiet and honest. Believed in laissez-faire economics and tried to keep the government out of the economy.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed. Invited blacks and women.

Han Dynasty in China

206 BC - 220 AD :"Golden age" Political: Originally central government. Great expansion and had contact with Roman empire. Social: Yellow Turban Rebellion: The poor rebelling against the government and high taxes. Economic: Heavy taxation and nationalizing everything. Cultural: Fans, and drums for distances, first anesthesia in China. Confucian becomes popular. Paper making emerged.

consolidation of city states - China

220 CE warlords had taken control from the Han dynasty Civil War divided China into smaller kingdoms and it would take 400 years before the next dynasty.

feudalism: samurai

23) Japanese feudalism and the rise of the samurai: Heian period is what is focused on most. 782 - 1167 CE Political: Aristocracy. They had manors. Emperor had no real political power. Shogan next in line and is a military leader. Daimyo is the next class nobles/ landlords. Samurai have allegiance to the shogun or the daimyo and in exchange for land. Below them are peasants. Merchants were on the bottom. Cultural: Know a lot about the elite because of Tale of Genji novel. They blended in Chinese Buddhism with their own religion.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Mesopotamia

:Early civilizations began to form around the time of the Neolithic Revolution—12000 BCE. Geographic: Between Tigres and Euphrates river "fertile crescent". A city with ziggurats. They could not control the rivers as well - farming was a little more difficult. Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations. Social: You could be something other than a shepherd. Success changed from Gods to people. Writing created classes. Political: They were a socialist society. Priests used to have all of the power - and they directly communicated with the Gods. Leaders took on quasi religious roles. Socialism switched to almost a capital system and they had to pay taxes. Hammurabi = tough on crime.Taken over by the Assyrian empire. Economic: Slave labor. They did not have many materials and had to trade. They created boats so they would be able to travel. Cultural: Created writing and taxes. Oldest piece of literature: epic of gilgamesh. Cuneiform was the writing there and they recorded transactions = writing and reading are things that not everyone can do = class distinction. They had a polytheist religion and Gods took human form. They are credited with creating the wheel as well.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Schneck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Hopi

A Native American tribe in the southwest who were farmers, lived in pueblos, and were excellent builders and potters. Descendants of the Anasazi.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Battle of Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Arab-Israeli Conflict

A conflict that began in 1948 over the land once known as Palestine, now known as Israel

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 Thought to have came from fleas Spread because of trade

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Authoritarian

A government in which one leader or group of people holds absolute power.

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Archipelago

A group of islands

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests The Iroquois had a type of representative government. Each tribe in the Iroquois League had its own elected officials called chiefs. These chiefs would attend the Iroquois council where major decisions were made regarding the Five Nations. Each tribe also had its own leaders to make local decisions. The Iroquois ate a variety of foods. They grew crops such as corn, beans, and squash. These three main crops were called the "Three Sisters" and were usually grown together. Women generally farmed the fields and cooked the meals. They had a number of ways to prepare corn and the other vegetables they grew. The men hunted wild game including deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. Some meat was eaten fresh and some was dried and stored for later. Hunting animals was not only important for meat, but for other parts of the animal as well. The Iroquois used the skin for making clothing and blankets, the bones for tools, and the tendons for sewing.

Samual Adams

A leader of Boston Sons of Liberty who urged the colonists to continue to resist British controls.

Frances Wright

A lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, and abolitionist. She combined a typical view of feminism with Fourier's social ideas. Traveled to America and wrote "Views of Society and Manners in America" where she commented on women's positive roll in the States. She also founded the Nashoba Commune to educate slaves for freedom.

Battle of Verdun (1916)

A long-lasting battle between the Germans and the French. The French won, but lost a lot of soldiers.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. Being the son of God was not previously a strange topic. He presented a topic of peace and love. He was charismatic. He performed miracles and had many followers. He described how the last will be first and he was great for the poor. People believed that Jesus was the Messiah and he would return to redeem. Jesus became popular because the Romans continued to make it hard for the Jews. Paul pushed Christianity and he was a Roman citizen.

Hispanic Rights Movement

A movement consisting of protests for the equalization of rights among all Americans regardless of the ethnicity Hispanic. migrant workers. UFW was founded in 1962 by Cesar chavez and dolorez huerta. Grape boycott of 1965-1970. La Raza unida: founded to find better housing and job opportunities.

isthmus

A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas

Battle of Midway Island

A naval and air battle fought in World War II in which planes from American aircraft carriers blunted another assault on Hawaii and did enough damage to halt the Japanese advance. Was a major turning point in the war against Japan.

Camp David Accords

A peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Marcus Garvey: founded the universal negro improvement association and wanted blacks to return to africa.

peninsula

A piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before readmittance. black codes: discriminatory laws that denied the civil rights of blacks in the south.

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

limited government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. Vedas = religious texts. Was not known as Hinduism back then. This lead to the caste system. The people who speak to Gods - top. The next = warriors. The next merchants. The bottom = farmers and other laborers.Dharma = role in life by birth. Exact right number of roles in society. Samsara: cycle of rebirth (reincarnation), karma, moksha: release out of reincarnation. Good way to balance society. Problem: everyone's path to salvation is different and can not make people listen to government. They ended up taking in Buddhism (Buddha) as another formation of Vishnu.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. Gabriel appeared to Muhammed and he preached the word of God. In his society it was tribal. During this time many people worshipped multiple Gods. There were some monotheism so it was not a new idea. It was a radical reforming religion. The Quran is viewed as the "actual word of God" importance of taking care of people who are less than you. Shaha is the belief that there is one God and Muhammed is just a messenger. Salat is their ritual prayer. Sawm is ramadan. Zakat is helping out the poor. Haja is traveling to Mecca. Sharia law. Religion and politics were always intertwined. They ruled a country. They conquered a lot.

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. Initially worshiped many gods. Then they worshiped a singular God. They also have the covenant (from Abraham) a promise with God. When he was 90 years old God came to him and promised him descendants. God does not want any Gods before him. He chats with prophets and does not take a form. This God demands moral righteousness and obedience. Jews had a long prophesy that someone would basically save them.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Crusades were a series of military expeditions in which Europeans tried to gain control of the Holy land of Jerusalem from the Muslims. Constantinople asked Christian states in Europe to help fight against the Muslim Seljuk Turks and lasted 200 years. Pope Urban II declared that people would be absolved of sins if they fought.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. Portrayed a nice god

Deflation

A situation in which prices are declining

Scarcity

A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Interstate Highway System

A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system's main purpose now is travel by civilians.

nation-state

A system of organization in which people of a common identity live inside a country of firm borders and a single government. Determines culture, identity, and political identity. Part of the "state" and the "nation"

interest group theory

A theory of public policy. States that public policy is dictated by a myriad of interest groups who vie for government's attention, and must all be pleased. Government therefore acts as the equilibrium point.

war of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. America wanted to invade Canada but the british and their native american allies seized detroit before the americans could head north.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president. state department war depeartment justice department treasury

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores more commonly known as Ida B. Wells, was an African-American investigative journalist, educator, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement. She was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[1] She arguably became the most famous black woman in America, during a life that was centered on combating prejudice and violence, who fought for equality for African Americans, especially women.

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Muslim Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman Bay, rose in Anatolia to unify Turkey and challenge the Byzantine Empire. In 1453, the Turks invaded Constantinope and ended the Byzantine Empire. another group of Turks encircled invaded and destroyed Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. Greatest in 15/16 century. They were a huge naval empire. They had a lot of trade. They created an entire new ruling class and where they created a new army and government and they were not allowed to have kids.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

us involvement in wwII

America had isolationist views. However, their opinion shifted with Germany invaded Poland. Roosevelt looked for ways to send aid to the allies. France fell to the Germans and Hitler prepared to invade Britain. Americans were shocked. Some saw Roosevelt's exchanges dangerous and wanted to block aide to Britain but he provided war supplies to Britain without any payment in return. Roosevelt froze trade with Japan. Japans attack on Pearl Harbor shocked Americans and declared war on Japan.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Warsaw Pact (1955)

An alliance between Russia and Eastern communist countries against Western capitalist countries

Beard's Interpretation of the Constitution

An economic theory. Basically, Beard argued that the U.S. Constitution was adopted in order to protect the rights and interests of the wealthy, upper-class members of society. The 'Founding Fathers' were members of this upper-class group. See, most of our 'Founders' were wealthy landowners. Think about Thomas Jefferson or George Washington, for example. Therefore, Beard was arguing that America's 'Founders' adopted the U.S. Constitution primarily out of economic self-interest. He is NOT a marxist, he is a progressive republican like Roosevelt. He knew that the men at the constitutional convention realized that they were all lawyers and wrote it for their benefit. It argued that we have a class society and it is elite theory. This was heavily discredited during the cold war because unpatriotic. He believes that the constitution is an economic document not an ideology one.

Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

executive privilege

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

injunction

An order which legally prevents something

Rome

Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire. Political: Kings used to be elected. The power of the monarch passed to two annually elected magistrates called consuls; they also served as commanders in chief of the army. The magistrates, though elected by the people, were drawn largely from the Senate. There was a struggle between the classes. Who eventually attained some political power through years of concessions from patricians, including their own political bodies, the tribunes, which could initiate or veto legislation. One year terms. Social: Slavery. Citizenship. Economic: Military expansion drove economic development, bringing enslaved people and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture.The Romans also engaged in trade across the Mediterranean Sea. Their network of trading contacts expanded along with their political influence since trade relations were usually dependent on good political relations. The combination of fighting piracy, building roads, minting coins, and extending military protection over an increasingly large area created many opportunities for economic interactions and growth. Based on agriculture! Cultural development: Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion. Ceaser changed the calendar, and had pensions for people.

Cherokee

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

law of diminshing returns

As increasing quantities of a variable input is added to a fixed input, the additional output will eventually begin to fall

Resurgence of the KKK

As the US became more insanely nativist again, the KKK became popular. The KKK had a slight scam going, charging people for their robes and all sorts of things. The KKK claimed to be totally American, and they would return things to before.

Mayan Science

Astronomy --Eclipses, solstices --Orbit of Venus Calendars --Solar (365 days) --260 day lunar calendar --Long count Mathematics --20-based --Positional Notation Zero

Role of the Catholic Church in Medieval World

Because the majority of the population was Christian, the Church was able to control and govern the people.

Custer's Last Stand/Battle of Little Big Horn

Before this battle, Sitting Bull had a vision that there would be a battle in which the Native Americans would win; Custer and his men were completely wiped out

Aristotle and Political Philosophy

Benevolent monarchy was best for the happiness of people, aristocracy or democracy is potentionally good, democracy would become a mob rule, oligarchy is the world option

Battle of Shiloh (April 1862)

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory.

Responses to Colonialism in Africa, Asia, Middle East

Boxer Rebellion, Sepoy rebellion, resisting boers in South Africa because of their belief of ethnocentricism.

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.

Executive Branch

Carries out the laws

California vs. Bakke

Case which challenged affirmative action laws and mandated that quotas can not be used.

Causes of the English Revolution

Charles led troops into the House of Commons, but parliament escaped to raise its own army

East Asia after 1945

China Communism (Moa Zedong) Dala Llama Imperialism Long March 5 Year Plan Tienanmen Square Four Modernizations Communes Korea and Vietnam Fought by US so no communism Ho Chi Minh defeated French Japanese Set back but not really Embrace Western Cultures

Japan

China never conquers Japan but they share a lot of culture. Political: Centralized bureaucracy - emperor. Eventually they switched to having an emperor but also having shogan (who had all the power). It went Emperor - Shogun (equal) then from shogun is daimyo then samurai. Muromachi period = a lot of civil wars. Limits of what women could do is a patriarchy. Social: At the end of the Heian period - warrior class (samurai). Heian is very heirographical. We know a lot about the elite - because they were the ones recording history. Woman could have economic power and they were obsessed with their looks. Nobles were the leisure class. Economic: Traders show up and trade guns. They traded with other countries once they developed agriculture. Cultural: Borrow Buddhism and Confucianism from China and combine with their culture. First human novelist. Poetry was common. They also celebrate New Years. They also had Chinese writing.

Pro-Slavery Argument

Claimed that slavery was a "positive good" rather than a "necessary evil" due to biblical reasons, a commitment to white supremacy, slaves' incapability of freedom, and a rich history with slavery. Southerners that slavery let all white people be equal and that slavery was in fact beneficial for slaves

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Operation Torch

Codename for allied invasion of North Africa from Novermber 1942 to September 1943 Operation Torch was aimed at opening the Mediterranean for Allied shipping by opening up a way to access southern Europe through north Africa. It was also intended to take some of the pressure off of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Front. The Allied Forces were joined by the Eighth Army that drew forces from India, Canada, Australia, and other countries part of the British Commonwealth. Operation Torch was ultimately successful. It was also significant for marking the first time that Americans saw the horrors of the Holocaust in Europe first-hand.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during

collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Latin America post World War Two

Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis Bay of Pigs Castro

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic Republican Domestic Policy: Shrink size of federal government Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts Marbury v Madison War with Supreme Court—Pickering/Chase Burr Conspiracy Essex Junto Revolution of 1800 Berlin and Milan/Orders in Council Foreign Policy: Barbary Pirates conflict Louisiana Purchase Chesapeake incident/ impressment Embargo Act > Non-Intercourse Act Napoleon

environmental degradation

Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable (on a human time scale) or nonexistent (extinct).

