OSHA 30 exam 2

Fall Hazard Training Program Requirements

- Nature of fall hazards in the work area; correct procedures FOR ERECTING, MAINTAINING, DISASSEMBLING, AND INSPECTING THE FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS TO BE USED; - Use and operation of GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS, PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS, SAFETY NET SYSTEMS, WARNING LINE SYSTEMS, SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEMS, CONTROLLED ACCESS ZONES, AND OTHER PROTECTION TO BE USED; - The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used

7 steps for shut down

1) notify 2) prepare 3) shutdown 4) isolate 5) lockout 6) release 7) verify

Inspecition of Fall Protection Equipment

ALWAYS inspect your harness before you use it!

Powder-Actuated Tool Safety

Always post warning signs when powder actuated tools are in use, signs should state "Powder Actuated Tool in Use" and should be located within 50 feet of the area where tool is being used

Personall Fall Arrest Systems

Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting AT LEAST 5,000 LBS PER EMPLOYEE ATTACHED

Proper lifiting Technique

Basic moves of a proper lift plan your lift use a wide-balanced stance get close to the load tighten your stomach muscles keep your back straight and use your legs.... not your back turn with your feet; dont twist your back keep the load close to your body avoid lifting above shoulder height

Steep Roods

Each employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and egdes 6' OR MORE ABOVE LOWER LEVELS shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.

Holes

Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall be PROTECTED FROM FALLING THROUGH HOLES (INCLUDING SKYLIGHTS) more than 6' above lower levels by PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS, COVERS, OR GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS erected around such holes Each employee on a walking/working surface shall be protected from tripping in or stepping into or through holes (including skylights) by covers

Accident Statistics

Electrocutions make up 7-12% of construction fatalities annually over 30,000 non-fatal shocks occur each year

Site Clearing

Employees engaged in site clearing shall be protected from hazard of irritant and toxic plants and suitably instructed in the first aid treatment available

Subpart M

Fall protection

Suspension Trama Strap

Helps prevent the effects of suspension trauma after a fall occurs by providing a step for fallen workers to use. round $30

Fall Protection Systems

If an employee is exposed to falling 6' (1.8 meters) or more from an unprotected side or edge, the employer must select wither a guradrail system, safety net system, or personall fall arrest system to protect the worker.

Layered Systems

In a layered system, the system shall be classified in accordance with its WEAKEST LAYER

Effects of Current Flow

More than 3 milliamps: painful shock more than 10 milliamps: muscle contraction more than 20 milliamps: considered severe shock more than 30 milliamps: lung paralysis - usually temporary more than 50 milliamps: possible ventricular fibrillation (usually fatal) more than 100 milliamps to 4 amps: certain ventricular fibrillation (fatal) over 4 amps: heart paralysis; severe burns

Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program Cont.

Program must cover: all cord sets, receptacles not part of a building or structure, equipment connected by plug and cord

Determining Proper Anchorage Point Height

Tie off at the height of your D ring or higher do not tie off lower Anchorage point needs to be at least 18 1/2' above the ground Lanyard Length: 6ft Deceleration distance: 3 1/2' height of worker: 6ft Safety Factor: 3ft Total: 18 1/2'

Abrasive Wheel Use

To prevent cracking- fit the wheel on the spindle freely. tighten the spindle nut enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange let the tool come up to speed prior to grinding or cutting dont stand in front of the wheel as it comes up to full speed use eye and/or face protection

Guardrail Systems (CONTINUED)

Top rails and midrails shall be at least 1/4" nominal diameter or thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations if wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be FLAGGED AT NOT MORE THAN 6'-00" with high-visibility material When guardrail systems are used at holes, they shall be erected on all unprotected sides or edges of the hole when guardrail systems are used around holes which are used as points of access (such as ladderways), they shall be provided with a gate, or be so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the hole

Spil Classifications

Type A: Cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength of 1.5 Tsf (clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam) Type B: Cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength grater than 0.5 Tsf (0.5 Tsf - 1.5 Tsf) (angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam) Type C: Cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength 0.5 Tsf or less (gravel, sand, loamy sand). Any submerged soil, or soil from which water is freely seeping (EVEN IF IT TEST AS A "A" OR "B" TYPE SOIL)

Excavation Hazards cont. #2

Warning systems for mobile equipment. when mobile equipment is operated adjacent to an excavation, or when such equipment is required to approach the edge of an excavatin, and the operator does not have a clear and direct view of the edge of the excavation, a WARNING SYSTEM shall be utilized such as barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs. if possible the grade should be away from the excavation

Number of Clips

When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, table H-2 shall be used to determine the NUMBER and MINIMUM SPACING of clips

Chain Wear

When a chain shows excessive wear, or is cracked or pitted, remove it from service NON_ALLOY REPAIR LINKS CAN NOT BE USED

Guardrail Systems (CONTINUED 2)

When guardrail systems are used at hoisting areas, a CHAIN, GATE OR REMOVABLE GUARDRAIL SECTION shall be placed across the access opening between guardrail sections when hoisting operations are not taking place

How high is deadly?

