Openstax Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 6
Tuberosity
large rounded projection
Trochanter
large, rough projection
secondary ossification center
region of bone development in the epiphyses
osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
spongy bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
epiphyseal plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients, moves nutrients across lamellae
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
Neck
A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Epicondyle
A projection situated above a condyle
Calcium blood levels are controlled by
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin stops osteoclasts making bones take up more calcium, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts, releasing calcium from breaking down bone
Chondrocytes
Cells that secrete cartilage.
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone
epiphyseal line
When osteoblasts and osteoclasts stop expanding and reforming the bone from the plate. All chondrocytes get calcified and replaced with bone tissue
primary ossification center
a region where bone tissue will replace most of the cartilage
Trochlea
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
Fissure
an opening; a groove; a split
Process
any bony prominence
Projection
area of bone raised from the rest of the bone
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
irregular bone
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
fracture
broken bone
hydroxapatite crystals
calcium based formation, very strong chemical compound that makes up bone
The role of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, fluoride, and omega-3 fatty acids
calcium is needed for hydroxyapatite crystals, vitamin D is vital in absorbing calcium, vitamin K has similar role to vitamin D, fluoride rearranges hydroxyapatite crystals, omega-3 fatty acids reduces inflammation helping osteoblasts become more active
Sinus
cavity within a bone
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone, multinuclear, sits on surface and breaks down bone and secretes calcium, differentiates from white blood cells rather than osteogenic cells
external callus
collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture, blood vessels repair
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
hypocalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
short bone
cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
long bone
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity, made up osteoblasts, houses bone growth, repair, remodeling
compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
Bone matrix
everything inside the osteon
Bigger bones are caused by
extra pressure on bones, causing bones to become denser and bigger, athletes have bigger and denser bones
internal callus
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone, hardened osteoid matrix and bone repairs
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments, covers all of the bone's outer surface area but where the articular cartilage, made of outer cellular layer and one fibrous layer
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to the bone
impacted fracture
fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another
Groove
furrow
bone
hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton, called osseous tissue
Foramen
hole in a bone
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
transverse fracture
horizontal fracture
modeling
horizontal growth of bones
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
closed reduction
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
zone of maturation
matured chondrocytes closer to epiphysis than proliferate zone
calcified matrix zone
most chondrocytes dead; matrix being replaced by bone, closer to epiphysis than zone of maturation
hole
opening or depression in a bone
skeletal system
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
meatus/canal
passageway through a bone
Spine
pointed process
osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the mineral concentration via enzymes
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Calcitrol
produced by kidneys, active form of vitamin D, helps absorb calcium and phosphate in digestive system to release through urine, decreases calcium blood level
proliferate zone
produces new chondrocytes
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Condyle
rounded articular projection
Osteoid
secreted by osteoblasts, matrix that sets hardened
Growth Hormone (GH)
secreted by pituitary gland, stimulates chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate and stimulates osteoblasts
Thyroxine
secreted by thyroid gland, stimulates osteoblasts
Calitonin
secreted by thyroid, inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates calcium uptake in bones, increasing calcium blood level
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement
Fossa
shallow depression
sutural
skull bones that have fused
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
Facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Estrogen and testosterone effect on bone
stimulates osteoblasts, causing growth spurts and conversion of epiphyseal plate to line
parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts, increases remodeling and reabsorption of calcium, decreases calcium blood level
Skeletal system function
support, facilitates movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, store minerals & fat
open reduction
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture, skin is broken through by bone
flat bone
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs, two layers of sponge bone sandwiched by compact bone called diploe
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone, walls made up of compact bone
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
articulation
where two bone surfaces meet
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow