Org Theory & Management Final Exam Study Set

Hofstede's taxonomy of cultural values

-Individualism-Collectivism -Power Distance -Uncertainty Avoidance -Masculinity-Femininity -Short-Term vs. Long-Term Orientation

What taxonomies can be used to describe personality, other than the Big Five?

-The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (extraversion, sensing, thinking, judging) -RIASEC model (realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional)

Types of Cognitive Ability

1. Verbal 2. Quantitative 3. Reasoning 4. Spatial 5. Perceptual

matrix structure

A complex form of organizational structure that combines a functional and multi-divisional grouping. Best for: flexibility & flexible teams. Gives 2 chains of command, 2 groups to consider, & 2 sources of info

pooled interdependence

A form of task independence in which group members complete their work assignments independently, and then their work is simply added together to represent the group's output.

reciprocal interdependence

A form of task interdependence in which group members interact with only a limited subset of other members to complete the team's work.

sequential interdependence

A form of task interdependence in which group members perform different tasks in a prescribed sequence, and members depend on only the member who comes before them in the sequence.

Distributive Bargaining

A negotiation strategy in which one person gains and the other person loses

Integrative Bargaining

A negotiation strategy that achieves an outcome that is satisfying for both parties

Arbitration

A process by which a third party determines a binding settlement to a dispute between two parties

Mediation

A process by which a third party facilitates a dispute resolution process but with no formal authority to dictate a solution

Brainstorming

A team process used to generate creative ideas. AKA "thought-starting meeting"

social loafing

A type of motivational loss resulting from members feeling less accountable for team outcomes relative to independent work that results in individually identifiable outcomes

RIASEC model

An interest framework summarized by six different personality types including realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Bureaucratic Structure

An organizational form that exhibits many of the facets of a mechanistic organization. They are designed for efficiency & rely on high levels of specialization, formalization, centralization of authority, rigid & well-defined chains of command, & narrow spans of control.

Functional Structure

An organizational structure composed of all the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services.

task coordinator activities

Boundary-spanning activities that are intended to coordinate task-related issues with people or groups in other functional areas

Agreeable people prioritize _____.

Communion striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality

___________ employees are more likely to behave in citizenship behaviors because they tend to be more punctual and tend to be more available to offer the extra mile

Conscientious

Which of the following is true regarding restructuring?

In recent years, the most popular type has been "flattening."

Moderately Effective Influence Tactics

Ingratiation, Personal Appeals, Apprising

Boundary Spanning

Interactions among team members and individuals and groups who are not part of the team

product structure

Organizational structure in which functional departments are grouped under major product divisions. Best for: when firms diversify to the point their products are so different that managing them becomes overwhelming

geographic structure

Organizational structure in which geographic regions define the organizational chart. Best for: different tastes form customers in geographic regions, sizes of locations, manufacturing & distribution

Types of Leadership Powers

Organizational: Legitimate, Reward, Coercive Personal: Referent & Expert

Negotiator Biases

Perceived power relationship between the parties; Negotiator emotions

least effective influence tactics

Pressure, Coalitions, Exchange

Basic Underlying Assumptions

Taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that are so ingrained that employees simply act on them rather than questioning the validity of their behavior in a given situation

perceptual ability

The capacity to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information

situational strength

The degree to which situations have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important

Role-taking

The phase in a leader-follower relationship when a leader provides an employee with job expectations and the follower tries to meet those expectations

personality

The structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. Creates people's social reputations.

Which of the following is true of programs like Slack and Adobe Connect?

They give the ability to analyze real-time problems.

Which of the following is true of virtual teams?

They should progress through normal team stages just like in-person teams.

Compliance

When targets of influence are willing to do what the leader asks but do it with a degree of ambivalence

reasoning ability

a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic. Includes: problem sensitivity, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, & originality

Faultlines

a phenomenon that occurs in diverse groups whereby informal subgroups develop based on similarity in surface-level attributes such as gender or other characteristics

Conscientious employees prioritize __________ ________.

accomplishment striving

networking ability (political skill)

an adeptness at identifying and developing diverse contacts

Networked Culture

an organizational culture type in which employees are friendly to one another, but everyone thinks differently and does his or her own thing

Mercenary Culture

an organizational culture type in which employees think alike but are not friendly to one another

client structure

an organizational form in which employees are organized around serving customers. (Ex: small banks are broken into division such as small business banking, personal banking, personal lending, etc.) Best for: companies w/large amounts of customers or groups of customers

The idea that employees would quit working for Enron if their values were different than those at the company is consistent with the

attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) framework

Applicants may be attracted to Dentsu because of their new, lower-pressure culture, and others who want a high-pressure culture won't be as likely to apply, according to the

attraction-selection-attrition framework.