You may not be very high off the ground but if you fall it could be deadly. PROTECT your employees, your co-workers, yourself Highet of Falls Percentage of Deaths More than 30' 19.6% 26'-30' 9.5% 21'-25' 13.9% 16'-20' 17.4% 11'-15' 19.7% 6'-10' 11.7% less than 5' 8.2%

Motor Vehicles con.

all vehicles or or combination of vehicles shall have brake lights in operable cvondition regardless of light conditions

How a GFCI works

The GFCI detects "leakage" of 4-6 milliamps & opens the circuit in 1/40th of a second it WILL work without the ground plug but NOT fast enough if YOU are the ground *A GFCI breaker must be installed to protect workers using 220V masonry saws*

Powder-Actuated Tools

User must be trained and licensed to operate test tool each day before loading to ensure the safety devices are working properly immediately remove defective tool wear suitable ear, eye, and face protection

4 proactive methods

electrical isolation equipment grounding circuit interruption safe work practices

severity of the shock depends on

path amount of current length of time *low voltage does not mean low hazard*

Electrical Safety

repair: cord must retain original characteristics all electrical conductors and equipment shall be approved

Rigging Equipment Slings

Types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fire rope, and synthetic web chain wire rope metal mesh synthetic

Construction fatalities

3 fatalities per day eliminating the "fatal four" would save 582American construction workers per year

Inspecting Abrasive Wheels

Before mounting - inspect closely for damage; perform sound - or ring - test to ensure free from cracks/defects to test - tap wheel gently with a light, non-metallic instrument if wheel sounds cracked or dead, do not use it because it could fly apart

Wire Rope Slings - Remove From Service for

Bird caging Kinking Crushing

Synthetic Web SLings Fittings

Fittings must be: at least as strong as that of the sling free of sharp edges that could damage the webbing

Surface Encumbrances cont. #2

Sidewalks, pavements and appurtenant ("secondary") structures shall not be undermined unless a support system or another method of protection is provided to protect employees from the possible collapse of such structures

Housekeeping con.

"housekeeping" storage areas shall be kept free frpm accumulation of materials that constitute hazards from tripping, fire, explosion, or pest harborage

"CONVENTIONAL" FALL PROTECTION OPTIONS

1) Guardrails 2) Covers 3) Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)

Flammable and Combustible liquids IMPORTANT

1926.152(a)(1) subpart F- Only approved Containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage and handling of flammable liquids. Approved safety cans or department of transportation approved containers shall be used for the handling and use of flammable liquids in quantities of 5 gallons or less

Safety Monitor

COMPETENT PERSON

Things that can cause cave-ins

Cave-ins result from: vibratinos adjacent structures freezing and thawing the weight of the soil itself addition or removal of water reduction in frictional cohesive capacities of soils

Lock-out / Tag-Out

Controls that are to be deactivated during the course of work on energized or de-energized equipment or circuits shall be tagged

Rigging and sling inspections

EACH DAY BEFORE BEING USED, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. additional inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. DAMAGED OR DEFECTIVE SLINGS SHALL BE IMMEDIATELY REMOVED FROM SERVICE

Spoil Piles/Equipment

Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and kepping such materials or equipment AT LEAST 2' (.61 M) FROM THE EDGE OF EXCAVATIONS

Tagging System

Every Harness must have a legible tag identifying the harness, model, date of manufacture, name of manufaturer, limitations and warnings: - check tag for date of manufacture and remove from service if past adopted service life policy - if tagging system is missing or not legible remove harness from service

Subpart P

Excavations

Guardrail Systems - Top Rails (continued)

Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, A FORCE OF AT LEAST 200 LBS ( 890 N) APPLIED WITHIN 2" (5.1 CM) OF THE TOP EDGE, IN ANY OUTWARD OR DOWNWARD DIRECTION, AT ANY POINT ALONG THE TOP EDGE When the 200 LBS (890 N) test load is applied in a downward direction, the top edge of the guardrail SHALL NOT DEFLECT TO A HEIGHT LESS THAN 39" (1.0 M) above the walking/ working level

Subparts and their names

H: Material Handling, Storage, Use, & Disposal I: Hand and Power Tools K: Electrical Safety In Construction M: Fall Protection O: Motor Vehicles P: Excavations W: ROPS ( Roll-Over Protection System)

Shock Absorbing Lanyards

Help reduce the amount of shock that is experienced by a falling worker to below the 1,800 LBS limit set by OSHA

Personal Fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall:

Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 LBS when used with a BODY HARNESS; be rigged such that an employee can NEITHER FREE FALL MORE THAN 6' NOR CONTACT ANY LOWER LEVEL; Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum DECELERATION distance an employee traves to 3.5'

Harness Fall Arrest Indicators

Located on the back D-ring pad

Means of Egress

MEANS OF EGRESS from trench excavations. A STAIRWAY, LADDER, RAMP OR OTHER SAFE MEANS OF EGRESS SHALL BE LOCATED IN TRENCH EXCAVATIONS THAT ARE 4' (1.22 M ) OR MORE IN-DEPTH so as to require NO MORE THAN 25' (7.62 M ) OF LATERAL TRAVEL FOR EMPLOYEES

Synthetic Web Sling Markings

Mark or code to show: Name or trademark of manufacturer rated capacities for the type of hitch type of material

High-Elevation Rescue

OSHA requires that employers provide for "prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves

Check Excavations for hazardous Conditions

Once a depth of 4' has been reached or exceeded

Types of Fall Protection

Personal Fall Arrest: Harnness & Lanyard Guardrail Systems Safety Nets Others: Safety Monitor, Warning Line, Controlled Access Zone

GFCI

Protects you from shock detects a difference in current between the black and white wires if ground fault detected, GFCI shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second use GFCI's in all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program an extension cord IS a temporary circuit.

