Organizational Behavior, Chapter 18

During the dreaming step of appreciative inquiry, participants ________________.

Use information from the discovery phase to speculate on possible futures.

__________________ involves correcting errors by modifying the organization's objectives. policies, and standart routines.

Double-loop learning

Which of the following is a step in the appreciative inquiry process?

Dreaming

Which of the following is an example of an individual source of resistance to change?

Fear of the unknown

Which of the following types of changes involves a new idea being applied to initiation or improving a product, process, or service?

Innovation

Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation in organization?

Innovative organizations reward both successes and failures

T/F Belonging creates paradoxes between establishing a sense of collective identity and acknowledging our desire to be recognized and accepted as unique individuals.

TRUE

T/F Cooptation combines manipulation and participation.

TRUE

T/F Employees are more accepting of changes when they are committed to the organization as a whole.

TRUE

An example of change in competition is ___________.

U.S. manufactured Toyota vehicles

Which of the following steps of the appreciative inquiry attempts to identify what people think are the organization's strengths?

Discovery

The step in the action research process where information si gathered about problems, concerns, and needed changes is known as the ______________ stage.

Diagnosis

Tescra Education is an educational publishing company that provides textbooks in the area of higher education. The company has been in business for almost 20 years now and has earned substantial profits during this period. Which of the following trends, if true, would drive the company to change its business strategy?

A need for learning environments where students feel safe to apply the knowledge they've acquired in the classroom to real-life situations.

____________ is a change process based on systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate.

Action Research

Rather than looking for problems, ________________ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built upon to improved performance.

Appreciative inquiry

Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of _______________ symptoms of stress.

Behavioral

Which of the following tactics for overcoming resistance to change is most likely to be beneficial when employees' fear and anxiety are high?

Building support and sommitment

_____________ are persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing refinement activities.

Change agents

The application of direct threats or force upon resisters is called _______________.

Coercion

Your company, Johnson Farm Products, has decided to expand its traditional business serving farm owners in order to include home gardeners in its customer base. This change is not met with enthusiasm by the sales personnel who have had good long-term relationships with area farmers. You know that the change will be difficult to implement if you cannot overcome the resistance of the sales personnel and obtain their cooperation. You have threatened to eliminate positions and even to close down the company if your sales personnel don't change their attitudes. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is _________________.

Coercion

Which of the following resistances to change is overt and immediate?

Complaint

"Buying off" the leaders of a resistance group by giving them a key role and seeking their advice not to find a better solution but to get their endorsement is an example of ____________________.

Cooptation

If an individual resisting change are included in making change decision in an attempt to gain their support, this approach is called _________________.

Cooptation

John Kotter built on Lewin's three step model to create a more detailed approach for implementing change. Which of the following steps in Kotter's eight step plan for implementing change represents the unfreezing stage in Lewin's three step model?

Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision.

An example of a change in the nature of the workforce is an increase in ____________________.

Cultural Diversity

A(n) ________________ resistance to change clouds the link between the change and the reaction to it and may surface weeks, months, or even years later.

Deferred

As a result of changing technology and unstable environment, your company company is planning to undertake restructuring of the business. The employees in your company are worried about this upcoming change and many of them are anxious due to a fear that they will lose their jobs as a result of this change. But that is not the case. The company only wants to restructure its business units, and it is not planning to cut down on jobs. In such a situation, which of the following techniques is most likely to be used by your company to deal with the employees resistance to change?

Education and communication

Which tactic for overcoming resistance to change basically assumes that the source resistance lies in misinformation?

Education and communication

Your company, Johnson Farm Products, has decided to expand its traditional business serving farm owners in order to include home gardeners in its customer base. This change is not met with enthusiasm by the sales personnel who have had good long-term relationships with area farmers. You know that the change will be difficult to implement if you cannot overcome the resistance of the sales personnel and obtain their cooperation. You have brought in the local extension agent to explain demographics and the changing nature of the area in which you live. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________.

Education and communication

Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of the ______________ factors of potential stress.

Environmental

Which of the following is in Kotter's eight step plan for implementing change?

Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed.

T/F Appreciative inquiry involves identifying and fixing problems.

FALSE

T/F Appreciative inquiry refers to a change process based on the systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicates.

FALSE

T/F Companies with dominant market share are less susceptible to the forces of change than smaller businesses.

FALSE

T/F Double-loop learning is an error correction process that relies on past routines and present policies.

FALSE

T/F Experience on the job tends to be positively related to work stress

FALSE

T/F Learing organizations use single-loop learning.

