Openstax Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 6, Chapter 5, Openstax Anatomy & Chapter 4

fracture hematoma

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

hematopoiesis

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

apoptosis

programmed cell death, decreased cell volume

reticular layer

deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers

stratum basale

deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells, very metabolically active, where new skin cells for the epidermis come from, attaches basal lamina via wiring collagen fibers

endosteum

delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity, made up osteoblasts, houses bone growth, repair, remodeling

compact bone

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

Eumelanin

brownish black pigment

fourth-degree burn

burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged

third-degree burn

burn that penetrates and destroys the full thickness of the skin (epidermis and dermis), completely destroys nerves

osteoclast

cell responsible for resorbing bone, multinuclear, sits on surface and breaks down bone and secretes calcium, differentiates from white blood cells rather than osteogenic cells

keratinocyte

cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis, also house Vitamin D synthesis

chondrocytes

cells of the cartilage

histamine

chemical compound released by mast cells in response to injury that causes vasodilation and endothelium permeability

eleiden

clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss

smooth muscle

under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber

osteogenic cell

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

osteon

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

perforating canal

(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

spongy bone

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

epiphyseal plate

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Pacinian corpuscle

(also, lamellated corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to vibration, found in reticular layer of the dermis and the hypodermis

areolar tissue

(also, loose connective tissue) a type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix

Meissner corpuscle

(also, tactile corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to light touch, found in papillary layer of the dermis

dermal papilla

(plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis, causes wave visual

canaliculi

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients, moves nutrients across lamellae

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) small spaces in bone or cartilage tissue that cells occupy

lacunae

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

trabeculae

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Thick Skin

5 layers of epidermis, has Lucidum. Found only on palms, soles, digits.

Tactile disc

A Merkle cell and nerve ending in conjunction

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

simple alveolar gland

A gland that is shaped like a flask and does not branch

Microglia

Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system

Dermatome

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

The integumentary contains what structures

Arrector pili, sebaceous gland, adipose tissue, Pacinian corpuscle, eccrine sweat gland, tactile disc, Meissner corpuscle, hair structure, and cutaneous vascular complex

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Calcium blood levels are controlled by

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin stops osteoclasts making bones take up more calcium, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts, releasing calcium from breaking down bone

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals, heparin, prostaglandin, histamine, that promote inflammation.

Chondrocytes

Cells that secrete cartilage.

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

dense connective tissue

Elastic, irregular, regular. connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection

Thin Skin

Just 4 layers of epidermis, does not have Lucidum. Found everywhere but the palms and soles.

Lamellar granules

Keratinocytes that produces a lot of keratin, found in stratum granulosum, keratinizes epidermis and lucidum

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Langerhancell

Macrophage of the epidermis

Mole

Masses of melanocytes, benign

Functions of integumentary system

Protection, sensory, thermoregulation, Vitamin D synthesis

Sunburn

Skin cells become overactive from UV rays in high quantity, melanin production peaks at 10 days causing sunburn.

The two levels of vasodilation

The first is for thermoregulation, just brings more blood to the surface. The second is for tissue repair where it allows blood to escape the vessels and bleed into the epidermis

remodeling

The process of resorption and formation of bone

epiphyseal line

When osteoblasts and osteoclasts stop expanding and reforming the bone from the plate. All chondrocytes get calcified and replaced with bone tissue

primary ossification center

a region where bone tissue will replace most of the cartilage

necrosis

accidental death of cells and tissues, causes inflammation; increases cell volume

Skeletal and cardiac are striated with

actin and myocine

anagen

active phase of the hair growth cycle

mesenchymal cell

adult stem cell from which most connective tissue cells are derived

striation

alignment of parallel actin and myosin filaments which form a banded pattern

gap junction

allows cytoplasmic communications to occur between cells

clotting

also called coagulation; complex process by which blood components form a plug to stop bleeding

lamina propria

areolar connective tissue underlying a mucous membrane

loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular. Stores energy, binds tissues, net like support system

Process of aging

atrophy, loss of cell elasticity, passageway tightening, nerve impulse slowed, cell regeneration slows.

