Organizational Behavior & Theory (OB) Exam 2
Fellow team members often monitor performance more closely than a traditional supervisor. This is particularly true where the team's performance depends on:
worst performer in the group.
job security
According to Herzberg, which of the following is a hygiene factor?
provide as many ideas as possible
Brainstorming requires team members to
equity theory
Outcome/input ratio and comparison other are elements of
Self-directed teams:
have substantial autonomy over the execution of a complete task
The rational decision-making model begins with
identifying an opportunity.
drive
the __________ of human beings are also called primary needs
increasing job enrichment by establishing client relationships
A cable TV company redesigned jobs so that one employee interacts directly with customers..... this change is an example of
What is the missing link in P-to-O expectancy?
A clear link between the individual's perception and his/her effort
power
A learned need in which people want to control the environment, including people and material resources, to benefit either themselves or others is referred to as the need for
states that improving motivators increases job satisfaction but does not decrease job dissatisfaction
A unique feature of Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory is that
job enrichment and job enlargement.
A video journalist's job consists of operating the camera, reporting the story, and often editing the work, whereas these three tasks were traditionally performed by three people. Video journalism is an example of:
improving P-to-O expectancies.
ABC Corp. brought in a performance-based reward system that accurately identiFed employees who performed better than others. This practice improves employee motivation by
strengthening the P-to-O expectancy.
According to Expectancy Theory, giving more valued rewards to employees with higher job performance mainly increases motivation by:
need for affiliation
According to Learned Needs Theory, Jessie most likely has a high:
the selection of comparison other varies from one person to the next
According to equity theory
it improves self efficacy and employee motivation
According to self leadership model, which of the following is true about positive self task?
Experience and persistence
According to the characteristics of creative people, which areas are Selene's strongest?
Which core job characteristic(s) affect(s) experienced responsibility for work outcomes?
Autonomy
constructive thought patterns
Before meeting a new client, a salesperson visualizes the experience of meeting the person and effectively answering some of the challenging questions the client might ask. This activity is an example of
________ is a term for processing limited and imperfect information to select the best choice.
Bounded rationality
Which of the following competencies would primarily assist team maintenance?
Comforting
Are more likely to resolve conflicts swiftly and effectively
Compared to people in low-cohesion teams, members of high cohesion teams:
Which of the following is most consistent with employability—namely, that employees are expected to continuously learn skills that will keep them employed?
Competency-based rewards
Identify the task-related characteristics in the 'five C's' of effective member behaviors.
Coordinating and communicating
Which of the following are described as virtual teams?
Cross-functional groups of employees that operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries
Which of the following are described as virtual teams?
Cross-functional groups of employees that operate across space, time, and organizational boundaries.
Which of the following is an observation from organizational behavior that contradicts the rational decision-making process assumptions?
Decision makers have limited information processing abilities.
Decision structure, risk of conflict, and decision commitment are the
Decision structure, risk of conflict, and decision commitment are the
The executive is defining the problem in terms of a solution.
During a meeting, senior executives of a consumer products company...... Which of the following best describes the decision-making problem that this executive is exhibiting?
reduce their work effort
Employees who reciece a fixed amount of each pay week and who feel under rewarded are most likely to
Which of the following statements about evaluation apprehension in team settings is true?
Evaluation apprehension is more likely to occur when team members formally evaluate each others performance throughout the year.
Which of the following statements about evaluation apprehension in team settings is true?
Evaluation apprehension is more likely to occur when team members formally evaluate each others' performance throughout the year.
Which of these performance-based rewards tends to create a connection between the employee's work effort and the reward received?
Gainsharing plan
In the creative process, which of the following refers to the experience of suddenly becoming aware of a unique idea?
Illumination
What is multisource feedback?
Information about an employee's performance is collected from a full circle of people.
Employees at CyberTech perform repetitive jobs that have resulted in boredom as well as repetitive strain injury. Technology makes it difficult to combine existing jobs, but the company wants to make employees more multiskilled. Which of the following would best help CyberTech to improve this situation?
Introduce job rotation.