matrix structure advantage

better specialization to respond to local trends & coordinate logistics

multi-divisional structure

bureaucratic organizational forms in which employees are grouped into divisions around products, geographic regions, or clients Best for: when companies w/functional structures whose interests and goals become too diverse for the structure

spatial ability

capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space

cognitive ability

capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving

general cognitive ability (g-factor)

capabilities related to the use of knowledge to make decisions and solve problems

The Big Five Taxonomy

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

describes how leader-member relationships develop over time on a dyadic basis

Negotiation Strategies

distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining

Fragmented Culture

employees are distant and disconnected from one another

Communal Culture

employees are friendly to one another and all think alike

Shelly praised Susan via email for how well she executed an employee training program last week. Shelly is engaging in the __________ process using a __________ medium.

encoding; written

New Belgium Brewery's core values and beliefs that speak to environmental ethics are an example of a(n)

espoused value

Goal Interdependence

exists when team members have a shared vision of the team's goal and align their individual goals with that vision as a result

Jezebel is completing a work assignment and sends an email to her supervisor asking for clarification. Her supervisor's response to her initial email represents which step in the communication process?

feedback

Comprehensive [task] interdependence

form of task interdependence in which group members have a great deal of discretion in terms of what they do and with whom they interact in the course of the collaboration involved in accomplishing the team's work

Product structure advantage

functional specialists can focus & unify around their product line

According to your text, team members can best operate more independently when they

have high levels of team-relevant knowledge from outside experts.

Four I's of Transformational Leadership

idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration

Neuroticism is also strongly related to

locus of control, which reflects whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or their environment

The Louis Vuitton new manufacturing sites in France are not consolidated into one very large factory, so the smaller size will help

lower formalization.

The Five Aspects of Team Composition

member roles, member ability, member personality, team diversity, team size

In the past, Sony's entertainment divisions were separated by geographic region, suggesting what organizational structure?

multi-divisional

Neuroticism is synonymous with

negative affectivity, a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance

Ahmad works at a catering company. One afternoon, he receives word of a venue change and informs his supervisor via email. Ahmad's supervisor never receives the email because the server is down. This disturbance is an example of

noise

Jeff Lebesch talks about how he started brewing beer at home with a friend. A story is a type of _____, which serves the purpose to _____.

observable artifact; emphasize company values

hierarchical sensitivity

openness to his team members' ideas

One Smooth Stone's goal to respond quickly to clients' needs suggests it has what type of structure?

organic

This type of team can be very effective remotely because the members are working in their normal jobs and only come together when there is an issue.

parallel team

Negotiation Stages

preparation, exchanging information, bargaining, closing commitment

Given that employees at One Smooth Stone work in units focused on one project at a time, the company's organizational form may be best described as what type of structure?

product

Most Effective Influence Tactics

rational persuasion, consultation, inspirational appeals, collaboration

trends

recurring regularities in people's responses to their environment. (Ex: responsible, polite, easygoing)

staff validity

refers to the degree to which members make good recommendations to the leader

Quantitative Ability

refers to two types of mathematical capabilities: number facility and mathematical reasoning

verbal ability

refers to various capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication

Ability

relatively stable capabilities of people for performing a particular range of related activities

types of emotional intelligence

self-awareness, other awareness, emotion regulation, use of emotions

The most common form of an organizational form is a ________ structure, while larger companies tend to adopt a more _________ structure.

simple; bureaucratic

Extraverted people prioritize ________.

status striving, a strong desire to obtain power & influence within a social structure as a means of expressing one's personality

What are the contingency factors?

substitutability, discretion, centrality, visibility

When an agency employee reaches out to people in other parts of the organization to discuss products and strategic plans, that employee is engaged in ________, which is one type of ________.

task coordination; boundary-spanning

Additive tasks

tasks for which the contributions from every member add up to determine team performance

Conjunctive tasks

tasks for which the team's performance depends on the abilities of the team's weakest link

Disjunctive tasks

tasks with an objectively verifiable best solution for which the member with the highest level of ability has the most influence on team effectiveness

decision informity

the degree to which team members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities

outcome interdependence

the degree to which team members share equally in the feedback and rewards that result from the team achieving its goals

role making phase

the employee's own expectations for the dyad get mixed in with those of the leader

Influence

the use of an actual behavior that causes behavioral or attitudinal changes in others

Ingratiation

the use of favors, compliments, or friendly behavior to make the target feel better about the influencer

Edison employed four team members representing four nationalities and widely diverse specializations in work backgrounds, seemingly adopting what theory of team diversity?

value in diversity problem-solving

Production Blocking-Coordination Loss

when members have to wait on one another before they can do their part of the team task

process gain

when team outcomes are greater than expected based on the capabilities of the individual members

process loss

when team outcomes are less than expected based on the capabilities of the individual members