lunula

basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium, typically white looking

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Injury process

blood pours out of broken blood vessels, blood starts to clot, basale cells become overactive to replace lost layer of epidermis, fibroblasts become active and deposit collagen creating granulation tissue in proliferation phase, blood flow increases to second level of vasodilation, immune cells and blood released into dermis and epidermis

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

projection

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

irregular bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

osseous tissue

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

fracture

broken bone

hydroxapatite crystals

calcium based formation, very strong chemical compound that makes up bone

The role of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, fluoride, and omega-3 fatty acids

calcium is needed for hydroxyapatite crystals, vitamin D is vital in absorbing calcium, vitamin K has similar role to vitamin D, fluoride rearranges hydroxyapatite crystals, omega-3 fatty acids reduces inflammation helping osteoblasts become more active

basal cell carcinoma

cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin, causes metabolically active stem cells to go out of control

Pain

caused by the inflammated tissues squeezing pain receptors, as well as the chemical prostaglandin causing the sensation of pain by activating neuron.

hair follicle

cavity or sac from which hair originates

melanocyte

cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin, stimulated by UV rays (not enough UV interferes with Vitamin production, not enough leaves cells unprotected from UV rays and vulnerable to cancer)

osteoblast

cell responsible for forming new bone

mylin sheath

coating that insulates neuron & speeds transmission

scar

collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that is different from normal skin

external callus

collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture, blood vessels repair

vitamin D

compound that aids absorption of calcium and phosphates in the intestine to improve bone health, produced by keratinocytes in epidermis when skin exposed to UV rays, then processed by liver and kidneys

hypercalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

hypocalcemia

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

primary union

condition of a wound where the wound edges are close enough to be brought together and fastened if necessary, allowing quicker and more thorough healing

hypodermis

connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle, mostly adipose tissue, adipose acts as cushion, also made up of areolar connective tissue

connective tissue proper

connective tissue containing a viscous matrix, fibers, and cells.

yellow marrow

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

red marrow

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

synovial membrane

connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of freely movable joints, producing synovial fluid for lubrication

connective tissue membrane

connective tissue that encapsulates organs and lines movable joints

short bone

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

long bone

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

Stretch mark

dermis elasticity is overworked, skin tears

osteoporosis

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

rickets

disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency, which leads to the weakening and malformation of bones

orthopedist

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

totipotent

embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

mesenchyme

embryonic tissue from which connective tissue cells derive

epithelial membrane

epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

Bone matrix

everything inside the osteon

neuron

excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

Bigger bones are caused by

extra pressure on bones, causing bones to become denser and bigger, athletes have bigger and denser bones

matrix

extracellular material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers

elastin fibers

fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis

internal callus

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone, hardened osteoid matrix and bone repairs

periosteum

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments, covers all of the bone's outer surface area but where the articular cartilage, made of outer cellular layer and one fibrous layer

elastic fiber

fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size

reticular fiber

fine fibrous protein, made of collagen subunits, which cross-link to form supporting "nets" within connective tissue

collagen fiber

flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength

ground substance

fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

nail fold

fold of epithelium at that extend over the sides of the nail body, holding it in place,

nail cuticle

fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium

transitional epithelium

form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

tight junction

forms an impermeable barrier between cells

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

impacted fracture

fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another

parenchyma

functional cells of a gland or organ, in contrast with the supportive or connective tissue of a gland or organ

simple branched tubular

gastric glands, mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum

albinism

genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production

keratohyalin

granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum

tissue

group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

mucous gland

group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant

serous gland

group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface

exocrine gland

group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body

endocrine gland

groups of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood

Cilia

hair like, helps move particles, long

Accessory structure

hair, nails, glands

bone

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton, called osseous tissue

cardiac muscle

heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

medullary cavity

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

transverse fracture

horizontal fracture

modeling

horizontal growth of bones

basement membrane

in epithelial tissue, a thin layer of fibrous material that anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue; made up of the basal lamina and reticular lamina

medulla

in hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix

cuticle

in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb

cortex

in hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb

Microvilli

increases surface area for absorption, short

Injury cell process

injury causes cell damage and emit chemical signals for inflammation, histamine occur, increased blood flow and thus inflammation. Coagulation occurs, fibrin protein seal injury and scab forms. Fibroblasts replace lost collagen, tissues repair with new "granulation tissue" filling the space left by injury.

