Organic Macromolecules

Basic structure of an amino acid

- A central carbon called the alpha carbon. - An amino group (NH2) bonded to the alpha carbon. - A carboxylic acid (COOH) bonded to the alpha carbon. - a side chain called the R group coded to the alpha carbon.

polypeptide

- All 20 amino acids can bond together, forming a long chain called a polypeptide. - proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides. Some are very large molecules, containing hundred of amino acids.

Functions of cholesterol

- Help to maintain membrane fluidity, pliability, and resilience in membranes of animals, which have high amounts of rigid, saturated fatty acids. - Sex hormones are all (testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) made for cholesterol).

Phospholipids

- Phospholipids are made from: glycerol two fatty acids (in place of the third fatty acid) a phosphate group with some other molecule attached to its other ends - the hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids are still hydrophobic, but the phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygens with all of their unshared electrons pairs. - This means that phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil. forms phospholipid bilayer

Hydrolysis

- a dipeptide (with a peptide bond( can be broken down into its amino acids through hydrolysis (breaking down with water). - this process is the reverse of dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration Synthesis

- amino acids can be joined via dehydration synthesis creating a dipeptide (with peptide bond) and water. - the reverse of this process is called hydrolysis.

Protein functions

- biological catalysts - speed up reactions. - transport (thru blood) and store other molecules, like oxygen. - provide mechanical support and immune protection. - generate movement and transmit nerve impulses.

HDLs and LDLs

- cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream bound to carrier "lipo-proteins". - HDL = High Density Lipoprotein = "good" kind of cholesterol, carries blood cholesterol to the liver where it can be eliminated from the body. Helps pass things out. - LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein - "bad" kind of cholesterol, deposits blood cholesterol in the artery walls, where it can lead to constriction of blood vessels, heart disease, and heart attacks. Doesn't get rid of bad stuff, stores it.

main functions of carbohydrates

- energy for cells - structural support - cell-cell communication

Triglyceride Structure

- glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains - ester bonds

phospholipid bilayer

- hydrophilic head (phosphate group and glycerol) - hydrophobic tail (saturated and unsaturated fatty acid) Like a cat!

Function of nucleic acids

- large organic molecules that store coded information

Oligosaccharides

- raffinose (trisaccharide = glucose + fructose + galactose) - found in beans, cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli. - digestive enzymes can't break them apart, - bacteria in large intestines break them apart, - other functions commonly found in animal cells', membranes, and play a role in cell-cell recognition.

Protein structure: amino acid bonding

- two amino acids bond to form a dipeptide. - two amino acids from a covalent bond, called a peptide bond.

Lipids Functions

1. Energy storage: fats are a more compact fuel than starch - fat contains twice the energy-rich (C-H) bonds as glucose (holds a lot more energy/space). - fat stores twice as much energy as glucose. 2. Cushions and insulates the body and nerves (behaves like wires). Each and every one of your nerves is wrapped in a lipid-rich layer called the myelin sheath.

How many common amino acids are there?

20

Carbon always has...

4 bonds.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA is the genetic information found in all cells. - Directs all cell activities - double stranded

Nucleotides

Made up of three components: - 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) - nitrogenous base - phosphate group

Nitrogenous Bases of Nucleotides

Purines: Double ring, Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines: Single ring, Thymine (Uracil in RNA), Cytosine Base pairing: G = C C = G A = T/U T = A U = A

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid - RNA is needed to carry out protein synthesis. - Makes proteins and enzymes - single stranded

Streoids: Cholesterol

Structure: considered to be a "cousin" of fats - and are made from lipids. Have no fatty acids in their structure, but are very hydrophobic. Classified according to properties, not structure. No monomers. - gets a "bad rap" in our diet but has crucial roles in the functioning of our cells -- we couldn't live without it. - however, too much cholesterol is known to be a factor in atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Quaternary structure

a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

3 types lipids

a. triglycerides (fats and oils) b. phospholipids (cell membranes) c. steroids (cholesterol and hormones)

secondary structure

alpha helix or a ß pleated sheet, caused by hydrogen bonding.

monomer of protein

amino acid

carbohydrates food

bread, pasta, sugar, bananas, rice, potatoes

4 Groups of Organic Compounds

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats, waters, oils), nucleic acids.

monomers for each macromolecules

carbs: monosaccharide protein: amino acid lipid: glycerol, fatty acid nucleic acid: nucletide

fiber

complex carb dietary fibers chemically compared of non-starch polysaccharides: - cellulose - found in cell wall of plant cells. - chitin - crunchy exoskeleton of insects and shrimp

starch

complex carb polysaccharide digestible long chains of glucose food sources: potatoes, bread, rice, pasta

glycogen

complex carb storage form of glucose in human body (muscles and liver). longs branched chains of glucose highly digestible because of the branched structure.

Organic Compounds

compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. associated with living things.

Lipid foods

cream, butter, oil, avocado, peanut butter

sucrose

glucose + fructose table sugar and plants are the major source

lactose

glucose + galactose primary sugar found in milk and milk products

maltose

glucose + glucose commonly used in the production of alcohol

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic - not soluble in water.

primary structure

linear arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

disaccharides

maltose sucrose lactose

Protein foods

meat, fish, eggs, nuts

Isomers

molecules with the same chemical formula, but different structure.

The monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

How are polymers unique

polymers are unique in the number and type of monomers used to build it.

Levels of protein structure

proteins are very complex and have several levels of structure: 1. primary structure 2. secondary structure 3. tertiary structure 4. quaternary structure

fatty acid structure saturated

see graphic organizer

fatty acid structure unsaturated

see graphic organizer

glycerol structure

see graphic organizer

phospholipid labeling structure

see graphic organizer

tertiary structure

side chain interactions between alpha helices and ß pleated sheets lead to 3D structure.

monosaccharides

simple sugars share the same chemical formula C6H12O6 ratio is 1:2:1 in all carbs

Monomers

small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form polymers.

Carbohydrates

sugars, starched, glycogen, and cellulose. monomers:monosaccharides

what makes each of the 20 common amino acids unique?

the R group (side chains). no two amino acids have the same R group.

Proteins

the most versatile macromolecules in living systems ad serve crucial functions in many biological processes.

Saltatory Conduction

when info moves through the axon. Occurs on every nerve cell.

Polymers

when monomers are joined together in a repeating fashion, they form more complex molecules called polymers. Polymers occur when a monomer combines with another monomer through chemical bond to form a larger molecule (polymer).