Subpart W

ROPS (Roll-Over Protective Systems

Warning line System continued

The ropem wire, or chain shall be rigged and supported in such a way that its LOWEST POINT (INCLUDING SAG) IN NO LESS THAN 34" (.9 M ) from the walking/working surface and ITS HIGHEST POINT IS NO MORE THAN 39" (1.0 M) from the walking/working surface no employee shall be aloowed in the area between a roof edge and a warning line unless the employee is performing roofing work in that area

Warning line System

The warning line shall be erected around all sides of the roof work area WHEN MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT IS NOT BEING USED the warning line shall be erected NOT LESS THEN 6' FROM THE ROOF EDGE WHEN MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT IS BEING USED, the warning line shall be erected not less than 6' from the rood edge which is parallel to the direction of the mechanical equipment operation, and NOT LESS THAN 10' FROM THE ROOF EDGE which is perpendicular to the direction of mechanical equipment operation

Training Requirements

Ther needs to be a writen training program for each employee who might be exposed to fall hazards EACH EMPLOYEE has been trained.... by a COMPETENT PERSON qualified in the following ares: Nature of fall hazards, the CORRECT PROCEDURES for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used; the USE AND OPERATION OF GUSRDRAIL SYSTEMS, PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS, SAFETY NET SYSTEMS, SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEMS, CONTROLLED ACCESS ZONES, and other protection to be used; the ROLE OF EACH EMPLOYEE in the safety monitoring system when this system is used; the LIMITATIONS on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of roofing work on low-sloped roofs; the CORRECT PROCEDURES for handling and storage of equipment and materials and the rerection of overhead protection; and the role of employees in fall protection plans `

Types of Hitches

Verticle hitch Choker hitch Basket hitch Knowing the sling's capacity is important; capacity changes depending on how the load is rigged; the same goes for wire rope and chain slings *Choker hitch always has the lowest capacity* *how the sling is angled can cause damage to the sling and the material*

Horizontal Force

Very often sling legs are attached at an angle less the 90 degrees then a horizontal force is added tot he vertical force resulting combined force is greater than the weight of the load horizontal force increases as the angle becomes smaller when a sling angle is 30 degrees the total force is twice that of the load sling angles of 45 degrees are not recommended

Alloy Steel Chains

Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently afficed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sling manufacturer it must be marked with grade or manufacture's marks

Disposal Of Waste Materials

Whenever materials are DROPPED MORE THAN 20' to any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building, an enclosed chute (closed in on all sides) of wood, or equivalent material, shall be used

Motor Vehicles

Whenever visibility conditions warrant additional light, all vehicles, or combinations of vehicles, in use shall be equipped with at least two headlights and two tailights in operable condition

Hazardous Atmospheres

Where oxygen deficiency (atmospheres containing less than 19.5% OXYGEN ) or a hazardous atmosphere existis or could reasonably be expected to exist, such as in excavations in landfill areas or excavations in areas where hazardous substances are stored nearby, the atmosphere in the excavation shall be tested before employees enter EXCAVTIONS GREATER THAN 4' (1.22 M) IN DEPTH adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent employee exposure to atmosheres containing less than 19.5% oxygen and other hazardous atmospheres. these precaustions include providing peroper respiratory protection or ventilation in accordance with subparts D and E of this part respectively.

Emergency action Plan

Your emergency action plan cannot be 9-1-1

Venous Poolng

an accumulation of blood in the les reduces the amount of blood in circulation the body reacts to this reduction by speeding up the heart rate and in an attempt to maintain sufficent blood flow to the brain if the blood supply is significantly reduced, this reaction will not be effecive the body will abruptly slow the heart rate and blood pressure will diminish in the arteries during sever venous pooling, the reduction in quantity and/or quality (oxygen content) of blood flowing to the brain caues fainting. this reduction also can have an effct on other vital organs, such as the kidneys. the kidnets are very sensitivie to blood oxygen, and renal failure can occur with excessive venous pooling. if these conditions continue, the potentially may be FATAL

OSHA Definition of an EXCAVATION

any man-made cut, cavity, trench or depression in an earth surface, formed by earth removal

Contributing factors to unstable conditions

depth of excavation nature of the ground or soil, including its reaction to the elements slip planes in the soil and fractures/faults in rocks water content, including the in-rush of water nearby in-ground services placement of and vibration from equipment/traffic storage of excavated material near the edge of the excavation proximity of buildings and other structures

Planning a rigging system

determine the weight of the load to be lifted locating the center of gravity of a load distinguishing the force components (horizontal and vertical) at work in a diagonal force (loads at some angles other than 90 degrees to the horizontal) limitations of each component of the rigging system

requirements for protective systems

each employee in an excavation 5' OR MORE IN DEPTH shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed in accordance with paragraoh (b) or (c) of this section except when: - excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or - excavations are less than 5' (1.52 meters) in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in Once an excavation exceeds 5' you must start sloping your trench

Subpart M - Appendix B (pipe railing)

for PIPE RAILINGS; posts, tops rails, and intermediate railings shall be at least 1 1/2" nominal diameter (schedule 40 pipe) with POSTS SPCAED NOT MORE THAN 8' ( 2.4 M) APART ON CENTERS.