Political responses to Industrial Revolution

Different policies were created in order to help out the people (child labor laws, etc.) Creating policies to help with public health.

Willmot Proviso

Divided congress, said any gained territory would be a free state, this bill was not passed.

Greece

During the Bronze Age (around 3200 - 1100 B.C.E.), a number of cultures flourished on the islands of the Cyclades, in Crete and on the Greek mainland. They were mainly farmers, but trade across the sea, particularly in raw materials such as obsidian (volcanic glass) and metals, was growing. Political: Very democratic - very dictoral (depending on city state) The Persian war ended up happening and changed how they identified. They all saw themselves as Greek and then Athens came about as capital. Spartans did not like democracy. Realism in international relationships. Depends on who has the power. Social: City states. Citizenship limited to males. Economic: Wars over resources and power. Cultural development: Democracy, history, vocabulary for politics we still all use today, Plays. Epics like Ulysses, art Are we happy Greeks won Persian war? Life under persians = good More stable empires Life under Greece is not good for women and slaves War ended up letting them get conquered anyway.

German unification

During the mid-eighteenth century, a rivalry developed between the Holy Roman Empire's two largest (and strongest) states: the Kingdom of Austria, ruled by the Habsburgs, and the Kingdom of Prussia, ruled by the Hohenzollerns. Traditionally Austria was the dominant German state, and as such the Habsburg king was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor. This influence started to change in the 1740s when Prussia, strengthened by newly acquired lands and an enlarged military, began to challenge Austria's hegemony. The Kingdom of Prussia was the first German state to officially recognize the United States in 1785 when it signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce; Austria did not recognize the United States until 1797, when it accepted Conrad Frederick Wagner as U.S. Consul at Trieste, a city then under the jurisdiction of the Habsburg Empire.

Dorethea Dix

Educated the public about the poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights. Many of these same rights are included in the U.S. Constitution.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist

Federalist pushed for adoption of the Constitution and Anti-Federalist were against ratification

Articles of Confederation (1781)

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

China

First to record history. Political: Dynasty (king) they were only done by running out of men or being taken over. Confucius wanted the Chinese government to adopt what he believed in for government and they eventually did. Social: Respect for father is important. Relationships are important. Economic: Silk road: exported jade, silver and iron. Cultural: had religion eventually (heaven). Confucius. Isolated culture.The first step was the development of agriculture. This resulted in settled life which produced surplus or stored goods. As more and more cultures came into close contact, the need for defense arose, and communities were walled in for protection. Societies became stratified around rulers and subjects, with allegiances and authority based on clan lines.Families lived in egalitarian arrangements, without much differentiation of gender roles-meaning that the archaeological record gives little indication of one group dominating the other-and without much indication of social stratification.

India

Flourished 3000 years ago and a large civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Political: Must have government because of cities. Little evidence of warfare and weapons. They believe that they were either conquest, environmental disaster, or earthquake. Social: Family activities seem to have centered on the front of the house, particularly the courtyard and, in this, are similar to what has been inferred from sites in Rome, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia Economic: Trade. They used seals (with their writing) and designs on currency. We know that they traded because we found them in other areas. Cultural: Rivers flooded a lot and they had a lot of crops. Written language. Had sewer systems. Public bath (great bath) was large. Peaceful! We do not know much about their religion.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the U.S. of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who had lived on the Pacific coast.

Whig Party (1833-1856)

Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. *Leaders:* Henry Clay, Daniel Webster *Major Ideas:* Supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Battle of Cambrai 1917

France between the British and Germans marked the first time battle tanks were used on a mass scale in battle. Use of tanks was combined with air power and heavy artillery. The nineteen British divisions assembled had about 476 tanks of which 324 were fighting tanks, the rest supply and service vehicles. The battle commenced on the dawn of 20th November 1917, when the British Third Army launched an attack aimed to the Germans towards Cambrai. Initially eight British divisions attacked three German divisions by surprise and took 7500 prisoners. The third army commanded by General Julian Byng, attacked the German's Hindenburg defensive line, to relieve pressure on French forces. Though the British made gains at first, they were overrun by German counter attacks, in part due to bad weather. The British forces had advanced 5 miles and taken a series of villages. But by the end of the first day over half of the British tanks were destroyed. That slowed the British progress even as fighting intensified. On October 28th the British reached on the crest of Bourlon Ridge. But two days later German forces launched a counter offensive using heavy artillery and utilizing infantry tactics. That made the British army to retreat having captured only the Havrincourt, Ribécourt and Flesquières villages, according to the Imperial War Museum. The Battle of Cambrai opened the way for use of sophisticated arms tactics and armored warfare in years that followed. Both the German and British each had casualties of about 45,000.

Tocqueville

French academician who recognized that Americans claim to be driven by self-interest only but observed that many people make decisions for common good, not just personal gain.

Siege of Leningrad

German forces surrounded this Russian city, cutting off supplies. About one million people died of starvation and cold weather

Battle of Jutland (1916)

Germans first used their naval fleet against the British and although having better equipment the British ultimately won

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Compromises at the Constitutional Convention

Great/ Conneticut Compromise- Bicameral Legistlature- House of rep.= pop. Senate= equal votes

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Benjamin Banneker

Helped to plan Washington DC; was the first black American to write a scientific book. House burned down the day he died. First act of civil disobedience in america

Pawnee

Historically, the Pawnee lived in villages of earth lodges with adjacent farmlands near the Loup, Republican, and South Platte rivers. The Pawnee tribal economic activities throughout the year alternated between farming crops and hunting buffalo they lived in the Great Plains The Pawnee women were skilled horticulturalists and cooks, cultivating and processing ten varieties of corn, seven of pumpkins and squashes, and eight of beans.

Clinton Impeachment

Impeached for purjury about Monica Lewinsky. Tried and acquitted by the Senate.

