Organizational Behavior Final Exam
By the 1960s nearly _____% of all U.S. companies were using a performance appraisal process.
90
Which of these represents the final step in a behavior modification program?
Administer feedback and rewards
Which of the following represent a model specifically designed as an abundance-based, bottom-up, positive approach?
Appreciative Inquiry (AI) model
The ability to view situations from more than one cultural framework refers to which of these?
Cognitive complexity???
Which of the following strategy/action can be utilized to reduce the system uncertainty?
Differentiate rewards among high and low performers
Which of these defines the extent to which you believe that the person being observed would behave consistently when faced with different situations?
Distinctiveness
Which of these represents a Type B personality characteristic?
Does one activity at a time
Which of the following is an internal state of disequilibrium; a felt need?
Drive
Each of the following are considered to be reasons why Alderfer's ERG model is more useful than Maslow's EXCEPT:
ERG theory did a better job of identifying motivators than did Maslow.
_____ refer to our beliefs about what is right vs. wrong, good vs. evil, virtuous vs. corrupt.
Ethics and morals
Businesses close down for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for a business failure?
Expenses were lower than the owner expected.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the perceiver?
Subconscious uncertainty
Which of the following techniques is the most popular method of evaluation used in organizations today?
Graphic rating scales
Which of these represents a collection of personality characteristics that involve one's ability to perceptually or behaviorally transform negative stressors into positive challenges?
Hardiness
Which of the following is an element of natural disaster and human induced environmental problems?
Health, food, stress
Managers are responsible for the work of the people in their unit, and their actions in this regard are directly related to their role as which of these?
Leader???
_____ is the process for reviewing key roles and determining the readiness levels of potential internal and external candidates to fill these roles.
Succession planning
One area where we clearly see technological change at work is in the field of robotics.
True
Perhaps the most important influences on personal development are family and social group determinants.
True
The concept "work ethic" is prominent among work-related values.
True
Which of the following use teams to combine vertical with horizontal structures?
Matrix structure
All of the following strategies help prevent conflict in organizations EXCEPT:
Pay secrecy
Which of these aims to identify discrepancies between what management sees as desired or acceptable behavior and actual behavior?
Performance audit
_______ is a condition in which individuals feel they are being asked to do more than time or ability permits.
Role overload
In a conflict situation, which of the following is a destructive and passive response?
Self-criticizing
______ suggests that when we first come into contact with others, we categorize them as belonging to an in-group or an out-group.
Social identity theory
When people join groups because they want to interact with other people and develop meaningful relationships, it describes which of the following reasons why they join groups?
Social needs
There has been renewed interest in pre-employment screening tests in recent years.
True
Those values concerning the way we approach end-states represent instrumental values.
True
Through work, economic self-sufficiency can be found.
True
Work can be defined as an activity that produces something of value for other people.
True
Work serves a social function in society.
True
_____ people are characterized by marked dependency and often exhibit the characteristic of helplessness.
Type IV
_______ change is unintentional and is usually the result of informal organizing.
Unplanned change
Jay Patel is the HR manager at BNB Manufacturing. Jay wants to establish the pay-for-performance structure at BNB. In these efforts, Jay's boss tells him to include the design of a merit matrix that ties employee annual pay increases to performance as well as the design of a short-term bonus matrix and a long-term bonus pay-for-performance strategy. Jay should focus on which of the following step in the framework to address these issues?
Update compensation processes with new pay for-performance elements.
Which of these term is often used to reflect ways in which organizations show appreciation for diversity among job applicants, employees, and customers?
Valuing diversity
Sara, a service manager at Auto Services, knows that on the average her performance is evaluated and rewarded about once a month, but she does not know when this event will occur. This is an example of which of the following schedule of reinforcement?
Variable interval
_____ is financing obtained from investment firms that specialize in financing small, high-growth companies and receive an ownership interest and a voice in management in return for their money.
Venture capital
Which of the following refers to a situation where the more interconnected subunit A is with other subunits in the organization, the more central it is?
