organization pysc

__________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals.

Affective

Diversity management involves which of the following?

All of these are involved

__________ refers to the variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people

Diversity

Which phrase refers to an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotion?

Emotional intelligence

__________ is a general tendency of an individual to experience a particular mood or to react to things in a particular way or with certain emotions.

Affectivity

Personality affects which of the following?

All of these are affected by personality

General mental ability refers to one's capacity to perform which of the following processes?

All of these are characteristic

Research suggests people who are ________________ tend to be more likely to be bullied.

All of these are characteristics

Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance?

All of these are effective

Which of the following is a component of "cultural competence?"

Attitude toward cultural differences

Which of the following are two types of affectivity?

Positive and negative

The __________ effect occurs when people improve an aspect of their behavior or performance because they are aware they are being assessed

Hawthorne

Which of the following types of value reflects how we want to accomplish a task?

Instrumental

Which of the following statements about knowledge workers is NOT true?

Knowledge workers do not specifically add value to the organization

Organizations pursuing a strategy of keeping costs and prices low usually try to develop a competitive advantage using which of the following?

Operational excellence

Which of the following refers to employees' perceptions of organizational events, policies, and practices as being fair or not fair?

Organizational fairness

Which of the following terms refers to attributing our own characteristics to other people?

Projection

Which of the following is NOT stated in the G.A.S. model?

Prolonged exposure to stress results in a greater tolerance for future stress

Which of the following types of value reflects one's long-term life goals?

Terminal

According to __________ research, broad and fundamental traits and dimensions that differentiate among people and can help to predict future behavior.

The Myers-Briggs Temperament Inventory

Which of the following terms refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single, and typically good, characteristic?

The halo effect

Dr. Deming's __________ cycle of continuous improvement identifies fourteen principles that make any organization efficient and capable of solving problems

plan-do-check-act

According to McClelland's Needs Theory, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for _____________.

power

According to the Three-Factor Theory presented by David McClelland, the desire for human companionship and teamwork is called a need for _____________.

power

The systems approach is beneficial to managers because it _______________.

underscores the importance of the organization's environment

What term refers to a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse?

Workplace bullying

The belief that one's culture is superior to all others is called ___________.

ethnocentrism

An __________ locus of control is related to passivity and learned helplessness.

external

Deciding to no longer laugh at a coworker's inappropriate jokes, to encourage him to stop telling those types of jokes, is an example of ________________.

extinction

Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realizes they have inadvertently been rewarding a behavior they wants to discourage?

extinction

All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT_____________.

fewer accidents

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached, ___________.

further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will not be effective

According to the Myers-Briggs Temperament Inventory (MBTI), __________ need quiet time to recharge their batteries.

introverts

A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called _________________.

learning

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences (like a seat belt buzzer) to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called ________________.

negative reinforcement

Research has found that high scoring __________ people tend NOT to be higher performers in a variety of jobs.

neurotic

Individuals who score high in __________ tend to exhibit emotions, such as anger, fear, and anxiety.

neuroticism

All of the following are considered cultural dimensions​ EXCEPT _____________.

open-mindedness

Jamal is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member of the company. Jamal is demonstrating_________________.

organizational commitment

A manager who groups jobs into units is performing which of the following functions of management?

organizing

Another term for understanding the cultural dimension of "power distance" is _____________.

orientation to authority

Following a systems approach, the profit Walmart receives from its services is identified as a type of _______________.

output

The effective management of __________ is key to the creation of a competitive advantage as well as business strategy execution.

people

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, __________ needs are people's most basic requirements

physiological

Reducing the work hours of low performing employees is an example of ________________.

punishment

The systems perspective defines a system as _______________.

an interrelated set of elements that function as a whole

One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that_______________.

attitudes are more changeable than personality attributes

How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements is called_______________.

attribution

A __________ provides an organization an edge over rivals.

competitive advantage

While useful, Expectancy Theory is difficult to apply directly in the workplace because it is so_____________.

complex

In its simplest form, Reinforcement Theory suggests that behavior is a function of _______________.

consequences

Evaluating employee performance is an example of the managerial function of

controlling

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they ___________.

curb the desires that interfere with organizational relationships

Which of the following refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received?