Impeachment of Johnson (1868)

Impeachment--bringing charges against, not necessarily removing from office. Johnson tried to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, Radical Republicans proclaimed that Johnson had flouted the United States Constitution by directly violating the Tenure of Office Act and began impeachment proceedings against him, The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in early 1868 (first president of the United States to be impeached), two-thirds of the Senate had to vote to convict the president for him to be removed but failed to convict Johnson by one vote, when the Radical Republicans tried Andrew Johnson for impeachment because he wanted to fire Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War. The Radical Republicans passed a law called the Tenure of Office Act saying that a President cannot fire a worker "just because". President Johnson stayed in office by one vote.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Chinese Cultural Revolution

In 1966 Mao launched this and it focused on the abolishment of intellectual society and western, and capitol influence in hopes of promoting a revolutionary spirit among young Chinese

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Near East

In biblical times the region commonly known today as the Middle East, including the modern countries of Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan. An interest in finding the locations of cities mentioned in the Bible (such as Nineveh and Babylon) inspired the original English and French 19th century archaeological expeditions to the Near East. These sites were discovered and their excavations revealed to the world a style of art which had been lost. The history of the ancient Near East begins with the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BC, though the date it ends varies. The term covers the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region, until either the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC, that by Macedonian Empire in the 4th century BC, or the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD. Geography: Mesopotamia, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (in modern day Iraq), is often referred to as the cradle of civilization because it is the first place where complex urban centers grew. Vast deserts rimmed by rugged mountain ranges, punctuated by lush oases. Flowing through this topography are rivers and it was the irrigation systems that drew off the water from these rivers Political: Centralized government and empire. Social: The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, in what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia.They were energetic farmers, traders and sailors. Their religion recognized many gods, whose feats and escapades were described in stories that were often preserved for generations. Rituals as well as parties were enlivened by skillful harpists and singers, and Sumerian musical instruments have even been excavated by modern archaeologists. Economic: trade was not organized through a free market, but through negotiations and treaties between states. Trade was in the hand of state directed commercial agents, rather than free traders.The question has often been raised if money really existed in the ancient Near East. Did silver indeed function as money, i.e., as means of exchange, means of account and means of storage wealth, as it is most often defined. Or was silver not more than a commodity like grain, lapis lazuli, wood, textiles, or slaves or whatever? Culture: The earliest writing we know of dates back to around 3,000 B.C.E. and was probably invented by the Sumerians, living in major cities with centralized economies in what is now southern Iraq.During its 3,000-year history cuneiform was used to write around 15 different languages including Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Urartian and Old Persian.

Palmer Raids, 1919-1920

In raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the U.S. government searched for political radicals and deported foreign born political activists.

Indianization of Southeast Asia

In the period from 650 - 1250, when Indian merchants and monks disseminated Indian classical culture along land and trade routes throughout Southeast Asia Beginning of first century they began to change the south east. Indian beginnings of royalty. Hindu, Buddhism and the Sanskrit dialect. Started with Vaishian traders. Their religion consisted of Buddhism and Hinduism. The caste system was part of their culture but was never adopted. Indian religion, political thought, literature, mythology, and artistic motifs gradually became integral elements in local Southeast Asian cultures.

Major technological innovations during the Industrial Revolution

Interchangeable parts cotton gin telegraph morse code locomotives steam power steam engines john deere plow mccormick reaper bessermer steel process lightbulb

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Emergence of the Democratic Party

Jackson supporters used states' rights, individual liberty, and limited government as rallying cry and began preparing for 1828 election immediately; Martin Van Buren oversaw the task with papers, and local and state party units; committed to limited government and made few other promises

Japanese Aggression

Japan took Manchuria, parts of china and French Indochina.

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

Battle of San Juan Hill

July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.

Mongol invasions

Kenghis Khan was the real reason that they began to dominate. He brought back together the two halves of the mongol empire. Peasants loved Khan because he brought them into his army. He conquered a lot of territory from Mongolia to the Caspian Sea. He did not create a united political entity though. They adopted gunpowder and were good at siege warfare. They fixed communication almost like pony express. They also spread their cuisine. They moved people around who were useful to them and spread cultures around. They were religious tolerant. They also spread disease (black death). They promoted death and carnage. People were able to travel through the empire easily.

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

teller amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Africa after WWII

Libya became the first newly independent nation Some wanted Western Style capitalism Some wanted African socialism Pan-Africanism = concept of uniting all of Africa. (Organization of African Unity in 1963) - then African Union in 2002

Election of 1864: candidates, parties

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)

geographic themes

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

Loose and Strict Construction

Loose construction: the government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid; Strict construction: the government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Strategies of World War One

Mobilize armies Schieffen Plan Trench Warfare

economic incentives

Motivation to join an interest group because the group works for policies that will provide members with material benefits.

Apache

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma Live in Wickips

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

New Atlantic trade systems were made because of European empires in the Americas. This system was mainly from Africa to the Americas and mainly took people out of Africa.

Emergence of Feudalism

Nobles owned land and gave shares (fiefs) to vassals (lesser nobles). Society was built around warfare. Manors were large estates ruled by lords who collected taxes / harvests serfs were peasants.

primary election

Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Influence of Taoism

Not a dogma religion. Written by Lao Zu. Up to each person to find their own way. If the universe is a river do not fight it. Do not dwell on the past. They believe in simplicity. They believe in living in spontaneous. More a way of life. Three energies = three treasures. they need to follow their elders. Yin yang symbol

Battle of the Bulge (1944)

On December 16, 1944, Hitler ordered the last of his reserves, 250,000 troops to attack the American position in the Forest of Ardennes. The Germans drove a bulge deep into the Allied line; however, the Allies stopped the Germans last ditch counterattack and advanced to the Rhine.

Chief Pontiac

Ottawa Indian who led a rebellion against the British occupying the western parts of the American colonies after the French & Indian War.

John Marshall's Supreme Court

Period of court ruling from 1801 to 1835; shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of federal government over state; support of economic activity

Formation of the United Nations

Plans for the Allies to form a United Nations began at the Yalta Conference, followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the San Francisco Conference. The San Francisco Conference witnessed the charter signing of the United Nations. (1945)

Decline of Roman Empire

Political instability and use of mercenary armies undermined the security of the empire. The emperor Commodus was eighteen when he began ruling in 180 C.E. and his poor choices back then led to the beginning of the end for he Roman Empire. He disregarded the senate and bribed the army to stand by him. German invaders took over the empire in the west.

Development of Political Parties

Political parties developed because of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The two groups could not agree on the form of government

Mauryan and Gupta empires Began

Political: By employing a carefully organized bureaucratic system, the Maurya and Gupta Empires were able to maintain security and political unity across large parts of western and southern Asia. hey were split up in provinces. Centralized government also came in handy when emperors had to deal with trade and farming. Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India, a network of regional governors and administrators, and a civil service to provide justice and security for merchants, farmers, and traders. Under Ashoka: built infrastructure with taxes. He also ended slavery. He had "Edicts" which was similar to Hamarrabis code. Gupta did not oversee as much as Ashoka. Social: Slavery ended under Ashoka. Economic:This bureaucratic system included a common economic system that supported stable agriculture across vast land holdings and successful trade and commerce.The Maurya Empire's political unity and internal peace encouraged the expansion of trade in India. During Ashoka's reign, government oversaw the building of major roadways, and the Mauryan international network of trade expanded. India's exports to places like Bactria and Persia included silk, textiles, and spices. Cultural: Under Gupta - a lot of medical advancements. They developed 0-9. Incorporation of Buddhism.