FALSE

T/F Sensitivity training emphasizes changing behavior through structures group interactions

FALSE

T/F Short tenure in management is associated with innovation

FALSE

Fony Corp., headquartered in China, is a leading manufacturer of electronic devices and solutions intended for professional markets. The company is considering upgrading the technology currently being used at Fony's manufacturing facility, located in Guangdong, that specializes in producing lithium-ion batteries, which are used to power laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets. The new technology is expected to increase efficiency levels and will also allow for greater adherence to quality standards. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Fony Corp. should upgrade its technology?

Fony's main client account is at risk after the client had to recall nearly 2 million notebooks owing to defective batteries.

Brian's ream just had a research breakthrough. They'll need several thousands of dollars to complete the project. Brian has called a series of meetings in which he's promoting the significance of the new discovery, explaining the economic benefits that will result from the final project, and answering questions. Brian is a(n) __________________ within his company.

Idea Champion

Which of the following resistances to change is implicit?

Increased error

________________ is one way to achieve unfreezing of an organization's status quo.

Increasing the driving forces directing behavior of an organization's status quo.

Selective information processing is a major source of resistance to change. It indicates that _______________.

Individual hear what they want to hear and they ignore information that challenges the world they've created.

Elaine is very good at what she does, but she is constantly stressed by internal deadlines assigned to co-workers, obligatory meetings, and time lost in unrelated idle cubicle chatter. Today, after a meeting with her supervisor, she has been given more responsibility for her work, is able to set her own deadlines, decline attendance to various department meetings, and telecommute two days a week. Elaine's boss is using which of the following organizational strategies to reduce her stress?

Job redesign

Which of the following types of jobs is least likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction?

Jobs that provide a high level of feedback

Who built on Lewin's three step model to create a more detailed eight step plan for implementing change?

John Kotter

Who developed the 3 step model that included Unfreezing, movement, and refreezing?

Kurt Lewin

Which of the following is an example of an organizational source of resistance to change?

Limited focus of Change

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding organizational approaches to managing stress?

Managers should consider decreasing employee involvement in decision making because evidence clearly shows that decreases in employee empowerment reduce psychological stress.

Which of the following actions can extinguish risk taking and innovation?

Rewarding for the absence of failures rather than for the presence of successes

Management of a company threatens to close a manufacturing plant in the company whose employees are resisting an across-the-board pay cut. But this treat is actually untrue. IN this case, which of the following tactics of overcoming resistance to change is being used but the management?

Manipulation

Using covert influence to overcome resistance to change is called _______________.

Manipulation

Which tactic to overcome resistance to change is a relatively inexpensive way to gain the support of adversaries, but may backfire if the targets become aware of the tactic?

Manipulation

Which of the following is one of the 3 steps in the lewin's 3 step change model?

Movement

Which of the following reactions from employees is preferable as a response to change?

Open discussion

Jerry is feeling very stressed because his boss expects a project to be delivered to the client within a very unreasonable deadline. Jerry has to work nights and weekends to make the deadline. Jerry is feeling stress due to a(n) ________ factor.

Organizational

______________ is a collection of change methods that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.

Organizational Development

Limited focus of change is a major source of resistance to change that originates from an organizational source. It indicates that ________________.

Organizations consist of a number of interdependent subsystems and one cannot be changed without affecting the others.

it is easiest for management to deal with resistance when it is _________________.

Overt

Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the _________________ factor of potential stress.

Personal

Rudolf is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday, at a pharmacy, he measured his blood pressure and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future, his heart rate accelerates. Rudolf is demonstrating ________ symptoms of stress.

Physiological

Which of the following steps in Kotter's eight step plan for implementing change represents the movement stage in Lewin's three step model?

Plan for, create, and reward short term "wins" that propel the organization toward the new vision.

A paper sales company designs and offers a new method of purchasing and shipping commercial quantities of paper through its Website. The company used to do its business through its sales rep. this is an example of a(n) ____________ change.

Planned

The deemphasizing of hierarchical authority and control and control in organizational development is referred to as __________________.

Power equalization

Which of the following is an organizational development technique that involves and outsider assisting a manager to identify what to improve and how?

Process consultation

In order to make their firm a learning organization, managers should ___________________.

Redesign the organizational structure

Which of the following is the last step in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change?

Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success

Which of the following in Kotter's eight step plan for implementing change represents the refreezing stage stage in Lewin's three step model?

Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success.

One of Carl's department employees was severely injured on the job. Carl has called in psychological counselors to talk to the other employees and scheduled a series of safety trainings for the department to be completed by the end of the week. He has also asked the HR personnel to talk to the department about the disability insurance that the company offers and make sure that his employees know what is available. Carl is using ________ to help cope with the stress caused by his employee's injury.

