Organic Chemistry
What is the temperature required for hydrogenation reactions?
150 degrees celcius
Pressure required for catalytic cracking?
2 atm
What is the temperature at the top of a fractional distillation column.
20
What is the temp used for substitution reaction?
200 degrees celcius
Formula to figure out the number of isomers of an odd alkane?
2^(n-2)
Formula to figure out the number of isomers of an even alkane?
2^(n-2) + 1
What is the optimum temp for fermentation?
30 degrees
What is the temperature required for the addition reaction for alcohol?
300 degrees
What is the optimum temp for the industrial production of ethanol?
300 degrees celcius
What is the temperature of hydration of ethene?
330 degrees celcius
What is the temperature at the bottom of a fractional distillation column?
400
What is the pressure of the hydration of ethene?
60 atm
What is the optimum pressure for the industrial production of ethanol?
60atm
What is the pressure that is required for alchol?
70 atm
What is the temperature in the catalytic cracking column?
700
What is the boiling point of ethanol?
79 degrees
What is ethanol used as?
A biofuel or as a solvent
What is crude oil?
A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms
What is a displayed formula?
A displayed formula shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them
What is a homologous series>
A family of compounds with the same general formula, have similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties
What is the general formula?
A formula that states the ratio of atoms of each element in the formula of every compound in a particular homologous series
What is the catalyst used in hydrogenation reactions?
A nickel catalyst
what is a structural formula?
A structural formula shows the atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups.
What is a fuel?
A substance that releases energy when burned
When drawing esters, what comes first?
Acid, and then alcohol
What is the catalyst used in the creation of carboxylic acids?
Acidified potassium permanganate
What is kerosene used for?
Aircraft fuel
How to name esters?
Alcohol first, and then acid
How are esters formed?
Alcohols and Carboxylic acids
What kind of hydrocarbon undergoes substitution reactions?
Alkanes
Why does bromine not change colour with a.n alkane?
Alkanes do not undergo addition reactions
What are the conditions are needed for substitution reactions?
Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens under the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
What is the hydration of ethene an example of?
An addition reaction
Sources of methane?
Animals and decaying vegetation
What is the trend of colour on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
As carbon chain length increase, colour of the liquid gets darker. Bitumen is the darkest.
Why are fuels released at the bottom very hard to melt?
As the molecules get larger, the intermolecular attraction becomes grater and so more energy is required to break these. bonds
What is fermentation called?
Batch method
What is the trend of molecular size on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
Bigger molecules are released further at the bottom
What is released last in the fractional distillation column>?
Bitumen
What colour do alcohols burn with?
Blue flame
Compound used to distinguish if something is an alkene or alkane?
Bromine Water
What is the alkane has four carbon atoms?
Butane
How to tell the difference between saturated and non saturated fats?
By using bromine water
What is the symbol equation for the hydration of ethene?
C2H4 + H2O --> C2H5OH
What is the symbol equation of the oxidation ethanol?
C2H5OH + O2 --> CH3COOH
What is the formula of crude oil?
C5H12
What is the equation of fermentation?
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
What are the only types of bonds that addition polymerisation occurs?
C=C double bonds
Functional group of carboxylic acids>
COOH
What is soot?
Carbon
What happens when you burn an alcohol?
Carbon dioxide and water
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide and water or Carbon and water
What is oxidised in the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon will oxidise to form carbon dioxide and Hydrogen is oxidised to form water
What is the word equation for esterification?
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol --> Ester + Water
What happens when alcohols are oxidised?
Carboxylic acids are made
What are the two types of isomers?
Chain isomers and Position isomers
What are hydrogenation reactions used for?
Changing vegetable oils into mangnerine to be sold in supermarkets
General formula of Alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula of Carboxylic Acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
General formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
What is the formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What colour are alkanes?
Colourless
What colour are carboxylic acids?
Colourless
How is sulphur diozide formed in car engines?
Combustion of impure hydrocarbons.
What is chain isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae
What is the catalyst used in esterification?
Concentrated Sulfuric acid
What is the catalyst used in the production of industrial alcohol?
Concentrated phosphoric acid
What is the hydration of ethene called?
Continuous process
How is the ethene used in the hydration of ethene obtained?
Cracking of alkane
What does bromine.+ ethene for?
Dibromoethane
What is released fifth from the top of the fractional distillation column?
Diesel
Why do isomers have different structural formula?
Different arrangement if the atoms
What is a position isomer?
Differs in position of functional groups, like bonds
What kind of a reaction is the hydration of ethene?
Equilibrium reaction
What happens if the temperature of the production of ethene is increased?
Equilibrium will shift to the left
What is formed by the addition of alcohol s and carboxylic acids?
Esters
What is the alkane that has two carbon atoms?
Ethane
What is the equation for the oxidisation of ethanol in word?
Ethanol + oxygen --> ethanoic acid + water
What is the product made when reacting ethanol and ethanoic acid?
Ethyl ethanoate
What is the ethanol in beers made from?
Fermentation
What is the need of energy of hydration vs fermentation?
Fermentation is cheaper
When naming esters what are the parts of the name made of?
First part is alcohol and second part is acid
What are esters used in?
Flavourings and perfumes
What is ethanoic acid used for?
Food preservative and food flavourings
How do you make ethanol from fermentation purer?
Fractional distillation
How does catalytic cracking occur in alkenes?
Fractions containing large hydrocarbon molecules are heated, vapours pass over a hot catalyst and this breaks covalent bonds and causes thermal decomposition which forms smaller compounds.
What is diesel used for?
Fuel for cars, lorries and buses
What is gasoline used for?
Fuel in cars
What is released sixth form the top of the fractional distillation column?
Fuel oil
What is the trend of flammability on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
Fuels released at the bottom do not ignite easily
What are refinery gases used for?
Gas cylinders and for domestic use
How do the oxides of nitrogen form in car engines?
Happens when fuels burn in car engines. High temperatures allows nitrogen and oxygen from the air to combine.
What is the trend of boiling points on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
High melting/boiling point
What is the price of fermentation vs hydration?
Hydration is more expensive
What is the renewability of fermentation vs hydration?
Hydration is non-renewable but fermentation is renewable
What is the purity of fermentation vs hydration?
Hydration makes purer ethanol
What is the word reaction for complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen ---> Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is made through the cracking of alkanes?
Hydrogen, alkenes and smaller alkanes
What is incomplete combustion?
If there's not enough oxygen, hydrocarbons cannot combust incompletely
Substitution reactions of Alkanes?
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom.
How does the solubility of alcohols change as you go up the group in increasing carbon atoms?
It becomes less soluble
Why are substances less flammable as they go lower?
It has a longer carbon chain
What is the reaction called when bromine reacts with an alkene?
It is called an addition reaction
What is catalytic cracking?
It is the splitting of larger molecules into smaller ones
What are the dangers of carbon monoxide?
It reduces the capacity of blood cells to carry oxygen
What happens when bromine is added to cyclopropane?
It turns from orange to colourless
What will be the result of adding bromine water to an alkane?
It will remain brown
What is released fourth from the top in the fractional distillation column?
Kerosene
What is the catalyst used for substitution reaction?
Lead Tetraethyl
What is formed by the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium?
Magnesium ethanoate and hydrogen
What is the alkane with 1 carbon atom?
Methane
What kind of salts does methanoic acid form?
Methanoate salts
What is the trend of viscosity on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
Molecules are more viscous as the bottom and they do not flow easily
What is the trend of volatility on the substances that are released at lower temperatures compared to higher temperature?
Molecules are more volatile at top
What is the chemical eqautions for the formation of oxides of nitrogen?
N2 + O2 ---> 2NO and 2NO + O2 ---> 2NO2
What does the prefix tell us?
Number of carbon atoms
What is the functional group of alcohols?