Personal Fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall: (continued)

if the system is being used by an employee having a combined peron and tool weight of LESS THAN 310 LBS, the system will be considered to be in compliance... if the system is used by an employee having a combined tool and body weight of 310 lbs or more, then the employer must approperiately modify the criteria and protocols to provide proper protection for such heavier weights

Plan before you start excavating

inspect the site. collect information locate utilities (811 has 48 hours during the work week to mark them they dont work the weekends) list the risks mitigate or eliminate potential problems establish minimum rate of inspection have written site safety plan, including emergency procedures emergency procedures established periodic inspection intervals determined utility locations must be staked or marked

Unsuitable Alloy Steel Chain Attachments

job or shop hooks abd links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts, rods, ect., or other such attachments, cant be used

To protect workers from falls an employer is required to

provide fall protection ensure proper scaffold construction ensure safe ladder use and condition conduct worksite maintenance Provide training

Utility marker colors

red: Power blue: Potable Water orange: Communication yellow: Gas, Oil, Steam green: Sewer purple: Reclaimed water / irrigation water pink: Temp. Survey Markings white: Proposed Excavation

Safety Nets cont. #2

safety nets and safety net installations shall be drop-tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being used as a fall protection system, whenever relocated, are major repair, and at 6-month intervals if left in one place. The drop-test shall consist of a 400 LBS (180 KG) BAG OF SAND 30" +/- 2" (75 +/- 5 CM) IN DIAMETER DROPPED INTO THE NET FROM THE HIGHEST WALKING/WORKING SURFACE at which employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not from less than 42" (1.1 m ) above that level.

Safety Nets cont. #1

safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance under them to prvent contact with the surface or structures below when subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test specified in paragraph (c)(4) of this section

Tie-Back Lanyard

the webbing and snap hooks of regular lanyards are not designed to withstand the forces of tying back Has to be specifically labeled as a tie-back lanyard or it can not be used as a tie-back

Personal Protective Equipment Cont.

1926.200 (d)(3) - All other hand-held powered tools, such as circular saws, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means, shall be equipped with a constant pressure sqwitch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released.

Compressed Air Cleaning

Don't use compressed air for cleaning 1926.302(b)(4) - Exception- where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. with PPE

Pneumatic Tools - Fastening

Ensure tool is fastened securly to the air hose to prevent a disconnection use a short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool

Powder-Actuated Tools Cont.

Fasteners used in tool specifically designed for that tool designed for the material that is being deiven into

Flammable and Combustible liquids Continued. IMPORTANT

Gasoline FLowing into container generates a static charge that is prevented from grounding by the insulating effect of the truck bed liner affects both ungrounded metal (most hazardous) and plastic gas containers

guarding portable circular saws

Guard these saws above and below the base plate or shoe. the lower guard must cover the saw to the depth of the teeth guard to prevent the operator from coming in contact with the rotating the blade

Subpart I

Hand and Power Tools

Horizontal Force con.

Horizontal forces act on the laod causing damage by compression or buckling horizontal forces are absorbed by using a spreadeer beam making the sling legs between bean and laod vertial

Double Insulated

Manufactured with non-metallic cases are called double-insulated has been designed to not require a safety connection to ground

Subpart H

Material Handling, Storage, Use, & Disposal

Material Storage con.

Material stored insided building under construction shall not be placed within 6 feet of any hoist-way or inside floor openings, nor within 10 feet of an exterior wall which does not extend above the top of the material stored

Subpart O

Motor Vehicles

Motor Vehicles Con.

No employer shall use any motor vehicle equipment having an obstructed view to the rear unless: the vehicle has a reverse signal alarm audible above the surrounding noise level or the vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so

Custom Design Con.

Not to be used without affixed, legible identification markings, required by paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section rigging equipment, when not is use shall be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a hazard to employees

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling

Rigging equipment for material handling shall be inspected prior to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that iti is safe. Defective rigging equipment shall be removed from service

How can "struck-by" incidents be prevented

Site-specific rules in the site logistics plan Make yourself visible (hi-viz) walk 20' in front of vehicles Blow a whistel when material is being hoisted above Have a cell phone policy

Custom Design

Special custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels, prefabricated structures and similar materials, shall be marked to indicate the safe working loads and shall be proof-tested prior to use to 125% of their rated load

Powder Load Identification

color Power lever gray 1 brown 2 green 3 yellow 4 red 5 Purple 6

What questions must be answered by the rigger

how is load to be lifted? what tools/rigging are needed? do the tools/rigging have the capacity to handle the loads and forces involved? what will be the travel path of the laod to rach the desired location? how will the load be set down at the desired location? what other factores are involved (weather, electrical wires, sloping grades, visibility)? are additional personnel needed to control the load safely during the process

electrical isolation

keep electricity safely away from workers - insulate the conductors -elevate the conductors guard the conductors by enclosing them

Hand Tool Hazards`

poor housekeeping and improper storage (tripping hazard) misuse of tools or using tools for wrong tasks using damaged tools (poor maintenance) safe use direction of knives and blades sharp knives and blades

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

sends out a radio wave from an antenna on the machine: signal is refelected by a "passive tag" worn by a ground worker machine operator receives an audio/visual alert that a worker in in the machines path

Deteriming the weight of load to be lifted

shipping paperwork manufactures information catalogs or blueprints tables of weights from manufacturers or handbooks

Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program

the employer shall estblish and implement an assured equipment grounding conductor program on construction sites covering all cord sets, receptacles which are not a part of the building or structure, and equipment connected by cord and plug which are available for use or used by employees *Needs to be written down, who test them, what will be tested and when*