endoderm

innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive

internal root sheath

innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft

melanosome

intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis

Freckles

irregular accumulations of melanin

hair

keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis

hair matrix

layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows, covers hair root with an inner and outer root sheath and glassy membrane, connects root to hair papilla

glassy membrane

layer of connective tissue that surrounds the base of the hair follicle, connecting it to the dermis

nail bed

layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms, pink part

myelin

layer of lipid inside some neuroglial cells that wraps around the axons of some neurons

dermis

layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Two layers of connective tissue

diploë

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

stratum lucidum

layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits, made up of dead cells

stratum spinosum

layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes, made up of keratinocytes

stratum granulosum

layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum, made up of keratinocytes

fibrocyte

less active form of fibroblast

adipocytes

lipid storage cells

simple coiled tubular gland

long, coiled, tubelike gland; long duct

central canal

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

atrophy

loss of mass and function

nail body

main keratinous plate that forms the nail

closed reduction

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

stretch mark

mark formed on the skin due to a sudden growth spurt and expansion of the dermis beyond its elastic limits

hair papilla

mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, nerve endings, and melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle

reticular lamina

matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane

zone of maturation

matured chondrocytes closer to epiphysis than proliferate zone

anchoring junction

mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

Perichondrium

membrane that covers cartilage

histology

microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function

mesoderm

middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive

fibroblast

most abundant cell type in connective tissue, secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space

calcified matrix zone

most chondrocytes dead; matrix being replaced by bone, closer to epiphysis than zone of maturation

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage, smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance

stratum corneum

most superficial layer of the epidermis, made up of keratinized dead cells

Epithelial membrane types

mucous, serous, cutaneous

myocyte

muscle cells

The 4 tissue types

muscular, epithelial, connective, nervous

eponychium

nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body, also called the cuticle

Bed sore

necrosis of cutaneous membrane due to continuous pressure towards blood vessels

oligodendrocyte

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the brain

Schwann cell

neuroglial cell that produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system

sebum

oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids that lubricates the skin and hair

hole

opening or depression in a bone

skeletal system

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

acne

overproduction of sebum, clotting of pore

external root sheath

outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root

ectoderm

outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive

epidermis

outermost tissue layer of the skin, contains melanocytes, langerhancells, keratinocytes,

hair shaft

part of hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle, cuticle, cortex, and medulla

hair root

part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle

nail root

part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis from which the nail grows

second-degree burn

partial-thickness burn that injures the epidermis and a portion of the dermis

chronic inflammation

persists over time, can lead to diease

melanin

pigment that determines the color of hair and skin, protects skin from UV rays

cell junction

point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

The elements of epithelial cells

polarity, attachment, connections (tight, gap, anchor), continuous regeneration

osteocyte

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the mineral concentration via enzymes

intramembranous ossification

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

wound contraction

process whereby the borders of a wound are physically drawn together

intestinal glands

produce an enzyme-poor "juice" containing mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine

Calcitrol

produced by kidneys, active form of vitamin D, helps absorb calcium and phosphate in digestive system to release through urine, decreases calcium blood level

proliferate zone

produces new chondrocytes

spiral fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Merkel cell

receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch

Pheomelanin

reddish-yellow pigment

Signs of inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain

secondary ossification center

region of bone development in the epiphyses

Osteoid

secreted by osteoblasts, matrix that sets hardened

apocrine secretion

release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell

holocrine secretion

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

merocrine secretion

release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis

acute inflammation

resolves over time by healing

inflammation

response of tissue to injury

telogen

resting phase of the hair growth cycle initiated with catagen and terminated by the beginning of a new anagen phase of hair growth

compound tubuloalveolar

salivary glands, glands of respiratory passages, pancreas

simple branched alveolar gland

sebaceous glands

Growth Hormone (GH)

secreted by pituitary gland, stimulates chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate and stimulates osteoblasts

