Organic Compounds, Chapter 15, Section 4

amino acids

"building blocks".

Nucleic acids are sometimes called

"the blueprints of life", because they contain all the information needed for a cell to make all of its proteins.

The DNA molecules in a single human cell have a length of about

2 m-which is more than 6 ft long.

Straight chain-

All carbon atoms are connected in a straight line.

hemoglobin

Another kind of protein that is found in red blood cells and delivers oxygen through out the body.

There are two kinds of nucleic acid:

DNA and RNA.

When a cell needs to make a certain protein, it copies a certain part of the DNA. The information copied from the

DNA directs the order in which amino acids are bonded to make that protein.

DNA also contains inform used to build the second type of nucleic acid,

RNA.

Branched chain-

The chain of carbon atoms branches into different directions when a carbon atom is bonded to more than one other carbon atom.

Ring-

The chain of carbon atoms forms a ring.

Protein

a biochemical that is composed of "building blocks"/a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body.

Carbohydrates

a class of energy giving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; composed of one or more simple sugars bonded together.

Organic compounds

a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon/covalent compounds composed of carbon-based molecules.

unsaturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon in which at least one pair of carbon atoms shares a double bond or a triple bond. Examples-ethene and ethyne

saturated hydrocarbon, or alkane

a hydrocarbon in which each carbon atoms in the molecule shares a single bond with each of four atoms. Example-propane

Nucleic acid

a molecule/biochemicals made up of subunits called nucleotides.

Lipid

a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steroids

hydrocarbons

an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen.

Although many organic compounds contain several kinds of

atoms, some contain only two.

Most aromatic compounds are based on

benzene.

Proteins have many role in your

body and in living things.

Glycogen-

branched chain

When an organism has used most of its carbohydrates, it can obtain energy by

breaking down lipids. Lipids are also used to store some vitamins.

RNA is involved in the actual

building of proteins.

Biochemicals are divided into four categories:

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Some compounds have hundreds or thousands of

carbon atoms as part of their backbone.

Many carbon compounds are based on the types of

carbon backbones.

Amino acids are small molecules made up of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, ans nitrogen atoms. Some amino acids also include sulfur.

Nucleotides are made up of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms.

All organic compounds contain

carbon.

There are also large proteins that extend through

cell membranes. These proteins help control the transport of materials into and out of cells.

DNA is the genetic material of the

cell.

In fact, after water, proteins are the most

common molecules in your cells.

Glucose molecules, represented by hexagons, can bond to form different

complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose and glycogen.

alkene(s)

compound(s) that contain two carbon atoms connected by a double bond. Example: ethene

A single bond is a

covalent bond made made up of one pair of shared electrons.

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

Benzene has a ring of six carbons that have alternating

double and single bonds.

The only reason living things differ from each other is that

each living thing has a different order of nucleotides.

Carbohydrates are used as a source of

energy.

Lipids include

fats, oils and waxes.

Each carbon atom has

four valence electrons. So, each carbon atom can make four bonds with four other atoms.

Organic compounds:

fuel, rubbing alcohol, sugar, cotton, paper, and plastic.

The shape of the protein determines the

function of the protein. If even a single amino acid is missing or out of place, the protein may not function correctly or at all.

Cellulose

gives plant cell walls their rigid structure.

DNA molecules can store a

huge amount of information because of their length.

alkyne(s)

hydrocarbon(s) that contain two carbon atoms connected by a triple bond. Example: ethyne

Organic compounds may also contain

hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Some hormones are proteins. For example,

insulin is a protein hormone that helps regulate your blood-sugar level.

Benzene is the starting material for

manufacturing many products, including medicines.

The largest molecules made by living organisms are

nucleic acids.

There are only five kinds of nucleotides. But nucleic acids may have millions of

nucleotides bonded together.

Lipids store excess energy in the body. Animal tend to store lipids as fats, while plants store lipids as

oils.

biochemicals

organic compounds that are made by living things.

Most compounds are members of a group called

organic compounds.

Amino acids bond to form

proteins of many shapes and sizes.

Enzymes

proteins that are catalysts.

Most of the biochemicals found in living things are

proteins.

Catalyst

regulate chemical reactions in the body by increasing the rate of which the reactions occur.

Proteins have many functions such as

regulating chemical activities, transport and store materials, and provide structural support.

RNA stands for

ribonucleic acid.

There are two kinds of carbohydrates:

simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates.

Simple carbohydrates include

simple sugars, such as glucose.

Alkyl halides- Alcohols- Organic acids- Esters-

starting material for Teflon refrigerant (Freon) rubbing alcohol, gasoline additive, antifreeze food preservatives, flavorings flavorings, fragrances, clothing (polyester)

Functions of lipids:

storing energy and making up cell membranes.

Cellulose-

straight chain.

Aromatic hydrocarbons often have

strong odors.

Some proteins, such as those in your hair, provide

structural support. The structural proteins of silk fibers make the spider web strong and lightweight.

Glycogen

supplies energy to muscle cells.

Complex carbohydrates may be made of hundreds or

thousands of sugar molecules bonded together.

A triple bond is a covalent bond made up of

three pairs of shared electrons.

Nucleic acid functions include:

to store genetic information and help build proteins and other nucleic acids.

A double bond is a covalent bond made up of

two pairs of shared electrons.

Hydrocarbons that contain double or triple bonds are

unsaturated because these bonds can be broken and more atoms can be added tot he molecules.

structural formulas

used to show how atoms in a molecule are connected. Each line represents a pair of electrons that form a covalent bond.