Which of the following decision-making activities tends to make the most use of tacit knowledge?
Intuition
action scripts
Intuition relies on programmed decision routines that speed up our response to pattern matches or mismatches. The programmed decision routines are referred to as
Which of the following is true about calculus-based trust?
It is the lowest potential trust in organizations.
convergent
Keith is an example of a(n) ________________ thinker.
Liam works in a team of four other accounting professionals within a company. Liam doesn't particularly agree with many of his teammates' ideas, such as leaving work early and failing to double-check some account entries. However, he works comfortably with the group because their behavior and decisions are predictable. What foundation of trust does Liam have in this team?
Knowledge-based
Which of the following foundations of trust is determined mainly by the other party's predictability?
Knowledge-based
Which of the following are two features that distinguish virtual teams from conventional teams?
Lack of co-location and dependence on information technology
Departmental team
Lorraine works in the unit in Accounting that handles Accounts Receivable. What type of team is this most likely to be?
Which of the following generally occurs during the storming stage of team development?
Members try to establish norms of appropriate behavior and performance standards.
Which of the following involves listing different dimensions of a system and the elements of each dimension and then looking at each combination?
Morphological analysis
Which of the following needs is the weakest according to Maslow's needs hierarchy theory?
Need for self-actualization
In which decision-making structure do participants typically meet, but only interact with each other for part of the meeting?
Nominal group technique
are under extreme time pressure
People tend to be more creative when they
actively support others
People with a high need for affiliation tend to
the tendency to choose an alternative that is good enough rather than the best.
Satisficing refers to
______ teams are those whose members are organized around work processes that complete an entire piece of work requiring several interdependent tasks and have substantial autonomy over the execution of those tasks.
Self-directed
Which of the following allow employees to collectively plan, organize, and control work activities with little or no direct involvement of a higher-status supervisor?
Self-directed teams
Which of the following are included under constructive thought patterns in self-leadership?
Self-talk and mental imagery
Which of the following types of task interdependence is seen among production employees working on assembly lines?
Sequential interdependence
Which of the following types of teams are best known for bootlegging to develop new products, services, or procedures?
Skunkworks
____ provides an explanation of why people belong to informal groups.
Social identity theory
_____ provides an explanation of why people belong to informal groups.
Social identity theory
________ is the phenomenon that occurs when people exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.
Social loafing
Which of the following does scientific management include?
Systematically dividing a job into its smallest possible elements and assigning these divided tasks to employees who are best qualified to perform them
when entry into the team is difficult
Team cohesiveness tends to be higher when
it is difficult to measure individual performance In these situations
Team rewards are better than individual rewards when employees work in highly interdependent jobs, because
task variability
The characteristic of a job that refers to how predictable job duties are from one day to next is called
During a meeting, senior executives of a consumer products company were addressing the problem of being late in detecting several consumer trends, such as the trend toward using see-through plastics in kitchenware. While trying to determine the source of this problem, one executive said: "The main problem here is that we need to find a better industrial design firm to design our products." Which of the following best describes the decision-making problem that this executive is exhibiting?
The executive is defining the problem in terms of a solution.
it provides a comforting solution
The tendency to define problems in terms of preferred solution occurs because
Which of the following is a major problem associated with team building activities?
They are used as general solutions rather than specific solutions.
How do norms affect the behavior of team members?
They help the team regulate and guide the behaviors of its members.
nonsocial feedback sources
To learn about their progress towards goal accomplishments, employees usually prefer
They perpetuate assumptions that make it difficult to see new opportunities
What effect do mental models have on the decision-making process?
meaning
Which of the following is a component of empowerment?
Measuring employee performance accurately and distributing more valued reward
Which of the following is a way to increase employee motivation by improving the P-to-O expectancies?
Individual rewards for contributions to the team
Which of the following is not a factor that favors effective team behavior?
decision makers have well articulated goals
Which of the following is on the assumptions of the national choice paradigm?
It is the lowest potential trust in organizations.
Which of the following is true about calculus-based trust?
Need for food
Which of the following needs is the strongest according to Maslows needs hiarchy theory?