South East Asia

Political:In the realm of politics, Indian influence accompanied the rise of new political entities, which, since they do not readily fall under the Western rubric of "states," have been called mandalas. The mandala was not so much a territorial unit as a fluid field of power that emanated, in concentric circles, from a central court and depended for its continued authority largely on the court's ability to balance alliances and to influence the flow of trade and human resources. Social:They also rejected some components: for example, some of the vocabulary and general theories related to the Indian notions of social hierarchy were borrowed but much of the specific practices were not, and neither Indian nor Chinese views of women as socially and legally inferior were accepted. Economic: China disrupted trade.No two states were exactly alike, each occupying a particular ecological niche and exploiting a particular combination of opportunities to survive by trade, agriculture, and war. The cultural impact of their courts long outlasted their political grasp and continued to inform their societies until modern times.In economic affairs, Europeans soon discovered that they were quite unable, even by the most drastic means, to monopolize the spice trade for which they had come. Cultural: Between approximately 150 BCE and 150 CE, most of Southeast Asia was first influenced by the more mature cultures of its neighbours to the north and west.Still, Chinese and Indian influences were anything but superficial. They provided writing systems and literature, systems of statecraft, and concepts of social hierarchy and religious belief, all of which were both of intrinsic interest and pragmatic significance to Southeast Asians of the day. They also developed Buddhism/ Hindu. Both Islam and Christianity spread later.

eminent domain

Power of a government to take private property for public use.

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Prison Reform Movement

Prisons were meant to rehabilitate as well as punish. The Auburn System allowed prisoners to work together but never make contact and remain confined at night in a windowless cell. The Pennsylvania system made each prisoner spend of his/her time in a single cell with no outside contact. Dorothea Dix who encouraged the creatioon of mental institutions so that the ill would not be imprisoned with criminals anymore. The juvenile justice system also began in the same time period.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Initative

Process through which voters may propose new laws.

Selma March

Protest to register African American voters in the South, violence against protesters. BLoody Sunday: when forces in Alabama tried to turn around the fact that blacks wanted to vote.

Women's Rights Movement of 1970s

Pushing for ideals like the ERA and better workplace equality. Overall just a movement to become equal with men.

acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

reapportion/redistrict

Reapportion: how many seats a state will have based off of population Redistrict: how will areas be divided?

Spread of Islam south of the Sahara

Report Advertisement Home Environment Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Islam: Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Islam: Islam In Sub-Saharan Africa Encyclopedia of Religion COPYRIGHT 2005 Thomson Gale ISLAM: ISLAM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Islam entered Africa within decades of its inception in the seventh century ce. In North Africa its spread was related to the empire-building process which took Islam to Morocco and Spain in the far west and to India in the east whereas in the rest of Africa its diffusion followed a different path. The African dimension goes back to 615 ce when the first Islamic migration to Abyssinia, now called Ethiopia, took place, though its impact there at this early stage is not clear. A few years later, the epoch-making hijrah, or migration, by Muḥammad and his persecuted band of followers to Medina created the political center of the nascent Islamic state built in Arabia. The task of spreading Islam beyond the Arabian peninsula to other regions, including North Africa to the fringes of the Sahara, was left to Muḥammad's successors or caliphs. Scholars, until recently, have not paid sufficient attention to the Islamic intellectual tradition and culture in sub-Saharan Africa which is generally treated as a periphery of the Islamic heartland in the Middle East. Moreover, studies about Islam in Africa are often marred by the view that gained currency during the colonial era, namely that African Islam represented a syncretic or diluted version of the faith, stripped of elements of its higher tradition. This view is difficult to understand given that Islam is indeed a religion of great synthesis which (in the areas where it has spread) has interacted with local cultures, enriching them and being enriched by them. The study of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa is now entering into a new and very interesting phase (for instance, witness local and international efforts to help save old manuscripts relating to Tombouctou's intellectual heritage) as scholars begin to look at Africa's literary tradition and contributions to aspects of Islamic law, mysticism, devotional matters, theology, and history in Arabic or local languages. The number of Qurʾanic translations in African languages, using the Arabic or Latin alphabet, moreover, has also been growing steadily and testifies to this increased urgency to produce written material for African Muslims. Norelco Sensotouch 3d - Find Norelco Sensotouch 3d Find the Results You're Looking for with ConsumerSearch.com! consumersearch.com/Norelco Sensotouch 3d | Sponsored▼ Report Advertisement Knowledge of the history of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa before the sixteenth century comes mainly from the works of Arab geographers and historians such as al-Bakr, al-Zuhri, Ibn Batuta, and others. Archaeological excavations of important centers of trade, such as Kumbi Saleh, Awdaghust, Jenne, Kilwa, and others, have added further to the knowledge of these cities by allowing for historical reconstruction. Finally, oral traditions have become an increasingly important source for the study of this history as they present information (in legendary form) of kings such as Sundiata, the founder of Mali, which can be critically assessed to provide insights into what is remembered and emphasized about the past. The sources of information become more varied after the sixteenth century and include written material in Arabic by local Muslims, oral traditions and ethnographic data, and European records in the era of European expansion and domination of the Atlantic system. Islam in the Sahara and the Sahel Islam made its presence felt in much of Africa (the east coast and Horn of Africa as well as West Africa) mainly through trade and migration. In the Sahara region and beyond it, for instance, Islam was introduced from North Africa by the Berbers, mostly members of Khārijī sects, through the trans-Saharan trade as early as the eighth or ninth century. They had their centers in the oases at the northern side of the Sahara in Sijilmasah, Tahart, Wargla, and Ghadames. With the expansion of this mainly salt-for-gold trade, important trading towns such as Awdaghust, Tadmeka, and Kawwar also sprang up at the southern end of the Sahara. Beyond them lay the important African states of Ghana (with Kumbi Saleh as its capital), Gao, and Kanem in the region that was known as the Sahel (which means in Arabic the "shore" of the desert). This was the region where the desert and the savanna meet and where Sahelian cities served as terminus points for a very vibrant international trade.

Election of 1860: candidates, parties, issues

Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).