OH
What is complete combustion?
Occurs when there is an unlimited supply of oxygen so that the elements in the fuel react fully with cobustion
How does addition polymerisation work?
One of the bonds in each double bond breaks and forms a bond with the adjacent monomer.
When do alkanes react with halogens?
Only react in the presence of light
What is the catalyst in the industrial production of ethanol?
Phosphoric acid
What is the catalyst used in the hydration of ethene?
Phosphoric acid
What is the alkane that has three carbon atoms?
Propane
What is the pseudonym used to remember the order of release of fractional distillation of crude oil
Real parrot nephews kick dark footballs loudly bro
What is the order of release of fuels in the fractional distillation of crude oil top to bottom?
Refinery Gas, Petrol, Naphta, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel oil, Lubricating oil, Bitumen
What is released at the top of a fractional distillation column?
Refinery gases
After four carbon atoms, what are the rest of the names of alkanes based off of?
Related polygon
What is bitumen used for?
Roofs and roads
What is formed by carboxylic acids and alkalis?
Salt and water
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons with only single carbon bonds
What is fuel oil used for?
Ships, power stations
What are the uses of salts made form hydrocarbons?
Soaps
What is formed by the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
Sodium ethanoate and water
What is another way of cracking other than catalytic cracking?
Steam cracking
What do carboxylic acids smell like?
Strong pungent smell
What is the raw material needed for fermentation?
Sufar, water and yeast
What is the ending part of a compound called?
Suffix
What is the functional group?
The atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of an organic compound.
How does the addition reaction occur across the alkene?
The bromine atoms add across the C=C double bond and hence the solution no longer contains the orange bromine
What is the definition of a fraction in the distillation column?
The distillate collected in the stated range
What does the suffix tell us?
The functional group of a compound
How does steam cracking work?
The high temperature along with water vapour breaks down the bonds
How is ethanoic acid manufactured?
The oxidising of ethanol
What is the industrial method of producing ethanol?
The reaction of steam and ethene
What is fraction distillation?
The seperation of two or more liquids that are miscible with one another
What is addition polymerisation?
These are polymers that are formed by the joining up of many small molecules called monomers
What is the reactivity of Alkanes?
They are unreactive, but undergo combustion reactions and can be cracked into smaller compounds
Why do members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties?
They have the same functional group
What are hydrogenation reactions?
This is the addition of hydrogen accross a C=C bond
How are alcohols formed?
Through the addition reactions of alkenes
Formula to figure out the number of isomers of an Alkane?
Total number of isomers = 2^(n-4) +1 ( n is the number of carbon atoms)
What is naphta used for?
Used to make chemicals
Why are fuels released at the top have high volatility?
When a substance increases in molecular size, the fuel becomes less volatile as the force of attraction between the molecules increases and this means that more energy is required to break these bonds and turn the molecules into a gas.
What is the catalyst used in fermentation?
Yeast
Are carboxylic acid reactions reversible?
Yes
What is the catalyst used in catalytic cracking?
Zeolite
What is the enzyme in yeast called?
Zymase
What are the two component sin the addition reaction of alcohol?
alkene and steam
What is the prefix?
beginning of a word
What are the products of complete combustion?
carbon dioxide and water
What kind of salts do ethanoic acid form?
ethanoate salts
What is the word equation for the industrial production of ethanol?
ethene + water --> ethanol
What is the rate of fermentation vs hydration of ethene?
fermentation is slower
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
hydrocarbons that only contain single carbon to carbon bonds
What is the result of adding bromine water ot an alkene?
it will turn coulorless
What is formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids and metals?
metal salt and hydrogen
What is the optimum pH of the fermentation?
pH 6
What is viscosity?
resistance to flow
What is acid rain caused by?
sulfur dioxide
How to turn ester into alcohol and carboxylic acids?
through the process of hydrolysis with water In the presence of sodium hydroxide
What are alkenes?
unsaturated hydrocarbons with double carbon bonds