Maslow suggested that people are naturally motivated to reach their potential
Which of the following statements is consistent with the observations of Maslow?
People believe that their outcome/input ratio should be similar to the outcome/input ratio of the comparison other
Which of the following statements is true about situations involving equity judgements?
Drives are innate and universal to human beings.
Which of the following statements is true about the innate drives of people?
Some elements of self leadership come from sports psychology.
Which of these statements about self leadership is true?
way employees feel after voicing their opinions.
With respect to procedural justice, the "value-expressive" function that "voice" provides refers to the:
Which of the following are ways to reduce the inequity tension?
Work more slowly, offer fewer suggestions, and engage in less organizational citizenship behavior.
value self-direction, have a high degree of nonconformity, and have a relatively low need for affiliation
You have just received seed money for a new e-commerce business and you want to hire a dozen people with a high level of creative potential. To hire the most creative people, you would select applicants who:
During the _____ stage of team development, team members shift their attention away from task orientation to a relationship focus
adjourning
During the _____ stage of team development, team members shift their attention away from task orientation to a relationship focus.
adjourning
"Fault lines" are more likely to occur when teams:
are diverse.
If a dysfunctional norm is very deeply ingrained in a team, the best strategy is probably to
disband the group and replace it with people having more favorable norms.
If a dysfunctional norm is very deeply ingrained in a team, the best strategy is probably to:
disband the group and replace it with people having more favorable norms.
Employees can minimize problem identification errors by
discussing the situation with colleagues and clients.
Empowerment includes all of the following characteristics except
effort.
Employee engagement is on the minds of many business leaders because of evidence that it predicts
employee and work unit performance.
self-efficacy
employee engagement is often described in terms of
Groups are considered teams only when
employees directly interact with each other and coordinate work activities.
Groups are considered teams only when:
employees directly interact with each other and coordinate work activities.
The main advantage of constructive conflict is that it:
encourages team members to reexamine the assumptions and logic of their preferences in the decision.
A(n) _____ operates when we believe that everyone in the group should receive the same outcomes.
equality principle
those who make the decision are different from implement and evaluate it.
escalation of commitment can be minimized by ensuring that
Informal groups:
exist primarily for the benefit of their members.
Brooks's Law says that adding more people to a late software project only makes it later. This law is mainly referring to:
existence of process losses.
Teams with strong fault lines:
experience more dysfunctional conflict within the team.
Liam has decided that he has been praising his unit too much. He thinks they just expect him to praise them so he stops. The unit performance declines. This is an example of
extinction
Calculus, knowledge, and identification are the three:
foundations of trust in teams.
provide sufficient rewards, learning opportunities, and social interaction at the same time
four drive theory recommends that organizations should
motivation and role perceptions
goal setting influences employee behavior and performance mainly by improving
goals are measured in quantitative, qualitative, and cost returns.
goal setting is the most effective when
Self-directed teams
have substantial autonomy over the execution of a complete task.
Self-directed teams:
have substantial autonomy over the execution of a complete task.
In order for virtual teams to be successful, they need to overcome all of the following except
having good communication skills.
People in countries with _____ tend to have a high respect and priority for money.
high power distance
Groupthink characteristics cause team members to be _____ their decisions.
highly confident in
Production blocking and evaluation apprehension:
hinder organizational decision making in teams.
XYZ Corp. provided training and clarified job requirements. This practice improves employee motivation by
improving E-to-P expectancies.
anticipated satisfaction or dissatisfaction that an individual feels towards an outcome.
in expectancy theory, valence refers to the:
to acquire
in the four drive theory, the drive _______ is most closely associated with the need for relative status and recognition
People experience self-actualization by applying their skills and knowledge, observing how their talents achieve meaningful results, and experiencing personal growth through learning. These are the conditions for
intrinsic motivation.
Pooled interdependence is:
is the lowest level of interdependence.
Team rewards are better than individual rewards when employees work in highly interdependent jobs because
it is difficult to measure individual performance in these situations.