Reagonomics (supply-side economics)

Rests on the assumption that if taxes are reduced, the wealthy would invest more into businesses and provide more jobs for the people

Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce

Revels and Bruce were the first two African-American politicians to serve a full term in the United States Senate. They were both representatives from Mississippi, and were the only two African-American Senators during Reconstruction.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Nelson Mandela (South Africa)

Sentenced to life in prison in 1962 for protesting against the apartheid Released in 1990 Keeps protesting Wins presidency of SA in 1994

The Battle of Britian/"The Blitz"

September 7, 1940, to May 10, 1941 Germany bombs London; a massive attack on the country

Emergence of Russia

Settled by Slavs from the 200 - 700 AD Moscow ascended in 14th, 15th 16th Centuries Empire achieved height of its power under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 17th and 18th centuries. Kiev state started first. Became Christians. They fell when mongols came in.

Nationalism in the Balkans

Several Serbian nationalist groups had formed in the early 1900's. Their primary aim was to free Serbia from foreign control and influence. Their most telling act was the killing (Princip) of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914. This was the final straw causing WWI.

Decolonization in Asia

Slowly throughout time (especially after war) they regained their freedom.

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Consequences of World War I

The 14 points and the many treaties that followed put harsh restrictions on Germany which would eventually pave way for the nationalistic upraising the Hitler brings to Germany. Also many alliances were broken up after WWI to prevent another major war.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions

Middle East since 1945

The British French, and Soviets departed from many parts of the Middle East during and after World War II. Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and the states in the Arabian Peninsula generally kept their boundaries. After the war, however, seven Middle East states gained (or regained) their independence: 22 November 1943 - Lebanon 1 January 1944 - Syria 22 May 1946 - Jordan (British mandate ended) 1947 - Iraq (forces of the United Kingdom withdrawn) 1947 - Egypt (forces of the United Kingdom withdrawn to the Suez Canal area) 1948 - Israel (forces of the United Kingdom withdrawn) August 16, 1960 - Cyprus The struggle between the Arabs and the Jews in Palestine culminated in the 1947 United Nations plan to partition Palestine. This plan sought to create an Arab state and a separate Jewish state in the narrow space between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean. The Jewish leaders accepted it, but the Arab leaders rejected this plan.

The Cheyenne, Native Americans of the Great Plains

The Cheyenne Indians were far-ranging people, especially once they acquired horses. By the time the Americans met them they were living on the Great Plains in what is now South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas. The US government forced the Cheyennes to move to Oklahoma during the 1800's, but some escaped and fled north into Montana. Today there are two Cheyenne tribes, one in Oklahoma and the other in Montana. Here is a map of Montana's reservations. They do the same things all children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Cheyenne children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian boys and girls had more chores and less time to play in their daily lives, just like colonial children. But they did have dolls, toys, and games to play. Here is a picture of a hoop game enjoyed by Cheyenne kids. Lacrosse was also a popular sport among teenagers. A Cheyenne mother traditionally carried a young child in a cradle board on her back--a custom which many American parents have adopted now.

Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle

The Mandate of Heaven is the idea that the gods give a dynasty permission to rule. If the dynasty begins to fail, they lose this Mandate of Heaven, the failures are taken as signs that the gods don't want the dynasty to rule, and another dynasty steps in. This creates a dynastic cycle: 1. New dynasty. Lots of peace, prosperity and happiness 2. Dynasty becomes corrupt, loses control, taxes heavily, neglects duties or does something that would annoy the gods or people 3. More signs that the gods are unhappy (famine, natural disaster, etc.), people rebel 4. New dynasty steps in and the cycle begins again

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

The Significance of the Frontier in American History" mournfully proclaimed that the once vast American western frontier was closed. "American energy," Turner maintained, "will continually demand a wider field for its exercise. So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power. But the democracy born of free land, strong in selfishness and individualism, intolerant of administrative experience and education, and pressing individual liberty beyond its proper bounds, has its dangers as well as its benefits

Rise of the "New South"

The South began to see that their lack of industry had cost them the war. More and more factories started to open in the South. These factories gave jobs to African Americans.

Battle of Berlin (1945)

The Soviets used tanks in the Berlin street fights in a similar manner that the Germans had disastrously done earlier in Stalingrad. The Russian tanks were fired upon by German soldiers with bazookas in destroyed buildings. But the 90,000 German soldiers had little chance against over a million Red Army troops. Though the first wave of Red Army into Berlin was disciplined, the second ones were violent and raped women. Their out of control indulgence was fuelled by alcohol stocks they found in Berlin. Reports say in the last six months of World War Two, up to two million German women were raped 100,000 of them in Berlin. With Battle of Berlin nearly ending, on 30th April 1945, Hitler and Eva Braun his mistress committed suicide hours after marrying in the bunker they were hiding. On May 2nd 1945 the Reichstag the old German parliament fell. Berlin surrendered to Marshall Zukhov who got the conqueror of Berlin "honor." In the Battle of Berlin, the Soviets had over 70,000 troops dead mostly due to Stalin's haste to take Berlin hence the battlefield mistakes. The capture of Berlin by the Red Army of Stalin before the Americans' arrival was a source of Soviet prestige and led to German mistrust of the west.

Tet Offensive (1968)

The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.

Social Contract Theory

The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. Deficent spending, and cut taxes. Increased defense spending Moved away from spending on Nuclear weapons Increased unemployment benefits Foreign: Helped with education and wanted to show them democracy Peace corps Alliance for progress: sending money to Latin countries to turn to democracy and help trade. Scholarship and education research Nasa and stem research.

tropical deforestation

The clearing and destruction of tropical rainforests in order to make way for expanding settlement frontiers and the exploitation of new economic opportunities.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

Atomic Bomb Controversy

The controversy over whether or not it was justified to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of WWII; also involved the exclusion of USSR in the development process which ultimately led them to develop there own -> arms race

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Second Battle of the Marne

The first battle that the US participated in overseas. They stopped Germany from taking France, turning point of world war 1

Monetarist Theory

The idea that the amount of money in circulation (the money supply) is the primary influence on economic activity and inflation.

Bantu Migration

The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 They were able to adopt yams and sweat potatoes. They developed iron working. They used slash and burn agriculture.

Cuba Revolution

The nationalist movement against the corrupt Cuban government in 1959, led by Fidel Castro

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. After Matthew Perry came!

enumerated powers

The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.

inherent powers

The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government.

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

divisions within the Muslim Caliphate

The religion split after they could not decide who should be in chard (shiat = direct decedent, Sunni = not)

First Amendment Rights

The rights of the First Amendement can not be taken away by the government. Gives freedom of speech, press, assembly, petetion, and religion

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Antebellum Period

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

similarities of revolutions

They all felt oppressed and the lower people rose up..

dynastic changes in china

They had the yellow river = cradle of civilization Shang Dynasty built China's first cities in about 1760 BCE. Zhou Dynasty came next took over in 1050 BCE and built forts and walls and their land was divided into territories like the Shang. States fought for power in warring states Qin = great wall of china Han dynasty: Silk road

Causes of Latin American Independence

They were treated poorly by Spain and Portugal.