Distributive fairness

__________ is important because it helps organizations ensure they are complying with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Diversity management

__________ refers to the extent to which people can be counted on to get things done.

Conscientiousness

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with ___________.

a lot of interpersonal contact

The AMD Co. makes computer chips that are installed in various computers. AMD is an example of____________.

a manufacturing company

A business that combines and transforms resources into tangible outcomes that are then sold to others is called _____________.

a manufacturing organization

Stress is best defined as________________.

a physical or psychological stimulus that an individual responds to

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions refers to being talkative and energetic?

Extroversion

Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested steps for time management?

Impression management

Which concept refers to the degree to which a person generally considers oneself responsible for the things that happen to them?

Locus of control

__________ reflects a tendency to perceive vague or contradictory information as a threat.

Low tolerance for ambiguity

What type of personality is characterized by someone tending to be rational and unemotional, willing to lie to attain personal goals, and placing little emphasis on loyalty and friendship?

Machiavellian

______________ is behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others.

Machiavellianism

Interpersonal intelligence would be most important for people in which of the following jobs?

Managers and teachers

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in a behavior, rather than an alternative behavior.

Motivation

The ___________ instrument is among the most popular personality selection instruments used today in business.

Myers-Briggs

__________ commitment is defined as feeling obliged to stay with an organization for moral or ethical reasons.

Normative

Which phrase refers to the fit between an individual's values, beliefs, attitudes, and personality and the values, norms, and culture of the organization?

Person-organization fit

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Which of the following is NOT a type of value?

Primal

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the nature of organizational behavior (OB)?

Product price levels

What term refers to employer and employee expectations about the employment relationship that go beyond the formal employment contract?

Psychological contract

__________ is the process of screening out information that contradicts one's beliefs.

Selective perception

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of emotional intelligence?

Self-preservation

__________ diversity occurs when there are differences in position or opinion among group members, especially regarding group goals or processes.

Separation

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis?

Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled

Which term refers to the degree of anxiety people feel in new situations?

Uncertainty avoidance

In the Expectancy Model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome?

Valence

Which of the following best reflects low individualism?

Valuing harmony more than honesty

A manager's ability to develop optimal solutions to problems is evident by their _______________.

diagnostic skills

Managers with a low tolerance for ambiguity tend to be more __________ with their staff and do not empower them to make their own decisions at work.

directive

An organization begins using environmentally friendly cleaning products in all of its corporate offices. This is an example of _______________.

corporate responsibility

An ice cream maker requires approximately two months from the time a new flavor is selected in the corporate board room until the time it is produced and available to consumers in stores. This time frame is referred to as_____________.

cycle time

Porter and Lawler's extension of the Expectancy model argues that_______________.

high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction

According to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, _______________ satisfaction includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions, which produce an acceptable work environment when present and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction

hygiene

An employee's work-life relationships are __________________.

important to employees and should be a concern for organizations

As a manager, if you want to increase your employees' job satisfaction, focus first on ____________________.

improving the nature of the work itself

The __________ variable in an experiment is the predictor, which researchers expect is affecting another factor.

independent

Deep-level characteristics are those considered to be _____________.

invisible

Burnout ____________.

is most frequently found among high achievers

Herzberg's Two-Factor, Dual-Structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that ___________.

job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following EXCEPT

locus of control

Mangers should place individuals with a ______________ tolerance for ambiguity in well-defined and regulated tasks.

low

When organizations focus on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, it can lead to

more motivated and more engaged employees

According to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, _______________ factors are intrinsic to the job and increase satisfaction.

motivation

According to Herzberg's Two Factory Theory of motivation, __________ factors are essential to the job and increase satisfaction.

motivation

And the most difficult performance factor to manage is ____________.

motivation

Motivated behavior begins with one or more ____________.

needs

People with a high level of __________ are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas, beliefs, and attitudes in response to new information.

openness

The most significant shortcoming of Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management approach to motivation is that it _________________.

overstated the importance of money

When a person's abilities and the demands of the job are a good match, it is referred to as_________

person-job fit

A poorly designed office that doesn't allow a worker adequate privacy is an example of a ______________ organizational stressor.

physical demand

A manager who is comfortable taking a gamble on new products has high _______________.

risk propensity

The __________ method relies on systematic studies that identify and replicate results using a variety of methods, samples, and settings.

scientific

According to the Human Resource approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace.

self-direction

A person who tends to see things in a positive light and appears to be in a good mood most of the time has a high level of _________________.

self-efficacy

Jeremy has the ability to balance anxiety, fear, and anger and still get the job done. Jim possesses which component of emotional intelligence?

self-management

According to the Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory, __________ people are detail-oriented and want facts.

sensing

Businesses that use a __________ strategy focus on a narrow market segment or niche

specialization

Job satisfaction tends to _________________ over time

stay constant

A moderate degree of workload-related stress can_______________.

stimulate energy and motivation

Successful business strategies enable organizations to create and maintain a competitive advantage that is_________________.

sustainable

After encountering an exceptionally good cashier, we might see an average cashier and evaluate him or her as below average. This is an example of______________.

the contrast effect.