Thyroxine

secreted by thyroid gland, stimulates osteoblasts

Calitonin

secreted by thyroid, inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates calcium uptake in bones, increasing calcium blood level

compound tubular gland

secretory portions are coiled tubules, usually branched, mucous glands

compound alveolar gland

secretory portions are irregularly branched tubules with numerous saclike outgrowths, mammary glands

cartilage

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

Blister

shearing of epidermis strata and fluid difusses out

mesothelium

simple squamous epithelial tissue which covers the major body cavities and is the epithelial portion of serous membranes

Gland

single or group of cell that secretes substances

integumentary system

skin and its accessory structures

eczema

skin condition due to an allergic reaction, which resembles a rash

vitiligo

skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches

cutaneous membrane

skin; epithelial tissue made up of a stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body

sutural

skull bones that have fused

nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

sesamoid bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

arrector pili

smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair "stand up", connects to hair root, when pulled up it makes goosebumps

bedsore

sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers

adipose tissue

specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat; brown: store lipids as droplets and has high metabolic activity; white: store lipids as single large droplet, less metabolic activity

fluid connective tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

Langerhans cell

specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage

Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton's Jelly)

specialized loose connective tissue present in the umbilical cord

Elements of connective tissue

specialized, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance

metastasis

spread of cancer cells from a source to other parts of the body

astrocyte

star-shaped cell in the central nervous system that regulates ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contributes to the formation of the blood-brain barrier

Estrogen and testosterone effect on bone

stimulates osteoblasts, causing growth spurts and conversion of epiphyseal plate to line

parathyroid hormone

stimulates osteoclasts, increases remodeling and reabsorption of calcium, decreases calcium blood level

hair bulb

structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla

desmosome

structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells

first-degree burn

superficial burn that injures only the epidermis

papillary layer

superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue, fat tissue, small blood vessels, phagocytes, and Meissner corpuscles, contains dermal papilla

Skeletal system function

support, facilitates movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, store minerals & fat

neuroglia

supportive neural cells, repairs tissue framework, performs phagocytosis, regulates interstitial fluid, provides neuron with nutrients

open reduction

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture, skin is broken through by bone

sudoriferous gland

sweat gland that secretes watery substance

apical

that part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

callus

thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion

hyponychium

thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail

flat bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs, two layers of sponge bone sandwiched by compact bone called diploe

basal lamina

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

tissue membrane

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, organs, and internal cavities

mucous membrane

tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment

simple columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs

simple cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules

simple squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epithelium

tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion

stratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

stratified cuboidal epithelium

tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

endothelium

tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a simple squamous epithelium

fibrocartilage

tough form of cartilage, made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance

catagen

transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle

diaphysis

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone, walls made up of compact bone

corn

type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force

elastic cartilage

type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity

supportive connective tissue

type of connective tissue that provides strength to the body and protects soft tissue

reticular tissue

type of loose connective tissue that provides a supportive framework to soft organs, such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and the liver

sebaceous gland

type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair by secreting sebum (lipids), causes acne, hormonally controlled, secreted via holocrine

keloid

type of scar that has layers raised above the skin surface because of overproduction of collagen during healing process

melanoma

type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin, the worst skin cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

type of skin cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, creates lesions

basal cell

type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis

keratin

type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties

apocrine sweat gland

type of sudoferous sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions

eccrine sweat gland

type of sudoferous sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation, produced via merocrine

serous membrane

type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid

muscle tissue

type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

nervous tissue

type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

epithelial tissue

type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion. Mostly all avascular.

connective tissue

type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body's organs and systems

goblet cell

unicellular gland found in columnar epithelium that secretes mucous

skeletal muscle

usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated

lymph

watery fluid, mostly lymphocytes

articulation

where two bone surfaces meet

epiphysis

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

vasodilation

widening of blood vessels

secondary union

wound healing facilitated by wound contraction, sometimes require stitches to prevent scaring