Org B Test One

Behavioral Models

"I have a coworker who is currently failing miserably at this type of job."

Persuasion from Others

"My coworkers told me I won't be able to do this job."

Different schedules of reinforcement

-Continuous -Fixed Ratio -Variable Ratio -Fixed Interval -variable interval

Perceiver and Target Characteristics

-Cultural Similarity -Previous interactions between perceiver and target

Met expectations

Alignment: Satisfaction results when the expectations of the individual are met.

Job enlargement

Combining tasks of comparable difficulty

Require scientific validation

Confidence that tests recommended by consultants or vendors are backed by independent and reputable research supporting tests' correlation with job performance

_______ are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.

Demographics

Need fulfillment

Desires: Satisfaction is determined by the extent to which the characteristics of the job allow an individual to meet his or her desires and requirements.

Which of the following statements is true?

Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and financial performance.

Idiosyncratic deals

Employment terms that fit the organization's constraints, fulfill the employee's desires, and are negotiated by the individual

Indirect Blindness

Example: A drug company deflects attention from a price increase by selling rights to another company, which imposes the increases. Remedy: When handing off or outsourcing work, ask whether the assignment might invite unethical behavior and take ownership of the implications.

True or False: Theory X employees find self-engaging activities within the company and are committed to their jobs.

False Explanation Theory X views employees as disgruntled, unwilling to work without motivation. Theory Y's perspective is to see employees as engaged and committed.

True or False: Explaining the what, where, how, and why is an example of being fit and fair when monitoring performance. Group starts

False Explanation This is an example of being transparent where the primary motive is for performance improvement.

Acquire outside help

Knowledge of existing personality tests available through professional organizations or industrial-organizational psychologists

Job characteristics model

Motivation due to positive internal feelings of doing well instead of relying on external factors such as increased salaries and more generous benefits

Value attainment

Perception: Satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important work ideals

Manuel works for ABC Corporation. He feels quite comfortable expressing his opinions about a wide variety of issues facing the company without fear of reprisal. This reflects ABC's

Psychological safety

The tendency to rely heavily on the newest information

Recency effect

central tendency

The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and provide average ratings regardless of actual performance

True or False: Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation; it influences how we perceive ourselves and how we perceive the world.

True Explanation Efficacy is a component of a person's core self-evaluation and represents confidence in one's ability to do something. It influences how one perceives the world and the ability to deal with inherent challenges and opportunities.

True or False: To practice conscious capitalism, an organization should be interdependent with stakeholders

True Explanation Four key principles of conscious capitalism are higher purpose, stakeholder interdependence, conscious leadership, and conscious culture.

True or False: Job satisfaction is not a unitary concept; a person may be satisfied with one aspect of his or her job and dissatisfied with one or more other aspects. Group starts

True Explanation Job satisfaction is not a unitary concept. Rather, a person can be relatively satisfied with one aspect of her or his job and dissatisfied with one or more other aspects.

True or False: Intentions are influenced by the three general motives in Ajzen's model: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.

True Explanation Managers may be able to influence behavioral change by doing or saying things that affect the three determinants of an employee's intention to exhibit a specific behavior.

True or False: According to the acquired needs theory, we are not born with our needs but instead learn them as we go about living our lives.

True Explanation Our needs are acquired and we are not born with them according to David McClelland's acquired needs theory.

True or False: Perception is influenced by three key components: the characteristics of the perceiver, of the target, and of the situation. Group starts

True Explanation Perception is influenced by three key components: the characteristics of the perceiver, of the target, and of the situation.

True or False: Renowned psychologist, Martin Seligman, proposed that "well-being" is made up positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (or PERMA). Group starts

True Explanation Seligman also believes that you don't have to be cheerful to be physically or psychologically healthy.

True or False: The two components of hope are willpower and waypower.

True Explanation The two components of hope are willpower and waypower.

True or False: People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations.

True Explanation People program themselves for success or failure by enacting their self-efficacy expectations.

________ is the shared belief that drives people to help others who are suffering.

compassion

Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Situational Characteristics

context

Rosario and Pamela work together. They are also friends outside of work. Rosario and Pamela are constantly texting each other. Their supervisor comments that, while this might be fine outside of work, it's inappropriate to constantly text each other in the office. This is an example of

context of interaction

What kind of a response is a manager completing when he or she eliminates the situation in which the problem occurs?

dissolving

The ________ model suggests that managers should monitor employees' perceptions of fairness.

equity

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of ________ outcomes.

expected

Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior

explains how attitudes affect behavior.