__________ management is based on the belief that productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies.

Scientific

Agreeableness results in some people being___________.

all of these are characteristics

Task demands that are too low can cause a person to_______________.

become bored

Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and _________________.

environment

Extrinsic work values are defined as____________________.

values related to the outcomes of the work

Intrinsic work values are defined as______________.

values related to the work itself

According to Equity Theory, people ___________.

want to be treated fairly

Which psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification?

B. F. Skinner

Which of the following is a basic conclusion drown from current research about international management?

Behavior in organizational settings varies across cultures.

__________ is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his or her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences him or her to apply additional disEmployee engagement

Employee engagement

To be most effective Managers should be aware of which of the following?

Employee's values and interests

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of information technology?

It has increased a sense of urgency related to decision making

Which of the following statements does NOT describe individualistic cultures?

It is important to fit in with the group

A key component of Equity Theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon?

Social comparison

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?

Strength

__________ stress can result in unexpected negative effects, such as boredom and apathy.

Too little

Which of the following is used to measure potentially dysfunctional behavior in an organization?

absenteeism

According to the Needs Theory presented by David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things more efficiently is called a need for_____________.

achievement

The __________ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation.

affect

An individual coping strategy to deal with workplace stress includes_____________.

all of these are coping strategies

By focusing on organizational behavior, a business seeks to understand how

all of these are correct

Which of the following is a dimension of diversity?

all of these are dimensions

According to the Equity Theory, an example of an input is ___________.

all of these are examples

Engagement is enhanced when employees _____________.

all of these are examples

Ignoring issues related to diversity can be costly to organizations because it can lead to _____________.

all of these can result

If an employee accepts orders from a supervisor solely because the supervisor is "the boss," the employee is exhibiting a high level of_________________.

authoritarianism

Oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors is referred to as ___________.

board governance

Personality is a product of___________.

both heredity and the environment

The __________ variable in an experiment is the criterion, which researchers expect is affected by another factor.

dependent

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by ___________.

changing his inputs

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for college tuition, Amanda vowed to never work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer she received was as a manager at a local restaurant. If Amanda accepts the job, it may result in __________ dissonance.

cognitive

Masculinity is a dimension of culture that____________.

emphasizes assertiveness and goal setting

All of the following are inputs an organization receives from its environment EXCEPT _______________.

employee behaviors

The Human Relations approach to motivation includes all of the following assumptions EXCEPT ____________.

employees are motivated only by money

The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following assumptions EXCEPT ____________.

employees want to feel useful and important

The Board of Directors in a public corporation is responsible for___________.

ensuring decisions by Senior Managers are in the best interests of the stakeholders

The extent to which personality attributes are inherited from our parents or shaped by our environment is referred to as __________.

the nature vs. nurture argument

A __________ is a collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why two or more variables are related, and the conditions under which they should and should not relate.

theory

According to the acquired needs framework, high-need achievers are not effective top managers because ___________.

top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek

__________ workers do not perform close to their potential capability, lacking the emotional and motivational connections to their employer that drive discretionary effort.

Disengaged

__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal when they want to achieve the outcome and also think they have the ability and means to achieve it.

Expectancy

An internal locus of control is positively related to all of the following EXCEPT _________________.

Higher work-family conflict

__________ provide both potentially positive and negative information to job candidates.

Realistic job previews

One's confidence in the ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called , _________________.

self-efficacy

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that have the greatest influence on job satisfaction?

Cognitive dissonance

All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT______________,

strenuous labor

In order for "social learning" to take place, _________________.

the employee must possess the physical ability to perform the job

A performance bonus is an example of _________________.

positive reinforcement

A person's __________ is a relatively narrow indicator of efficiency measured by the employee's products or services created per unit of input

productivity