Ground-fault protection

the employer shall use either ground fault circuit interrupters as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section or an assured equipment grounding conductor program as specified in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section to protect employees on construction sites. these requirements are in addition to any other requirements for equipment grounding conductors

Determine the center of gravity

the point at which the load will balance the whole weight of the load is considered concentrated at this balance point when suspended from a point, the load tends to move so that the center of gravity is directly below the point of support make sure the center of gravity is located directly below the hoisting hook marked on the load by manufacturer located in catalogs or blueprints some objects have lifting lugs calculate or estimate it (make an educated guess and correct through trial and error before making the lift)

Sling Angle

the safest sling angles are greater than 45 degrees from the horizontal the ideal sling angle is 60 degrees from horizontal

Elevate the conductors

the second way to safeguard workers from electrically energized wires is by elevating them wires are often elevated by the power company it is always necessary to check the location of overhead lines before you begin work each day remember, never allow yourself, your tools, or the materials you are working with to be within 10 feet of energized lines

Nail Gun INjuries

75% of injuries invole the soft tissues ... the other 25% involves structural damage 65% of injuries occur in the hand (the majority of injuries caused by nail guns occur on the non-dominat side of the body) Commonly occur due to improper use by the operator, and not following OSHA requirements for operating a nail gun

"10% broken wires in any length of 8 diameters" for a 8 x 19 wire rope

8 x 9 = 152 wires 152 x 0.10 = 15 wires

Physics of a Fall

A body in motion (free-fall) can cover vast distances in a short period of time A body in free fall can travel 4ft in 0.5 second A body in free fall can travel 16ft in 1 second A body in free fall can travel 62ft in 2 seconds

Excavation Compentent Person

A person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surrounding, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them, and also has specific training in and knowledge about: soils analysis, and the use of protective systems

ABCs of Fall Safety

ANCHORAGE: the anchorage is the secure point of atachment for the fall arrest system. * to keep your freefall to 6' or less, your anchor point should be at least as high as the D-ring of your harness BODY SUPPORT: The full body harness provides the necessary body support CONNECTORS: a connector such as a shock-absorbing lanyard or self-retracting lifeline, is a device that links the user's full-body harness to an anchorage DESCENT/RESCUE: Descent and rescue devices are an essential part of the fall protection program

Subpart K

Electrical Safety in Construction

Excavation Hazards cont. #1

Exposure to falling loads. NO EMPLOYEE SHALL BE PERMITTED UNDERNEATH LOADS HANDLED BY LIFTING OR DIGGING EQUIPMENT. EMPLOYEES SHALL BE REQUIRED TO STAND AWAY FROM ANY VEHICLE BEING LOADED OR UNLOADED TO AVOID BEING STRUCK BY ANY SPILLAGE OR FALLING MATERIALS. Operators may remain in the cabs of vehicles benig loaded or unloaded when the vehicles being loaded or unloaded when the vehicles are equipped, in accordance with 1926.601(b)(6), to provide adequate protection for theoperator during loading and unloading operations

Excavation Hazards

Exposure to vehicular traffic. employees exposed to public vehicular traffic shall be provided with, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high-visibility material

Causes of Death from Fall

Fall From: % of deaths from falls Non-moving vehicles 7% to lower level 6% ladder 24% Floor, Dock, Ground Level 5% Scaffolding 15% Girder, Structural Steel 7% Roof 31%

Lanyard Inspection

LANYARD WEBBING: bend webbing in a "U" entire length of webbing, cuts, pulled stitching, burns, chemical damage ROPE LANYARD: cuts, broken fibers THIMBLE: cracked, loose strands RETRACTABLE: still working? HOOKS:corrosion, distortion, smooth action, lock working?

ROPS

Labeling. Each ROPS shall have the following information permanetly affixed to the structure: Manufacturer or fabricator's name and address ROPS model number, if any Machine make, model, or series number that the structure is designed to fit.

Guardrail Systems - Midrails

MIDRAILS, screen, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structural members shall be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/ working surface when there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21" (53 cm) high. MIDRAILS, when used, shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/ working level MIDRAILS, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent structural members shall be capable of withstanding without failure, a force of AT LEAST 150 LBS (666 N) APPLIED IN ANY DOWNWARD OR OUTWARD DIRECTION AT ANY POINT ALONG THE MIDRAIL OR OTHER MEMBER

Material Storage

Maximum safe load limits of floors within buildings and structures, in pounds per square foot, must be posted in all storage areas, except for floor or slab on grade: eliminate the hazard of building collapse due to overloading the load limits are usually posted by the general contractor

Strech & Flex

Positive Results 50% reduction in injuries that involve sprain or strain daily stretches along with discussion prior to start of each work shift has allowed for group idea sharing improvement in the physical and mental well-being of participating workers reduced risk for muscle strain/sprains, which helps reduce workers' compensation claims

Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program Cont.

