Organizational Behavior Chapter #5

All of the following statements accurately describe ERG theory EXCEPT a. It groups human needs into three categories: external, regressive, and growth. b. It offers a regression hypothesis. c. It was proposed by Clayton Alderfer. d. It recategorizes the needs recognized in Maslow's hierarchy.

a. It groups human needs into three categories: external, regressive, and growth. Alderfer's ERG theory organizes human needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth.

Which of the following statements best represents a Theory Y assumption? a. People resist organizational needs because of prior experiences. b. People are not very bright. c. People dislike change, and since they lack responsibility, they prefer to be led. d. People lack ambition.

a. People resist organizational needs because of prior experiences. Theory Y assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs. They assert that people are not by nature resistant to organizational needs but have become so due to prior experiences.

Claire and Raj work similar jobs for the same company. Since Raj has more experience than Claire, he earns a higher salary. Claire reacts to this realization by putting in less effort. She now believes she makes more money per hour of "real" work than Raj, which makes her happy. Claire would be considered a. an entitled. b. a critic. c. an equity sensitive. d. a benevolent.

a. an entitled. Entitleds are comfortable only with an equity ratio greater than that of their comparison other.

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that performance is related to rewards? a. instrumentality b. expectancy c. valence d. moral maturity

a. instrumentality Instrumentality is the belief that performance is related to rewards and is one of three key ideas in Vroom's expectancy theory.

Which of the following statements accurately describes family motivation? a. It requires direct supervisor interaction. b. It reduces work stress. c. It provides energy, even when one's intrinsic motivation is low. d. It rarely boosts performance in the workplace.

c. It provides energy, even when one's intrinsic motivation is low. Family motivation provides a powerful source of motivation that can boost performance in a workplace, even when a person's intrinsic motivation is low, by providing energy. 5-5

Which need theory of motivation focuses only on higher-order needs and ignores the lower-order needs? a. Alderfer's ERG Theory b. Maslow's Need Hierarchy c. McClelland's Need Theory d. McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

c. McClelland's Need Theory McClelland's theory focuses on the need for achievement, power, and affiliation, which are all higher-order needs.

All of the following statements accurately describe motivation factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory EXCEPT a. Motivation factors lead to positive mental health. b. Motivation factors are the more important of the two sets of factors. c. The absence of motivation factors leads to dissatisfaction. d. Job enrichment creates job satisfaction.

c. The absence of motivation factors leads to dissatisfaction. The absence of motivation factors does not lead to dissatisfaction, but rather to feelings of neutrality.

Which of the following is a hygiene factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation? a. advancement b. recognition of achievement c. supervision d. work itself

c. supervision Hygiene factors, like supervision, are work conditions that contribute to job dissatisfaction when they are absent.

Expectancy theory assumes that a. high effort correlates to strong performance but does not result in a reward. b. there is no correlation between effort, performance, and reward. c. there is no correlation between effort and performance but a strong one between performance and reward. d. high effort correlates to strong performance, which results in a coveted reward.

d. high effort correlates to strong performance, which results in a coveted reward. Vroom's expectancy theory asserts that there is a correlation between the effort one puts into a job, the performance one achieves, and the outcomes one receives.

Loehr's full engagement idea asserts that people must a. be activated by unmet safety needs. b. manage time rather than energy. c. be activated by unmet self-actualization needs. d. manage energy rather than time.

d. manage energy rather than time. Loehr's full engagement idea asserts that people must manage energy rather than time and disengage from certain activities to balance the power of full engagement.

Aaron knows he works much harder than Byron, has a more advanced university degree, but makes about one-third less money. According to Adams's theory, Aaron perceives a situation of a. equity. b. negative inequity. c. positive inequity. d. multiculturism.

b. negative inequity. A perception of negative inequity arises when one's input/output ratio is less than that of a comparison other.

Which motivational theory classification emphasizes the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment? a. internal theories b. process theories c. external theories d. sustained theories

b. process theories Process theories of motivation, such as expectancy theory, emphasize the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment.

Most motivation theories in use today have been developed by and about a. Western Europeans. b. Asians. c. Americans. d. Eastern Europeans.

c. Americans.

Which of the following terms refers to healthy, normal stress? a. distress b. overstress c. restress d. eustress

d. eustress Stressful situations either produce distress or eustress (euphoria + stress), which is healthy, normal stress.

Adam Smith's idea of self-interest focuses on which aspect of motivation? a. internal needs b. Protestant ethics c. government intervention d. external incentives

d. external incentives Smith assumed that people are motivated by self-interest for economic gain (an external incentive) to provide the necessities and conveniences of life.

Cultural researchers have found that expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that are a. future oriented in time. b. collectivist. c. feminine. d. masculine.

b. collectivist. In collectivist cultures, rewards are more closely tied to group and team efforts, and expectancy theory is ill equipped to deal with such differences. 5-8

Which of the following is an individual contribution, according to Etzioni's exchange relationship? a. benefits b. developmental potential c. physiological needs d. organizational goals

b. developmental potential In Etzioni's exchange relationship, individuals contribute developmental potential, knowledge, skills, and abilities.

David McClelland's needs theory involves three ________ needs. a. ambiguous b. manifest c. innate d. equivocal

b. manifest McClelland's needs theory involves three manifest needs, which are learned or acquired needs that are easily perceived.

With which of the following ideas would Sigmund Freud agree? a. Successful workers recognize others' interests as well as their own. b. People are motived by economic gain to provide the necessary conveniences of life. c. The unconscious mind influences human motivation. d. Prosperous workers are more likely to find a place in heaven

c. The unconscious mind influences human motivation. Freud developed a method of psychoanalysis to delve into the unconscious mind to better understand a person's motives and needs.

Genevieve is overjoyed to have been chosen to work on her company's most prestigious and challenging project. She asks her supervisor to set up weekly progress meetings, so she can receive timely feedback and to permit her to work from home two days per week, so she can avoid distractions. According to McClelland's Need Theory, Genevieve has a high need for a. affiliation. b. power. c. achievement. d. security.

c. achievement. People with a high need for achievement seek performance excellence, enjoy difficult and challenging goals, persevere, and are competitive.

To understand altruistic, fair, and equitable behavior, we must understand an individual's a. valence. b. expectancy. c. moral maturity. d. motivational problems.

c. moral maturity. we must understand an individual's moral maturity, which is the measure of a person's cognitive moral development.

In America, self-actualization is the pinnacle need on Maslow's hierarchy. When studying cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty, researchers found workers' pinnacle need to be a. social. b. esteem. c. safety and security. d. physiological.

c. safety and security.

Which of the following did researchers classify both as a motivational factor and a hygiene factor? a. growth b. responsibility c. security d. salary

d. salary Some studies have concluded that salary can be considered both a motivational factor and a hygiene factor.

Drew is committed to his work because of the excellent retirement plan. Which need in Maslow's hierarchy is fulfilled in this example? a. safety and security b. physiological c. social d. esteem

a. safety and security