Work flow centrality
Which of these describes an expected behavior pattern assigned or attributed to a particular position in the organization?
Work roles
Responses such as perspective taking, creating solutions, expressing emotions, and reaching out are considered ______ responses to conflict.
active and constructive
Believed to follow a fairly consistent pattern known as the general ________ syndrome is the general physiological response to stressful events.
adaptation
According to Herzberg, hygiene needs must be met in order to:
avoid dissatisfaction
The extent to which the requirements and responsibilities of the group are clearly understood is task _______.
clarity
When Art Baer read that Singapore would lift its ban on chewing gum, he thought to himself, "There has to be a market there." Baer, 26, knew if he was going to move beyond the daydreaming stage, he had to move fast. After investing $20,000 of his own money into developing a product he called Impress Gum, Baer quit his job, flew to Singapore, talked to the right people in the government, lined up a manufacturer, and hired a marketing firm to promote his gum, which fights tooth decay. Baer is an example of a(n) ______ entrepreneur.
classic
When he read Chicken Soup From the Soul, Joe Farmer was struck by how many of the stories mentioned the scent of the islands. So Farmer created bottles filled with Hawaiian air and some scented essence beads. When customers shake the bottles up and open the lids, they're transported back to paradise. While many marketing experts did not think that consumers would buy bottles of air, Farmer has earned more than half a million dollars of sale during his first year of operation. Farmer was an example of a _____ entrepreneur.
classic
Within an organization, the primary lever to address the drive to _____ is job design, and the actions are to design jobs that have distinct and important roles in the organization, as well as jobs that are meaningful and foster a sense of contribution.
comprehend
The ______ is characterized by a commitment to equal opportunities in hiring and promotions, and does not directly link a work group's productivity or success with diversity.
discrimination-and-fairness perspective
While the ____ role describes managers who initiate change, the ____ role depicts managers who must involuntarily react to conditions.
entrepreneur; disturbance handler
Which of the following is a trend that is changing the face of entrepreneurship and small business ownership?
entrepreneurial diversity
In ______ feedback, the receiver provides nonevaluative information to the communicator.
informational
Hygiene factors are most directly related to:
job context
When person B submits to person A because B feels that A has a right to exert power in a certain domain, _______ power exists.
legitimate
Which leadership theory states that the challenge facing leaders is first to analyze the situation and identify the most appropriate style of leadership and then to develop the capacity to be flexible enough to use different leadership styles as appropriate?
path-goal approach to leadership???
A way of spreading stress among employees and providing a respite from particularly stressful jobs is basically job ______.
rotation
Managers' effectiveness as a _____ will determine how well they are able to manage the firm's reputation.
speaker and writer
In the ____ phase of the organizational life cycle, the organization expands, and the hierarchy deepens, now with multiple levels of employees. Lower-level managers are given greater responsibility, and managers for significant areas of responsibility are identified.
sustained success
An overriding principle of Maslow's theory of needs is:
that a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied
Which of the following is most true with respect to our understanding of leadership in multi-cultural work settings?
the existing evidence suggests that there are similarities as well as differences in the impact of leadership styles, influence attempts, and the formality of relationships
The relationship between leader behavior and follower behavior can best be characterized as:
while the effectiveness of leader behavior is determined by follower characteristics or expectations it has also been found that follower behavior determines leader behavior???
According to Thomas, which is the final stage of the conflict process?
Outcome
According to Thomas, which of these conflict handling modes is representative of unassertive and cooperative characteristics?
Accommodating
______ concerns the process by which an individual interprets events as being caused by a particular part of a relatively stable environment.
Attribution theory
The ______ technique begins by selecting a job that can be described in observable behaviors.
BARS
Which of these describes the process of getting people to substitute what have been called low-probability behaviors for high-probability behaviors?
Behavioral dilemmas
Which of the following describe virtual structures?