A virtuous leader demonstrates all of the following except

following immoral principles virtuous leader demonstrates include: -being guided by integrity. -promoting trust. -fostering forgiveness. -focusing on the greater good.

The organizational dimensions of diversity include all of the following except

income included: -seniority. -management status. -work location. -union affiliation.

Effective feedback is

information

The potential to understand and regulate yourself is ________ intelligence

intrapersonal

Self-determination theory focuses on the needs that drive ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Devon enjoys the job that he's been at since graduating from college three years ago. He has a friend who just took a similar position at another firm and the company has an opening that would fit Devon's experience. The company is offering a 20 percent wage increase, as well a leadership role after a three-month training program. When considering this offer, Devon is thinking about ________ factors.

situation

Xavier and Kevin both work as line employees at the Widget Corporation plant. They are both big fans of the San Francisco Forty-Niners and meet at game times in local sports bars to watch the game. They are probably providing ________ to each other.

social companionship

Attitude towards the behavior

the degree to which your evaluation of the behavior is favorable or unfavorable

Theory Y

work is natural and capable of directing yourself

advice about personality testing

-Educate test administrators -Acquire outside help -Figure out what you hope to accomplish -Require scientific validation -Document the legal basis for the assessment

Perceptual Errors

-Halo effect -Leniency -Central Tendency -Recency effect -Contrast effect

Leniency

A consistent tendency to evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion

________ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.

Autonomy

Damarra recently visited the Mayan temple at Chitzen Itza in the Yucatan. She was humbled by its feeling of age and history, particularly because she is of Mayan descent. ________ is the emotion she is likely feeling.

Awe

True or False: "Individual differences" is a narrow category only used to describe the "Big Five" personality attributes. Group starts

False Explanation "Individual differences" is a broad category used to collectively describe the vast number of attributes (e.g., traits and behaviors) that describe you as a person.

Logical-mathematical intelligence

Potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation.

With only five years left until his planned retirement, Edward was quite upset when he was removed from a project team comprised mostly of Millennials. It is quite possible that the Millennials were reacting to a __________ of older workers.

Stereotypes

Contrast effect

The tendency to evaluate by comparison

Halo effect

The tendency to evaluate specific aspects of performance based on overall impressions

True or False: Hard skills are the technical expertise and knowledge required to do a particular task or job function, such as financial analysis, accounting, or operations.

True

True or false: Assimilation and denial are options for action to address diversity issues in an organization; however, they are not among the preferred options. Group starts

True Explanation Exclusion, denial, assimilation, suppression, isolation, and toleration are among the least preferred options for effective diversity management.

Different motivators are needed for employees working at small firms. These include all of the following except

a "one style fits all" approach. actual motivators include: -involve employees in decision making. -flexible work hours. -reward(s) for good performance.

soft skills include

active listening decision making critical thinking

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor in Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model?

advancement

You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking on your smoke-free campus if you have no intention of confronting the smoker. Your intention reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking on campus.

behavioral

Schwartz value theory

believes that values are motivational and that they "represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time." Values are relatively stable and can influence behavior outside of our awareness. It is these motivational mechanisms that give values their ability to influence behavior.

_______ is defined as the state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake.

flow

Which of the following is the most fixed of a person's individual differences?

intelligence

Sam needs to study for an upcoming test in his business law course. His roommate is driving him crazy by singing and whistling. Sam heads for the library and finds a quiet room in the back so he can study more effectively. Sam is increasing his

mindfullness

A person will experience ________ when his or her outcome to input ratio is less than that of a relevant comparison person.

negative inequity

In the recency perceptual error, a person

over relies on information from the last portion of the review period.

Marcos set himself a goal of being able to hold plank for 5 minutes by the end of 4 weeks. This is a(n) ________ goal.

performance

Which of the following is not a factor that affects perceptions of feedback?

personal relationship with the feedback giver factors that affects perceptions of feedback include: -fairness of the system -reasonableness of the goals or standards -credible source -accuracy

Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as ________ behavior.

respondent

Behavioral outcomes of job satisfaction

-Job performance -Organizational citizenship -Counterproductive work -turnover

Target Characteristics

-Slouching -Facial Attractiveness -Height -clothing

Theory X and Theory Y

A motivation theory that suggests that management attitudes toward workers fall into two opposing categories based on management assumptions about worker capabilities and values.

Motivated Blindness

Example: Baseball officials failed to notice they'd created conditions that encouraged steroid use. Remedy: Root out conflicts of interest. Simply being aware of them doesn't necessarily reduce their negative effect on decision making

III-conceived goals

Example: The pressure to maximize billable hours in accounting, consulting, and law firms leads to unconscious padding. Remedy: Brainstorm unintended consequences when devising goals and incentives. Consider alternative goals that may be more important to reward.

True or False: Intelligence cannot be modified or altered.

False Explanation Research has shown that intelligence, like personality, can be altered or modified in a number of ways.

True or False: According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, hygiene factors are more frequently associated with the content of the task being performed.

False Explanation According to this theory, motivating factors are more frequently associated with factors in the work content of the task being performed.

Interpersonal intelligence

Potential to understand, connect with, and effectively work with others.

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement.

Which of the following is not a primary output and function of most performance management systems?

Providing punishment primary output and function of most performance management systems include: -documentation for legal purposes -career planning -performance ratings -feedback

True or False: Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions. Group starts

True Explanation Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions).

True or False: Performance management is a set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations. Group starts

True Explanation Performance management is a set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.

Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of

-emotional stability. -locus of control. -generalized self-efficacy. -self-esteem.

True or False: Job crafting may involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of a job, or cognitions about the job. Group starts

True Explanation job crafting can involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of the job, or cognitive crafting.

motivational approaches to job design.

-Job enrichment -Job enlargement -Idiosyncratic deals -Scientific management -Job crafting -Job rotation -Job characteristics model

various intelligences according to Gardner

-Logical-mathematical intelligence -Linguistic intelligence -Musical intelligence -Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence -Spatial intelligence -Intrapersonal intelligence -Interpersonal intelligence -Naturalistic intelligence

Attitudinal outcome of job satisfaction

-Motivation -Job involvement -Withdrawal cognitions -Perceived stress

Aspects of job satisfaction

-Need fulfillment -Dispositional/Genetic Components -Value attainment -Met expectations -Equity

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it assumes that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group?

Assimilation

When Martin has a perceived conflict with a coworker, he will send them emails that are taunting or insulting. This is an example of

CWB Explanation Examples of counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) include bullying, theft, gossiping, backstabbing, drug and alcohol abuse, destroying organizational property, violence, purposely doing bad or incorrect work, surfing the Internet for personal use, excessive socializing, tardiness, sabotage, and sexual harassment.

True or False: Diversity refers to age, gender, and religion, but does not include personality.

False Explanation Diversity pertains to the host of individual differences that make all of us unique and different from others. In fact, personality is at the center of the diversity wheel because it represents a stable set of characteristics responsible for a person's identity.

True or False: In Maslow's need hierarchy, the most basic need (and the one that must be met first) is physiological. Group starts

True Explanation physiological is the most basic need. It entails having enough food, air, and water to survive.

________ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.

onboarding Explanation Onboarding programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities.

Which of the following is not a soft skill?

operations

________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.

organizational commitment

True or False: The goal of the job characteristics model is to promote low extrinsic motivation.

False Explanation The goal of the job characteristic model is to promote high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs that possess the five core job characteristics

True or False: Effective managers give employees timely and task-specific feedback about what they are doing right, as well as about what they are doing wrong. Group starts

True Explanation Step 3 is to provide support and feedback, which is about helping employees achieve their goals. Managers should give employees timely and task-specific feedback (knowledge of results) about what they are doing right and wrong.

True or False: The three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying, buffering, and positivity.

True Explanation the three effects of positive organizational behavior are amplifying, buffering, and positivity.

Noel says, "I can type 70 words per minute with no errors." He is expressing

a high self- efficacy

True or False: An employee who values tradition and conformity over achievement will be more than happy to work on a holiday or to miss a child's soccer game.

False Explanation This is a conflicting value for someone who values tradition and conformity over achievement. This employee will not want to miss an important family event.

True or False: Research has shown that despite the assumption many managers make, proactivity is unrelated to work performance.

False Explanation example, proactivity is related to increased performance, satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and social networking.

True or False: A learning goal involves enhancing knowledge or skill.

True Explanation A learning goal involves enhancing knowledge or skill.