Requirements: Written program and specific procedures program implemented by a competent person equipment grounding conductors must be tested and inspected (tools, extension cords, and circuits): at least every three months for cords & tools at least every six months for receptacles results recorded - equipemnt coded (colored tape) must be done quarterly colors can be changed

Self rescuing systems

Rescure ladder 3M DBI-SALA Self Rescue

Cord types

S = Standard (or service wires) J = Junior service (300 volts) if no "J" is in the cord type, then it is a hard service (600 volts) T = Thermoplastic, if no "T" is in the cord type, then it has a rubber jacket O = Oil-Resistanat Compound (double "OO" stands for oil resistant insulation and an oil resistant outer jacket W = Weather resistant Compound

Safety Nets

Safety nets shall be INSTALLED AS CLOSE AS PRACTICABLE under the walkinh/working surface on which employees are working, BUT IN NO CASE MORE THAN 30' ( 9.1 M ) BELOW such level. when nets are used on bridges, the potential fall area from the walking/working surface to the net shall be unobstructed

Guardrail Systems - Toeboards

Toeboards, when used as falling object protection, shall be erected along the edge of the overhead walking/working surface for a distance sufficent to protect employees below TOEBOARDS shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, A FORCE OF AT LEAST 50 LBS (222 N) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the toeboard toeboards shall be a minimum of 3 1/2" (9 cm) in vertical height from their top edge to the level of the walking/working surface. they shall not have more that 1/4" (0.6 cm) clearance above the walking/ working surfae. they shall be solid or have openings NOT OVER 1" (2.5 CM) IN GREATEST DIMENSION

Powder-Actuated Tools Cont.

Tools shall not be loaded until just prior to the intended firing time. neither loaded nor empty tools are to be pointed at any employees. hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end. loaded tools shall not be left unattended.

The Competent Person Must perform multiple test:

Visual: is the soil coining out in clumps, is there water, is the soil fissured, ect.) Unconfined Compressive Strength: Means the load per unit area at which soil will fail in compression. Can be Plsticity, Thumb Penetration, or Pocket Penetrometer tests.

Ground-fault circuit interrupters

all 120 volt, single phase 15- and 20- ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites, which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and which are in use by employees, shall have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters for personnel protection. receptacles on a two-wire, single-phase portable or vehicle-mounted generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, need not be protected with ground-fault circuit interrupters. CHECK MANUFACTURER's DATA!

Overhead Electrical Hazards

all equipment covered by this subpart shall comply with the following requirements when working or being moved in the vicinity of power lines or energized transmitters, except where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been deenergized and visibly grounded at point of work or where insulating barriers, not a part of or an attachment to the equipment or machinery, have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines: for lines rated 50KV or below, minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be 10 feer plus 0.4 inch for each 1kV over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet in transit with no load and boom lowered, the equipment clearance shall be a minimum of 4 feet for voltages less than 50 kV, and 10 feet for voltages over 50 kV, up to and including 345 kV, and 16 feet for voltages up to and including 750 kV Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line and it has been visibly grounded

Equipment

all equipment left unattended at night, adjacent to a highway in normal use, or adjacent to construction areas where work is in progress, shall have appropriate lights or reflectors or barricades equipped with appropriate lights or reflectors, to identify the location of the equipment

Temporary lights

all lamps for general illumination shall be protected from accidental contact or breakage. metal-case sockets shall be grounded temporary lights shall not be suspended by their electric cords unless cords and lights are designed for this means of suspension extension cords shall not be fastened with staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire

Safety net distances

safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as follows: Vertical dist. from work lvl Min. required horizontal dist. up to 5' 8' more than 5' up to 10' 10' more than 10' 13'

Sheild Systems

shield shall be installed in a manner to restrict lateral or other hazardous movements of the shield in the event of the application of sudden lateral loads employees shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed, removed or moved vertically: doesn't say anything about "horizontal" movement *still good idea to not let employees in the box while being moved* shields need to be a minimum of 18" above the top of the trench

Hazards of electricity

shock fires explosions arc flash - can cause burns ranging from 14,000 degrees F. to 35,000 degrees F. `

Stable vs Unstable loads

stable load: balanced about its center of gravity, directly below the hoisting hook unstable load: Has a tendency to tip or topple, creates a hazard to personnel and equipment

tags

tags shall be placed to identify plainly the equipmwnt or circuits being worked on

Arc Flash

temperatures associated with arc flash can exceed the surface temperature of the sun an arc flash occurs when a conducting object approaches an exposed, high-amp electrical source. high voltage is not required for an arc flash. most incidents occur on 120 to 240 voltage equipment and arc flashes can occur at voltages as low as 50V arc flashes most often occur when performing the following tasks: Removing panels and opening electrical equipment doors racking breakers opening and closing breakers taking voltage measurements

Arc Flash Injuries

the accompanying shock wave may be capable of propelling shrapnel at speeds up to 700 mph burns hearing damage or total hearing loss loss of eyesight lung collapse or scaring memory loss injuries from flying shrapnel injuries from falls or collision with equipment an arc fault of 50 KA can accelerate a nearby worker at speeds of up to 110 mph

Safety Monitor System

the employer shall designate a competent person to monitor the safety of other employees and the employer shall ensure that the safety monitor complies with the following requirements: the safety monitor shall be COMPETENT TO RECOGNIZE FALL HAZARDS the safety monitor shall WARN the employee when it appears that the employee is unaware of a fall hazard or is acting in an unsafe manner the safety monitor shall be on the SAME WALKING/WORKING SURFACE and within VISUAL SIGHTING DISTANCE OF THE EMPLOYEE BEING MONITORED the safety monitor shall be CLOSE ENOUGH TO COMMUNICATE ORALLY with the employee the safety monitor SHALL NOT HAVE OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES which could take the monitor's attention from the monitoring function