Gandhi

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

Impact of Colonialism

Took many natural resources from all countries but did spread christianity throughout the country. Spread diseases and ideas. Trade

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I - most important part was the forced blame on Germany and other allies

Fair Deal

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Decline of fish stocks

Two-thirds of the world's fish stocks are either fished at their limit or over fished. The UN food and agriculture organisation (FAO) has estimated that 70 percent of the fish population is fully used, overused or in crisis. Plummeting numbers of fish have led some fisheries organisations, and some countries, to see whales as competitors for dwindling fish stocks.

AEF (American Expeditionary Force)

U.S. forces sent to Europe during WWI. Led by General John J. Pershing

Changes after French and Indian war

Unfortunately for the British, the fruits of victory brought seeds of trouble with Great Britain's American colonies. The war had been enormously expensive, and the British government's attempts to impose taxes on colonists to help cover these expenses resulted in increasing colonial resentment of British attempts to expand imperial authority in the colonies. British attempts to limit western expansion by colonists and inadvertent provocation of a major Indian war further angered the British subjects living in the American colonies. These disputes ultimately spurred colonial rebellion, which eventually developed into a full-scale war for independence.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Battle of Tannenburg (August 1914)

Was fought between Russian and German soldiers. It is notable for being the first battle fought in the war to be fought on the Eastern Front. Germans won the fight

Role of Great Britain in the industrial process

What was so special about Great Britain that the Industrial Revolution started there? Historians identify several factors that converged in Britain in the mid-18th century and created just the right environment for the rise of industrialization. Let's look at a few of them: Agricultural changes - British farmers were making good use of new agricultural techniques and tools that allowed them to increase their productivity. Fewer people could grow more food, even enough to feed a large labor force. Population boom - Britain's population doubled between 1750 and 1800. The nation had more people to work in factories and more people to purchase manufactured goods. Economic innovations - Britain had developed an economic framework, including banks and a stock market, which could handle increases in economic activity. New ideas and a scientific viewpoint - The British people were explorers who believed in human progress and scientific advancement. They were constantly making new discoveries about how the world worked. Transportation foundations - Britain had plenty of navigable rivers, decent roads, and canals that could transport raw materials to factories and products to consumers. Natural resources - Britain's large deposits of coal and iron provided power for new factories. A supportive government - The British government encouraged commerce, gave patents to protect inventors, offered financial perks to industrialists, and maintained a hands-off policy that pleased businessmen. A trade network with numerous colonies - These colonies provided raw materials and a market for finished goods.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. tried to make paper money illegal

Italian Unification

When Napolean entered he forced the city states to get together. However, that fell a part. During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. But it ended up going back to what it was. A king sent for help from Napolean the third to help unify the land. They got their land back from the Ottoman empire. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy. He had help from his red shirts. They lacked Venice and Rome though. Eventually there was another war and they got Venice back. They had to wait until 1870 for Rome. Problems: different economies throughout the areas and they also did not necessarily speak the same language. Naples = conservative Middle = theocracy North = Ottoman empire controlled Sardinia = only independent

Battle of Caporetto

Where Austrians and Germans launched a major offensive against the Italian position. Italians retreated in disarray.

War and Mobilization Plan (WMP)

Which joint and service planning system provides the Air Staff, Air Force planners, and Air Force commanders with current policies, apportioned forces, and planning factors for conducting and supporting operations?

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Mayan Religion

Worshipped many gods, each represented a different area of life, tried to keep gods happy by giving blood and human sacrifices. Believed in legend of Quetzalcoatl (God who'd return to rule people in peace). Story of creation found in Popol Vuh.

Aztec Religion

Worshipped the sun; gold was considered the "sweat of the sun". Practiced human sacrifice to make sure the sun would rise.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Battle of the marne

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

magna carta

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges. 1215

Common Market

a group of countries that acts as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

elasticity

a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants

Arikara

a member of the Caddo people who formerly lived in the Dakotas west of the Missouri river. prehistoric mound builders. The Arikara traditionally lived in substantial semipermanent villages of earth lodges, domed earth-berm structures. Their economy relied heavily upon raising corn (maize), beans, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco; Arikara households used these products and traded them with other tribes for meat and processed hides. Arikara women were responsible for farming, food preparation and preservation, clothing production, lodge building, and the rituals associated with their work; Arikara men hunted deer, elk, and buffalo, provided defense, and performed rituals related to these practices.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes

Globalism

a philosophy which regards the entire world as one giant community that should be unified politically and economically

Justian code/ conquests

a set of laws, written by the Byzantine Empire Justinian, that served the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years. He conquests Italy, North Africa, Palestine, and Syria. Too large to protect.

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

recall election

a special election called by voters to remove an elected official before his/her term expires.

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. Current day Iran

Mohawk

a tribe in the Iroquois Confederacy

Islamic Civilization

a warlike monotheistic civilization that spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and were constantly at war. They are known for their brilliant arabesques and gorgeous craftsmanship. Also civilizations in Ghana, Mali, Songhai = Muslim civilizations in Africa.

Counterculture

a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm.

Shawnee

an Algonquin-speaking people based in the Ohio Valley; Shawnee leader Tecumseh led the Northwest Confederacy against the United States in 1812

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

national grange of the patrons of husbandry

an organization that provided social services and set up cost cutting cooperatives for farmers, but not successful.

Sit-in Movement

began in Greensboro, North Carolina when four students sat at a "whites only" lunch counter.

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Deltas

deposits of sand and soil at the mouth of a river form

Economic theories from industrial revolution

economies that help benefit their people Socialism communism capitalism

Gulfs

extensions of water into land

Due Process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

Daniel Boone

famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Bull Run/Manassas

first major battle of the war that happened outside of Washington; people went with picnic baskets to watch the South come out victorious against the North; frenzied retreat proved the war would be longer than everyone thought

W. E. B. Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

Orwellian

frightening and overcontrolled by a government that interferes in nearly every aspect of personal life

Unlimited Government

government structure in which there are no effective limits on government actions

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

granted women the right to vote; its ratification capped a movement for women's rights that dated to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Although women were voting in state elections in 12 states when the amendment passed, it enabled 8 million women to vote in the presidential election of 1920.

Tariff and national bank

hamilton believes in the tariff and national bank and jefferson says no to both.

The Panic of 1819 was caused by

inflation and land speculation destabilizing the economy - people couldn't pay the loans they got from the national bank

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Periodization

is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time. This is usually done in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history, understanding current and historical processes, and causality that might have linked those events. is the process or study of categorizing the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time. This is usually done in order to facilitate the study and analysis of history, understanding current and historical processes, and causality that might have linked those events.