Theory X

basically lazy people. Individual perspective, don't wan tot take responsibility, don't wan to work, need to be told what to do in order to get it done

Samantha is ambitious and has taken a position with XYZ Corporation as a management trainee. She is looking forward to going through challenging projects as she rotates through several departments of the company over the next two years. However, she also just became engaged, and wants to spend time with her fiancé. Which of the following would best describe what Samantha is seeking?

total rewards

Personal attitudes affect ________ via ________.

behavior, intentions

True or False: Feedback has only one primary purpose for those who receive it: motivation.

False Explanation Experts say feedback serves two functions for those who receive it: one is instructional and the other motivational.

True or False: Female entrepreneurs looking for funding for their start-ups have an easier time than their male counterparts in obtaining venture capital due to gender bias on the part of investors.

False Explanation In actuality, female entrepreneurs have a more difficult time than their male counterparts in obtaining venture capital.

True or False: When making attributions about a worker's performance, people can assign responsibility to either internal or external factors.

True Explanation Behavior can be attributed either to internal factors within a person (such as ability) or to external factors within the environment (such as a difficult task).

True or False: Organizations should encourage positive deviance in the workplace.

True Explanation Positive deviance is successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction, which is good for the organization.

Figure out what you hope to accomplish

Understanding of which aspects of the position are most critical for applicant-position fit

True or False: Content theories of motivation focus on how internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation.

False Explanation Process theories of motivation focus on explaining the process by which internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation.

True or False: Step 1 of the performance management process is monitoring and evaluating performance.

False Explanation Step 1 is to define performance—set goals and communicate performance expectations.

True or False: When you are startled by an unexpected loud noise or react to the touch of a hot surface, you are demonstrating operant behavior.

False Explanation This is an example of respondent behavior, which describes automatic reactions to stimuli, or stimulus-response.

True or False: Intrinsic rewards are psychic and self-granted.

True Explanation Financial, material, and social rewards qualify as extrinsic rewards because they come from the environment. Psychic rewards, however, are intrinsic rewards because they are self-granted.

True or False: The self-reinforcing and perpetuating aspect of positive emotions, can lead to upward spirals of positivity. Group starts

True Explanation If you help someone in a meaningful or even a small way, that person is more likely to help others. This means not only do you reap the benefits of helping somebody else, but that person also benefits, and so does the person he or she helps, and this has a spiral effect.

True or False: Attitudes have three components: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.

True Explanation The three components of attitudes are affective, cognitive, and behavioral.

True or False: Job enlargement is the process of modifying a job to increase the opportunities to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.

False Explanation Job enlargement involves putting more variety into a worker's job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty. Job enrichment is the process of modifying a job to increase the opportunities to experience achievement, recognition, stimulating work, responsibility, and advancement.

True or False: Intensity pertains to the amount of effort being invested in an activity.

True Explanation "Direction pertains to what an individual is attending to at a given time, intensity represents the amount of effort being invested in the activity, and persistence represents for how long that activity is the focus of one's attention" (Schmidt, Beck, Gillespie).

True or False: Intense political debate is a technique of practicing mindfulness.

False Explanation Mindfulness is defined as the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment. Two techniques for practicing mindfulness are breathing meditation and walking mediation.

Hard Skills vs Soft Skills

Hard- job specific, such as knowing how to operate a specific proprietary computer system or some type of specialized machine Soft- portable skills. These are the types of skills that can be utilized in a variety of jobs, situations, or careers.

Lorenzo, a new lawyer at Hughes, Hernandez, and Long, is under pressure to maximize his billable hours. If he doesn't bill enough hours, he will receive negative performance reviews and is likely to lose his job. Lorenzo starts rounding up the minutes on each of his phone calls and meetings to the next 10-minute level. This is an example of

III-conceived goals

Overvaluing Outcomes

Example: A researcher whose fraudulent clinical trial saves lives is considered more ethical than one whose fraudulent trial leads to deaths. Remedy: Examine both "good" and "bad" decisions for their ethical implications. Reward solid decision processes, not just good outcomes.

Slippery Slope

Example: Auditors may be more likely to accept a client firm's questionable financial statements if infractions have accrued over time. Remedy: Be alert for even trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately. Investigate whether a change in behavior has occurred.

True or False: Acting unethically also means that the person is participating in illegal activity.

False

True or False: The interactional perspective states that behavior is a function of individual, group, and organizational factors.