The drive to bond and the dynamics of social identity theory both explain why people:
join informal groups
Keeping the team size sufficiently small and designing tasks such that each team member's performance is measurable are two ways to:
minimize social loafing.
During the _____ stage, the team develops its first real sense of cohesion as roles are established and a consensus forms around group objectives and a common or complementary team-based mental model.
norming
High-performance teams depend on organizational leaders who provide support and strategic direction while team members focus on:
operational efficiency and flexibility.
According to social identity theory:
people define themselves by their group affiliations
According to social identity theory:
people define themselves by their group affiliations.
Companies need to align rewards with
performance within the employee's control.
Two company divisions produce completely different products but must seek funding from head office for a capital expansion project. The relationship between these two divisions would be best described as:
pooled interdependence
Two company divisions produce completely different products but must seek funding from head office for a capital expansion project. The relationship between these two divisions would be best described as
pooled interdependence.
Brainstorming requires team members to:
provide as many ideas as possible.
Social identity theory
provides an explanation of why people belong to informal groups
Employees with _____, in which work output is exchanged back and forth among individuals, should be organized into teams to facilitate coordination in their interwoven relationship.
reciprocal interdependence
When compared to people in low-cohesion teams, members of high-cohesion teams:
resolve conflicts swiftly and effectively.
In team dynamics, process losses are best described as:
resources expended toward team development and maintenance.
The _____ effect is particularly evident when decision makers are personally identified with the project, have staked their reputations to some extent on the project's success, and have low self-esteem.
self-justification
The phenomenon where people exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone is referred to as _____
social loafing
The phenomenon where people exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone is referred to as _____.
social loafing
Synergie Inc. formed a team to improve revenues for its service stations along major highways in Malaysia. This team, which included a service station dealer, a union truck driver and four or five marketing executives, disbanded after it had reviewed the Malaysian service stations and submitted a business plan. This team is called a(n):
task force
Synergie Inc. formed a team to improve revenues for its service stations along major highways in Malaysia. This team, which included a service station dealer, a union truck driver and four or five marketing executives, disbanded after it had reviewed the Malaysian service stations and submitted a business plan. This team is called a(n):
task force.
High-cohesion teams perform poorer than low-cohesion teams when
team norms undermine the organization's performance.
High-cohesion teams perform poorer than low-cohesion teams when:
team norms undermine the organization's performance.
A task force refers to any:
temporary team that investigates a particular problem and typically disbands when the decision is made.
job feedback
the degree to which employees can tell how well they are doing on the basis of direct sensory information from the job itself
the rational choice paradigm
the view that people should and typically do use logic and all available information to choose the alternative with the highest value is known as
A role is a set of behaviors that people are expected to perform because:
they hold certain positions in a team and organization.
Studies have found that very difficult goals increase the probability that employees will engage in
unethical behavior.
profit sharing bonus
when applied to non management employees, which of the following has a weak connection between the reward and individual effort?
A diverse team is better than a homogeneous team:
when designing and launching a new product or service
A diverse team is better than a homogeneous team
when designing and launching a new product or service.
diverse team is better than a homogeneous team:
when designing and launching a new product or service.
Team cohesiveness tends to be higher when:
when entry into the team is difficult.
Social loafing occurs:
when the task is boring.
membership/seniority based rewards
which of the following are "golden handcuffs" that potentially increase continuance commitment
cross-functional groups of employees that operate across space, time and organizational boundaries
which of the following are described as virtual teams?
self talk and mental imagery
which of the following are included under constructive thought patterns in self leadership?
lack of co-location and dependence on information technology
which of the following are two features that distinguish virtual teams from conventional teams?
meaning
which of the following dimensions is possessed by employees, when they feel empowered, care about their work, and believe that what they do is important?
They can be expensive because they motivate employees to spend more time learning new jobs.
which of the following is true about skilled based pay plans?
stock option plans and employee stock ownership plans
which of the following tend to create an ownership culture and align employee behaviors more closely to organizational objectives?
Needs hierarchy theory
which of these theories states that we are motivated by several needs, but the strongest source is the lowest unsatisfied need?