Swahili Culture

mix of African and Arabic, a Swahili language created that served as a common language, songs and epic poems Swahili culture is the culture of the Swahili people inhabiting the Swahili Coast. They speak Swahili as their native language, which belongs to the Niger-Congo family. Swahili culture is the product of the history of the coastal part of the African Great Lakes region. As with the Swahili language, Swahili culture has a Bantu core and has also borrowed from foreign influences. Around 3,000 years ago, speakers of the proto-Bantu language group began a millennia-long series of migrations; the Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. They are mainly united under the mother tongue of Kiswahili, a Bantu language. Around the 8th century, the Swahili people engaged in the Indian Ocean trade. As a consequence, they were influenced by Arabic, Persian, Indian, and Chinese cultures. During the 10th century, several city-states flourished along the Swahili Coast and adjacent island. They were Muslim, cosmopolitan, and politically independent of one another. The Kilwa Sultanate was a medieval sultanate, centered at Kilwa, whose authority, at its height, stretched over the entire length of the Swahili Coast. It was founded in the 10th century, and the last native dynasty was overthrown by a Portuguese invasion in 1505. By 1513, the sultanate was already fragmented into smaller states. Despite its origin as a Persian colony, extensive inter-marriage and conversion of local Bantu inhabitants and later Arab immigration turned the Kilwa Sultanate into a very diverse state. It is the mixture of Perso-Arab and Bantu cultures in Kilwa that is credited for creating Swahili as a distinctive East African culture and language. The diverse history of the Swahili Coast has also resulted in multicultural influences on Swahili arts, including furniture and architecture. they were city states and had religion, trade, and speech. There migration brought iron work and agriculture.

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

movement organized for a nonviolent protest by Southern African Americans, but were arrested, hosed down and attacked by police dogs by the Birmingham police department. MLK was jailed and wrote his letter here.

Causes of World War I

nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914

New Left

new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism

Jeffersonian Republicans

one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jefferson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party. The Jeffersonian republicans were pro-French, liberal, and mostly made up of the middle class. They favored a weak central govt., and strong states's rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Eskimos

people of northern Alaska

capes

points of land extending into the water

Impact of Slavery

racism; antislavery societies; civil war; southern poverty (after the war)

Judicial Review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Navajo

southwest Navajo people lived in hogans, which are traditional earth houses. A hogan is made of a special wood framework packed with clay into a domed shape, with the door facing east. The thick earthen walls insulate the hogan and protect the people inside from wind and strong weather. Here are some pictures of Navajo hogans and other Indian houses.

Causes of the Great Depression

stock markets crashed, unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit

Nuclear Arms Race

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

Causes of the Revolutionary War

the Proclamation of 1763, Townshend Acts, Stamp Acts, Intolerable Acts, Sugar Act

comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

absolute advantage

the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer

Chronology

the arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence

Legislative Branch

the branch of government that makes the laws Senate and house

Specialization

the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities

Exchange rates are determined by

the demand and supply for different currencies

balance of payments

the difference between the flow of money into and out of a country

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Detente

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

marginal utility

the extra usefulness or satisfaction a person gets from acquiring or using one more unit of a product

Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867)

the first of a series of treaties signed between the U.S. government and one or more Indian tribes after the Civil War - all of which were violated by the U.S.; this exemplified the attitude of the government toward the Indians, and drove U.S. policy for decades

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

opportunity cost

the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

habitat

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Reagan Revolution

the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes state rights and condemned government welfare White backlash Economic conservatives enjoyed him Government not solution / they are the problem Many insane left homeless

political socialization

the process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions

economies of scale

the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

Incan government and society

the rulers divided their territory and its people into manageable units, governed by central bureaucracy; created an efficient economic system to support the empire and an extensive road system to tie it together government based on age-old patterns of community cooperation. Had a census to keep record and make sure everyone paid taxes. Build terraces on mountaintops.

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth. Siddhartha gautama - stuck in house because family kept him there. He snuck out of the palace. When he left he saw suffering. He mediated to find enlightenment. He understood the meaning of life and taught four noble truths. All life is suffering. All suffering is desire. To stop suffering = stop desire. Follow eightfold path to get there. Meditation and living a simple life. Attractive to low class Hindu because no class system. Ashoka tried to rule by Buddhism. He built buildings and pillars for Buddha = he did not really lead by Buddhism because he did not follow the path.

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South.

European Exploration

trade, a chance to get rich, chance to spread Christianity, find new lands and trade routes, glory for the country, and individual fame are all reasons for:

Sioux

tribe that lived in plains near the Rockies; primary resource was the buffalo reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux Tipis

Russian Revolution of 1917

two revolutions, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. Killed the czar and family

Consumer Protection Laws

variety of laws and goverment agencies protect the public against harmful products.

Decline of Byzantine Empire

virtually dismembered; a shadow of its former self merchants of Venice controlled what was left of its commerce (access to sea and overland trade routes) so politically and militarily weakened that it would easily fall to the Turkish Empire's expansion. Mongols invading.

Rise of the Sunbelt

warmer climate, lower taxes, economic opportunities in defense-related industries attracted many to states from Florida to California, transferred tax dollars to South and West, military spending helped shift people

Battle of Passchendaele

was one of the worst slaughters of World War I. During the summer and fall of 1917, Allied troops fought through endless rains across fields of deep mud, to capture the small town of Passchendaele in Belgium. Britain won and regained town.

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights. They had experience with slavery. They grew up in a wealthy slave holding family in South Carolina. As they aged they realized how wrong it was. They harbored resentment against their brothers who were able to receive an education They moved to Philadelphia and wanted to make the injustices known. They faced a lot of resentment

wartime draft riots (civil war)

were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and racially-charged insurrection in American history.[4] U.S. President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly white working-class men, mostly Irish or of Irish descent, who feared free black people competing for work and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $9,200 in 2017[5]) commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft.[6][7] Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into a race riot, with white rioters, predominantly Irish immigrants,[4] attacking black people throughout the city. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, said on July 16 that, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it.

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Marbury v. Madison

writ of mandamus = force madison to give him commission. Supreme court did not have the power to grant the writ and settle the case. Established judiciary review. Power of Supreme court to nullify a law by declaring it unconstitutional.

Machievelli

wrote The Prince, a ruler's handbook. He believed that rulers can rule without moral considerations and that "the means justify the ends". He believed that a leader should be both a powerful lion and a cunning fox.

Containment and Domino Theory

•Containment: We need to stop the spread of communism. •Domino Theory: If one nation falls to communism, so will another, and another, and eventually that will threaten American liberty.