OSHA's Definition of a Trench

"a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground ..... THE DEPTH IS GREATER THAN THE WIDTH, BUT THE WIDTH OF A TRENCH (MEASURED AT THE BOTTOM) IN NOT GREATER THAN 15' (4.6 M) **if forms or other structures are installed or constructed in an excavation so as to reduce the dimension measured from the forms or structure to the side of the excavation to 15' (4.6 m) or less (measured at the bottom of theexcavation) the excavation is also considered to be a trench**

Rescue Procedures

- If self-rescue is impossible, or if rescue cannot be performed promptly, the worker should be trained to "pump" his/her legs frequently ro activate the muscles and reduce the risk of venous pooling. footholds can be used to alleviate pressure, delay symptoms, and provide support for "muscle pumpimg" - Continous monitoring of the suspended worker for signs and symptoms of orthostatic intolerance and suspension trama - Ensuring that a wroker recieves tstandard trauma resucitation once rescued. Some authroities recommend that the patient be transported with their upper body raised - If the worker is unconscious, keeping the wroker's air passages open and obtain first aid. - MONITORING THE WORKER AFTER RESCURE, and ensuring that the worker is evaluated by a health-care professional. the worker should be hospitalized when appropriate. Possible delayed effects, such as kidney failure, which is not unusual in these cases, are fifficult to assess on the scene.

5 Basic rules for safe material storage

1) keep total weight within the safe loading limits of the building's floors 2) keep passageways clear 3) control materials so that they do not slide, fall, roll, or collapse 4) provide cribbing for heavy loads on unstable surfaces 5) store materials away from traffic

General Requirments

1926.300 (a) - condition of tools: all hand and power tools and similar equipment, wherther furnished by the employer or the employee, shall be maintained in a safe condition 1926.300(b)(1) - When power operated tools are designed to accommodate guards, they shall be equipped with such guards when in use

Personal Protective Equipment

1926.300(c) - Employees using hand and power tools and exposed to the hazard of falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects, or exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases shall be provided with the particular personal protective equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard. all personal protective equipment shall meet the requirments and be maintained according to subparts D and E of this part

Impact tools

1926.301(c) - Impact tools, such as drift pins, wedges, and chisels, shall be kept free of mushroomed heads 1926.301(d) - the wooden handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters or cracks and shall be kept tight in the tool

Electric Power-Operated Tools

1926.302(a)(1) - Electric Power-operated tools shall either be of the approved double-insulated type or grounded in accordance with subpart K of this part 1926.302(a)(2)- the use of electric cords for hoisting or lowering tools shall not be permitted Never carry tools by cords or yank the cords to disconnect

Pneumatic Power Tools

1926.302(b)(1) - Pnematic power tools shall be secured to the hose or whip by some positive means to prevent the tool from becoming accidentally disconnected 1926.302(b)(2) - Safety clips of retainers shall be securely installed and maintained on pneumatic impact (percussion) tools to prevent attachments from being accidentally expelled

Pneumatic Power Tools Cont.

1926.302(b)(3)- all pneumatically driven nailers, staplers, and other similar equipment provided with automatic fastener feed, which operate at more than 100 p.s.i. pressure at the tool shall have a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners unless the muzzle is in contact with the work surface

Fuel Powered Tools

1926.302(c)(1) all fuel powered tools shall be stopped while being refueled, serviced, or maintained, and fuel shall be transported, handled, and stored in accordance with Subpart F of this part 1926.302(c)(2) - When fuel powered tools are used in enclosed spaces, the applicable requirements for concentrations of toxic gases and use of personal protective equipment, as outlined in subparts D and E of this part, shall apply

Surface Encumbrances

All surface encumbrances that are located so as to create a hazard to employees shall be removed or supported as necessary to safeguard employees - adjacent structures - roads/sidewalks - curb and gutter - utility poles/ light poles - mailboxes - utilities/ fire hydrants

Motor Vehicles con.

All vehicles with cabs shall be equipped woth windsheilds and powered wipers cracked and broken glass shall be replaced vehicles operating in areas or under conditions that cause fogging or frosting of the windsheilds shall be equipped with operable defogging or defrosting devices

Excavation Daily Inspections cont.

DAILY INSPECTIONS of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a COMPETENT PERSON for EVIDENCE OF A SITUATION THAT COULD RESULT IN POSSIBLE CAVE-INS, INDICATIONS OF FAILURE OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS, HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES, OR OTHER HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS and inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. INSPECTIONS SHALL ALSO BE MADE AFTER EVERY RAINSTORM OR OTHER HAZARD INCREASING OCCURRENCE

Safety Nets cont. #4

Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be INSPECTED AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK for wear, damage, and other deterioration. defective components shall be removed from service. SAFETY NETS SHALL ALSO BE INSPECTED AFTER ANY OCCURRENCE WHICH COULD AFFECT THE INTERGRITY OF THE SAFETY NET SYSTEM.