False

True or False: Self-esteem is a broad personality trait composed of self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability

False Explanation Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits: generalized self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability.

True or False: Organizational commitment exists to the degree that the person is satisfied with his or her job.

False Explanation Organizational commitment exists to the degree that personal values generally match the values that support a company's organizational culture

True or False: According to the contingency approach there is always a single way to manage people, teams, or organizations.

False explanation: A contingency approach calls for using the OB concepts and tools that best suit the situation, instead of trying to rely on "one best way." What worked with one employee, may not work with another.

Dispositional/Genetic Components

Job satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors. Traits: Satisfaction is partly a function of stable personal traits.

True or False: The "organizing framework" for understanding and applying OB is based on the systems approach.

True

True or False: Unethical behavior erodes trust, and also negatively affects cooperation in organizations. Group starts

True

true or false: Situations and people are both dynamic—they change.

True

True or False: Ethnocentrism is based on the feeling that our cultural rules and norms are superior to or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.

True Explanation Ethnocentrism is one of the common barriers to implementing successful diversity programs

True or False: One cause of the increase in intelligence observed in developed countries is better nutrition.

True Explanation Experts at an American Psychological Association conference concluded, "Some combination of better schooling, improved socioeconomic status, healthier nutrition, and a more technologically complex society might account for the gains in IQ scores."

True or False: People with an external locus of control generally earn lower salaries than those with an internal locus of control.

True Explanation People with an external locus of control demonstrate less motivation for performance when offered valued rewards, earn lower salaries and smaller salary increases, and tend to be more anxious.

True or False: The term glass ceiling identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.

True Explanation This term was coined in 1986 and various statistics support the existence of the glass ceiling.

True or False: Linguistic intelligence is the potential to learn and use spoken and written languages.

True Explanation linguistic intelligence is the potential to learn and use spoken and written languages.

Interpersonal skills involve:

active listening positive attitude respectful interactions does not include: teamwork

People with __________ often see the causes of events in their lives as due to luck or other environmental factors.

an external locus of control

Subjective norm

an individual's perception of the social pressures to perform or not perform a particular behavior perceived social pressure for or against the behavior

Stage 1 of social perception is

selective attention/comprehension.

Perceived behavioral control

the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior, based on past experiences

Schwartz's model suggests that

values may conflict with each other. Explanation Schwartz proposes that values that are in opposing directions from the center of his model conflict with each other.

The final step of the three-step approach of the organizing framework is

make recommendations

Perceiver Characteristics

-Stereotypes -Distraction _goals and needs -Emotions

Intention in Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior

-Subjective norm -Attitude towards the behavior -Perceived behavioral control

Factors that increase employee engagement

-Work variety -Timely feedback -Supportive leadership

Factors that decrease employee engagement

-abundant stressors -negative relationships with management -depleting organizational climate

Outcomes of Employee Engagement

-better health -Job performance -profitability & customer satisfaction -Productivity

The following are the basic dimensions of the Big Five personality dimensions

-conscientiousness -openness to experience -extraversion -agreeableness

The components of Emotional Intelligence

-self-awareness -self-management -social awareness -relationship management

Examples of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) include

-training and onboarding programs. -constructive statements about the company. -respecting housekeeping rules. -suggestions for improvement.

Document the legal basis for the assessment

Assurance that the test does not violate any laws or adversely affect protected classes

Musical intelligence

Potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music.

Linguistic intelligence

Potential to learn and use spoken and written languages.

Naturalistic intelligence

Potential to live in harmony with one's environment.

Spatial intelligence

Potential to recognize and use patterns.

Intrapersonal intelligence

Potential to understand and regulate oneself.

Educate test administrators

Proper test administration and confidentiality training for every employee who will administer tests or analyze results

Coaching

Provide the employee with frequent suggestions, advice, and praise as they tackle the job.

Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudices

This barrier manifests itself in the belief that differences are viewed as weaknesses. In turn, this promotes the view that diversity hiring will mean sacrificing competence and quality.

Ethnocentrism

This barrier represents the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.

Equity

Treatment: Satisfaction is a function of how fairly individuals are treated at work.

________ occurs when we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out through third parties.

indirect blindness

The person-situation distinction allows you to consider unique individual factors as well as situation factors that might be the source of the problem. If an employee leaves because his or her job has become boring and less meaningful, this reflects a(n) ________ factor.

individual