Resources

___________________ is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interactions.

Sensitivity Training

_________________ involves correction errors using past routines and present policies.

Single-loop learning

Benny is stressed with the new corporate reorganization. He now reports to a foreign office that has usurped many of his responsibilities, including the contract labor for his projects. Therefore, he's working with new and less qualified contractors with whom he doesn't have a relationship. However, the managers of the other departments find themselves in the same boat, and every day they are able to laugh over lunch about their new managerial impotence. ________ is helping Benny handle his stress.

Social support

Organizations are increasingly adjusting their processes and positioning their products as environment friendly and sustainable in order to increase their appeal to customers. This is a response to changes in ________________.

Social trends

_________________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.

Stress

After restructuring, your division has had trouble filling the open positions with appropriate candidates. The selection processes used by human resources have not yet adjusted to the new criteria required for the restructured job positions. This problem is an example of which kind of resistance to change?

Structural Inertia

Organizations have built-in mechanisms--like their selection processes and formalized regulations--to produce stability. When an organization is confronted with change, these mechanisms act as a counterbalance to sustain stability. Which of the following organizational sources of resistance to change is represented by these mechanisms?

Structural inertia

T/F In the case of process consultation, the consultants do not solve the organization's problems but rather guide or coach the client to solve his or her own problems after jointly diagnosing what needs improvement.

TRUE

T/F Intergroup development seeks to change groups' attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that groups have each other.

TRUE

T/F Paradox theory states the key paradox in management is that there is no final optimal status for an organization.

TRUE

T/F Passion for change among entrepreneurs is greatest when work roles and the social environment encourage them to put their creative identities forward.

TRUE

T/F Resistance to change can be positive if it leads to open discussion and debate

TRUE

T/F The single factor most consistently related to stress in the workplace is the amount of work that needs to be done, followed closely by the presence of looming deadlines.

TRUE

T/F Underscoring the importance of social context, other work shows that even individuals who are generally resistant to change will be more willing to accept new and different ideas when they feel supported by their coworkers and believe the environment is safe for taking risks.

TRUE

T/F Where the allostatic load is too great and too prolonged, we may experience psychological or physiological stress symptoms.

TRUE

Strum Services provides content management services to major educational publishers. Due to low morale, the level of employee output has been below par, which has caused a backlog in work. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument to use coercive techniques techniques in this situation?

The company is on a tight deadline to complete a major project for an important client.

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument to use coercive techniques in this situation?

The company just finished its peak season, during which employees were required to work overtime and on weekends.

Procedural fairness while implementing changes is especially important when __________________.

The employees perceive the outcome as negative

Fony Corp., headquartered in China, is a leading manufacturer of electronic devices and solutions intended for professional markets. The company is considering upgrading the technology currently being used at Fony's manufacturing facility, located in Guangdong, that specializes in producing lithium-ion batteries, which are used to power laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets. The new technology is expected to increase efficiency levels and will also allow for greater adherence to quality standards. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument that Fony Corp. should upgrade its technology?

The technology which the company is considering adopting was recently developed and has not yet been successfully implemented in a real business context.

Louise is overwhelmed with the new tasks that she has been assigned after the department merger. Each day, she arrives at work and makes a list of the new tasks, writes a number next to each one according to the urgency of completion, and schedules a time to complete each one. Although she's still stressed, Louise is able to get most of the work done and feels better at the end of the day. Louise is using ________ techniques to reduce her stress.

Time-management

Idea champions display characteristics associated with __________________ leadership.

Transformational

Risa has to work long hours and sometimes weekends, losing out on family time. Risa doesn't find her long hours overly stressful, but rather she sees it as her contribution to maintaining her family's equilibrium and well-being and bettering her children's future. In which country is Risa most likely employed?

Venezuela

Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee's total physical and mental condition, such as helping them quit smoking or control alcohol use, are called ____________________.

Wellness

During the design step of appreciative inquiry, Participants _________________.

find a common vision of how the organization will look in the future

Appreciative inquiry (AI) is an organizational development technique. Which of the following statements is true regarding appreciative inquiry?

it consists of four steps including discovery, dreaming design and destiny.

Which of the following stressors is likely to produce less strain than what other stressors?

pressure to complete tasks

Bart has a new idea for a way to cut costs in his department, but he is not willing to share his idea with his boss because the last department head that tried new cost cutting methods was recently fired because the new methods could not achieve expected results. Based on the example, how can Bart's company improve the culture to create innovation?

reward both successes and failures