OL 3143 TC1 Final

The ________________ is a set of scores divided be the number of scores.

mean

Identify the correctly formatted in-text citation for use after a summary or paraphrase:

(Smith, 2018)

The following example demonstrates correct APA formatting of an in-text citation. According to Smith (2018), many students "ignore the use of APA and end up with unnecessary point deductions on research papers" (p. 3).

Agree

Language in an APA paper should be (select all that apply):

Concise Clear Plain

Match the research design with the appropriate description.

Cultural: Provides methodologies that allow a consistent analysis of cultural texts so that they can be compared, replicated, disproved and generalized. Examples of approaches to the interpretation of cultural texts are: content analysis, semiotics and discourse analysis. Feminist: This is more of a perspective than a research design that involves theory and analysis that highlight the differences between men's and women's lives. Researchers who ignore these differences can come to incorrect conclusions. However, everyone is male or female, so value neutrality is impossible as no researcher practises research outside his or her system of values. Ethnological: This research focuses on people. In this approach, the researcher is interested in how the subjects of the research interpret their own behavior rather than imposing a theory from outside. It takes place in the undisturbed natural settings of the subjects' environment. It regards the context to be as equally important as the actions it studies, and attempts to represent the totality of the social, cultural and economic situation. Evaluation: This descriptive type of research is specifically designed to deal with complex social issues. It aims to move beyond 'just getting the facts', by trying to make sense of the myriad human, political, social, cultural and contextual elements involved. Simulation: This research involves devising a representation in a small and simplified form (model) of a system, which can be manipulated to gauge effects. It is similar to experimental design in the respect of this manipulation, but it provides a more artificial environment in that it does work with original materials at the same scale. Models can be mathematical (number crunching in a computer) or physical, working with two- or three-dimensional materials. The performance of the model must be checked and calibrated against the real system to check that the results are reliable. Experimental: Research that attempts to isolate and control every relevant condition which determines the events investigated and then observes the effects when the conditions are manipulated. At its simplest, changes are made to an independent variable and the effects are observed on a dependent variable - i.e. cause and effect. Although experiments can be done to explore a particular event, they usually require a hypothesis (prediction) to be formulated first in order to determine what variables are to be tested and how they can be controlled and measured. Comparative: This design is used to compare past and present or different parallel situations, particularly when the researcher has no control over events. It can look at situations at different scales, macro (international, national) or micro (community, individual). Analogy is used to identify similarities in order to predict results - assuming that if two events are similar in certain characteristics, they could well be similar in others too. In this way comparative design is used to explore and test what conditions were necessary to cause certain events, so that it is possible, for example, to understand the likely effects of making certain decisions. Correlation: This design is used to examine a relationship between two concepts. There are two broad classifications of relational statements: an association between two concepts - where there is some kind of influence of one on the other; and a causal relationship - where one causes changes to occur in the other. Causal statements describe what is sometimes called a 'cause and effect' relationship. The cause is referred to as the 'independent variable', the variable that is affected is referred to as the 'dependent variable'. Descriptive: This design relies on observation as a means of collecting data. It attempts to examine situations in order to establish what is the norm, i.e. what can be predicted to happen again under the same circumstances. 'Observation' can take many forms. Depending on the type of information sought, people can be interviewed, questionnaires distributed, visual records made, even sounds and smells recorded. Important is that the observations are written down or recorded in some way, in order that they can be subsequently analysed. The scale of the research is influenced by two major factors: the level of complexity of the survey and the scope or extent of the survey. Historical: This aims at a systematic and objective evaluation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions about past events. It uses primary historical data, such as archaeological remains as well as documentary sources of the past. It is usually necessary to carry out tests in order to check the authenticity of these sources.

The following example demonstrates correct APA formatting of an in-text citation. Although many free APA resources exist online, many students fail to use these resources and end up losing points on their papers (Smith, 2018, p. 3).

Disagree

Implications and limitations is not part of the research proposal.

False

When a quotation is less that 40 words it needs to be in a freestanding block in the text.

False

A ______________________ is a gathering of people who are being moderated by a member of a research team and perhaps observed, either openly or secretly, by other members of the research team.

Focus group

Please match the level of measurement associated with each of the variables listed below. Some answers will be used more than once.

Grade level in years - Ordinal The name of the neighborhood you live in - Nominal Color expressed as wavelength - Ratio Grade point average from 1.0 to 4.0 in increments of 0.1 - Interval Name of color of stimulus objects - Nominal Time to run 100-yard dash in seconds - Ratio After school club choice - Nominal

Match the type of citation with the in-text citation style.

One work by one author - (Giroir, 2012) One work by two authors - Giroir and Elbert (2012) One work by five authors - Rosenau, Walter, Giroir, Elbert, & Katzung, 2012) Groups as authors - Arkansas Tech University (2012) One work by three authors - (Giroir, Elbert, & Richardson, 2012)

This type of research is based on data expressed mostly in the form of words - descriptions, accounts, opinions, feelings etc.

Qualitative

Please match the type of citation with the sample citation.

Book, One Author - Rhodes, F. H. (2001). The creation of the future. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Journal, One Author - Trainer, J. (2008). The role of institutional research in conducting comparative analysis of peers. New Directions for Higher Education, 141, 21-30. Book, Two Authors - Shankman, M.L. & Allen, S.J. (2008). Emotionally intelligent leadership: A guide for college students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Journal, Two Authors - Havice, P.A. & Williams, F.K. (2005). Achieving balance: Lessons learned from university and college presidents. The College Student Affairs Journal, 2, 128-136. Journal, Three Authors - Pike, G.R., Kuh, G.D., & Gonyea, R.M. (2007). Evaluating the rationale for affirmative action in college admissions: Direct and indirect relationships between campus diversity and gains in understanding diverse groups. Journal of College Student Development, 48, 166-182. Magazine article - Park, A. (2012, May). Seasoning tax. Time, 40(3), 34-35. Online newspaper article - DeSantis, N. (2012, May 1). Next generation of online-learning systems face barriers to adoption. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from www.chronicle.com

Which of the following sections, if any, should be included in a research proposal?

Both A and B (methods, implications and limitations)

Match the level heading with the appropriate format.

Level One: Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings Level Two: Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings Level Three: Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. Level Four: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period. Level Five: Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

The _________________ section of the manuscript describes how the study was conducted.

Method

Please match the following definitions with the correct terms

Systematic sampling - A random sampling procedure in which increments determine who becomes part of the sample; for example, every third person is selected. Stratified sampling - The process of selecting a sample that represents different groups or levels of a population. Quota sampling - A non probability sampling procedure similar to stratified random sampling in that a particular stratum is the focus; however, a specified number is set to be selected and once that number is met, no further selection occurs. Convenience sampling - A non probability sampling procedure wherein the selected sample represents a captive audience; for example, sophomore college students in an introductory psychology class. Cluster sampling - A probability sampling procedure wherein units of subjects are selected, rather than the subjects themselves.

Match the term with the appropriate definition

Theory - abstract statements that make claims about the world and how it works Concepts - building blocks of the theory which are usually abstract and cannot be directly measured Indicators - phenomena which point to the existence of the concepts Variables - components of the indicators which can be measured Values - actual units of measurement of the variables

Data that has been observed, experienced or recorded close to the event is primary data.

True

Identifying a sample is part of conducting research.

True

The purpose of descriptive research is to describe the current state of affairs at the time of the study.

True

The results section in the manuscript details the statistical techniques used to analyze the data and what the results of the analysis were.

True

To avoid charges of plagiarism, take careful notes as you research to keep track of your sources and cite those sources.

True

Please match the term with the appropriate definition

Wordiness - This can impeded the ready grasp of ideas. Redundancy - Writers often do this in an effort to be empathetic. Colloquial expressions - These diffuse meaning and may have different definitions to different readers. Jargon - This is the continuous use of technical vocabulary. Pronouns - These confuse readers unless the referent for each is obvious to readers. Comparisons - When these are ambiguous or illogical, they can omit key verbs which can make it difficult for the reader to comprehend.

Match the type of variable with its description.

categorical - Usually an independent or predictor variable that contains values indicating membership in one of several possible categories. E.g., gender (male or female), marital status (married, single, divorced, widowed). The categories are often assigned numerical values used as lables, e.g., 0 = male; 1 = female. Synonym for nominal variable. confounding - A variable that obscures the effects of another variable. If one elementary reading teacher used used a phonics textbook in her class and another instructor used a whole language textbook in his class, and students in the two classes were given achievement tests to see how well they read, the independent variables (teacher effectiveness and textbooks) would be confounded. There is no way to determine if differences in reading between the two classes were caused by either or both of the independent variables. dependent - The presumed effect in an experimental study. The values of this variable depend upon another variable, the independent variable. continuous - A variable that is not restricted to particular values (other than limited by the accuracy of the measuring instrument). E.g., reaction time, neuroticism, IQ. Equal size intervals on different parts of the scale are assumed, if not demonstrated. Synonym for interval variable. independent - The presumed cause in an experimental study. All other variables that may impact the dependent variable are controlled. moderating - A variable that influences, or moderates, the relation between two other variables and thus produces an interaction effect. latent - An underlying variable that cannot be observed. It is hypothesized to exist in order to explain other variables, such as specific behaviors, that can be observed. Example: if we observe the voting records of members of the House of Representatives on spending bills for the military, foodstamps, law enforcement, and promoting business investment, we might find underlying patterns that could be explained by postulating latent variables such as conservatism and liberalism. intervening - A variable that explains a relation or provides a causal link between other variables. Also called by some authors "mediating variable" or "intermediary variable." Example: The statistical association between income and longevity needs to be explained because just having money does not make one live longer. Other variables intervene between money and long life. People with high incomes tend to have better medical care than those with low incomes. control - An extraneous variable that an investigator does not wish to examine in a study. Thus the investigator controls this variable. Also called a covariate. discrete - Variable having only integer values. For example, number of trials need by a student to learn a memorization task.