Boundaryless
In performance appraisal of his 14 employees, Jermaine fails to recognize either very good or very poor performers. Which of the following errors reflects Jermaine's action?
Central tendency
_______ is the generation of new or original ideas; it requires the use of imagination and the ability to step back from traditional ways of doing things and seeing the world.
Creativity
Which of these can arguably lead to a more participative structure and lead to improved communication in the organization?
Decentralization
Which of the following argues that organizations exist as socially constructed systems in which people are constantly making sense of and enacting an organizational reality as they interact with others in a system?
Emergent approach
World at Work defines a total rewards strategy as the six elements of total rewards that collectively define an organization's strategy to attract, motivate, retain and engage employees. Which of the following is NOT an element of this total rewards?
Employee life cycle
Which of these represents the first step in Kotter's Change Model?
Establish a sense of urgency
The conflict is within the individual is called interpersonal conflict.
False
While there have been many attempts to provide a differentiation between leadership and management, they are the same thing.
False
Which of these groups are classified as informal?
Friendship and interest
Which of the following profile of an organization emphasizes efficiency, process and cost control, organizational improvement, technical expertise, precision, problem solving, elimination of errors, logical, cautious and conservative, management and operational analysis, and careful decision-making?
Hierarchy Culture
Personal abilities, traits, and skills are examples of which of the following factors why organizations have conflict?
Individual differences
As a manager your organization is constantly confronted with a variety of changes in the market or a wide range of situations. You have to recruit and select a manager for a group of employees responsible for several related products. You have just read about Fiedler's Contingency model and decided to use the LPC score to aid you in selecting a leader for the management group. You have interviewed four candidates for the job (Erin, Josh, Michael, Tabitha) and the scores for each of the candidates were Erin=high LPC, Josh=moderately high LPC, Michael=middle LPC, Tabitha=low LPC. Which of the candidates would you hire?
Michael???
_______ technique requires that one team member to assume the role where she or he extracts buried disagreements within the team and sheds the light of day on them. They must have the courage and confidence to call out sensitive issues and force team members to work through them.
Mining
Sam, marketing manager at ABC Products, argues that XY Products, their biggest competitor is spending more on marketing than ABC. XY have a larger share of the market. Therefore, ABC should spend more on marketing. This argument represents which of the following fallacies?
Non sequitur
Buying a house can be described as which of these?
Nonprogrammed decision???
In the exchange process, which of the following invests status and recognition?
Organization
Which of the following represents the label for a field that specializes in change management?
Organizational development
The critical incidents method primarily provides which of these?
Qualitative information
Which of the following refers to the exchange of rewards for sexual favors or punishments for refusal to grant sexual favors?
Quid pro quo harassment
Which of these occurs when two or more groups depend on one another for inputs?
Reciprocal interdependence
For which power, allegiance is based on interpersonal attraction of one individual for another?
Referent
_______ power is also called charismatic power.
Referent
Which of the following describe conflict between individuals that is more personal and involves attacks on a person rather than an idea?
Relationship
At which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium?
Resistance
Which of these is the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Resistance
Which of these demonstrates how a diverse workforce can create a sustainable competitive advantage for organizations?
Resource-based view
All but which of the following is a major influence on selective attention?
Response Certainty
As a manager of a diverse work group, which of the following general statements or principles would you use to guide you in attempting to be an effective leaders?
The effective practice of leadership necessitates a careful look at and understanding of the individual differences brought to the leader-follower relationship by the cross-cultural context.
According to the authors of the 2018 annual Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS), which of these requires organizations to proactively change or it will end up being changed by external circumstances?
Transformative resilience
Dogmatism refers to a particular cognitive style that is characterized by closed-mindedness and inflexibility.
True
Which of the following is NOT a reason why small business thrives in the United States?
guaranteed profits
The influence of positive arbitrary biases is called the _______.
halo effect
The major implication for managers using Maslow's need theory of motivation is:
help employees satisfy lower order needs
When people are among _____ teammates, the team is susceptible to groupthink.
homogeneous and like-minded