Soil Weight

Depending on the density and water content: One cubic yard weighs: 2700 - 3000 lbs or more One cubic foot weighs: 100 lbs or more

Swing Hazard

Do not work farther than 15 DEGREES FROM YOUR ANCHOR POINT (WORK WITHIN A 30 DEGREE CONE)

Use the correct wire

extension cord sets used with portable tools and appliances must be of the three-wire, grounding type, and flexible cords must be designed for hard or extra hard usage

Housekeeping

During the course of construction, alteration, or repairs, form and scrap lumber with protruding nails, and all other debris, shall be kept cleared from work areas, passageways, and stairsm in and around buildings or other structures Combustible scrap and debris shall be removed at regular intervals during the course of construction. Safe means shall be provided to facilitate such removal containers shall be provided for the collection and separation of waste, trashm oily and used rags, and other refuse, Containers used for garbage and other oily, flammable, or hazardous wastes, such as caustics, acids, harmful dusts, ect. shall be equipped with covers. garbage and other waste shall be disposed of at frequent and regular intervals

Roofing Work on Low-Slope Roofs

Each employee engaged in roofing activities on LOW-SLOPE ROOFS, WITH UNPROTECTED SIDES AND EDGES 6' OR MORE ABOVE LOWER LEVELS shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and personal fall arrest system, or warning line system and safety monitoring system

Hoist Areas

Each employee in a hoist area shall be protected from falling 6' or more to lower levels by guardrail systems or personal fall arest systems. IF GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS, (OR CHAIN, GATE, OR GUARDRAIL) OR PORTIONS THEREOF ARE REMOVED TO FACILITATE THE HOISTING OPERATION (E.G.. DURING LANDING OF MATERIALS) AND AN EMPLOYEE MUST LEAN THROUGH THE ACCESS OPENING OR OUT OVER THEEDGE OF THE ACCESS OPENING (TO RECIEVE OR GUIDE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS FOR EXAMPLE), THAT EMPLOYEE SHALL BE PROTECTED FROM FALL HAZARDS BY A PERSONAL FALL AREEST SYSTEM. Material handling platforms must have guardrails whe n the guardrails are opened to recieve materials, workers must be tied off gates are preferred to removable rails

Duty to Have Fall Protection

Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface) with an UNPROTECTED SIDE OR EDGE WHICH IS 6' OR MORE ABOVE A LOWER LEVEL shall be protected from falling by the use of guardraill systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems

Residential Construction "Wall Openings"

Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the OUTSIDE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE WALL OPENING IS 6' OR MORE ABOVE LOWER LEVELS AND THE INSIDE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE WALL OPENING IS LESS THAN 39" ABOVE THE WALKING/ WORKING SURFACE, shall be protected from falling by the use of a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system for all window openings, the SILL HEIGHT determines the need for a guardrail

Powder-Actuadted Tools Cont.

Fasteners shall not be driven into very hard or brittle materials including, but not limited to, cast iron, glazed tile, surface hardened steel, glass block, live rock, face brick, or hollow tile tools shall not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere

Splices

Flexible cords shall be used only in continuous lengths without splice or tape. Hard service flexible cords No. 12 or larger may be repaired in spliced so that the splice retains the insulation, outer sheath properties and usage characteristics of the cord being spliced worn or frayed electric cords and cables may not be used

Equipment con.

Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereof, which are suspended or held aloft by use of slings, hoists, or jacks shall be substantially blocked or cribbed to prevent falling or shifting before employees are permitted to work under or between them. bulldozer and scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump bodies, and similar equipment, shall be either fully lowered or blocked when being repaired or when not in use. all controls shall be in a neutral position, with the motors stopped and brakes set, unless work being performed requires otherwise.

Signs & symptoms an individual is approaching orthostatic intolerance

Signs & symptoms: faintness, breathlessness, sweating, paleness, hot flashes, increased heart rate, nausea, dizziness, unusually low heart rate, unusually low blood pressure, "greying" or loss of vision

Sling angle with the force applied on each sling leg (in pounds)

Sling angle in degrees Sling leg force 90 1000 75 1035 60 1155 45 1414 30 2000

Protection Options

Slope or bench according to allowable configurations USE A REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER to design a sloping or benching system GREATER THAN 20' DEEP use support systems in accordance with requirements set forth in the standard purchase an engineered system (example ..... a trench box or shield) Have a PE design a shielding or shoring system specific to your task.: * must be registered in-state where the project is located*

Sloping and Benching

Soil or Rock Type Max. Allowable Slope for exca. < 20' Stable Rock Vertical (90 degrees) Type A 3/4:1 (53 degrees) Type B 1:1 (45 degrees) Type C 1 1/2:1 (34 degrees)

Max Spacing for gaurd rails

Spacing between post: 8' 00' Top rail to ground: 42" +/- 3" mid rail to ground: 21" Minimum toe board height: 3 1/2"

Stacking materials can be dangerous

Stack bagged material by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least every 10 layers when masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the stack shall be tapered back one-half block per tier above the 6-foot level lumber piles shall not exceed 20 feet in height provided that lumber to be handled manually shall not be stacked more than 16 feet high Structural steel, poles, pipe, bar stock, and other cylindrical materials, unless racked, shall be stacked and blocked so as to prevent spreading or titling

Synthetic Web SLing Stitching

Stiching is theonly method allowed to attach end fittings to webbing, or to form eyes.

Synthetic Web Sling "Removal From Service"

Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present: acid or caustic burns melting or charring of any part of the sling surface snags, punctures, tears or cuts broken or worn stitches distortion of fittings

earthmoving equipment general

These rules apply to the following types of earthmoving equipment: scrappers, loaders, crawler or wheel tractors, bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agricutural and industrial tractors, and similar equipment. The promulgation of specific rules for compactors and rubber-tired "skid-steer" equipment is reserved pending consideration of standards currently being developed seat belts shall be provided on all equipment covered by this section

Subpart W: Roll-Over Protective Systems (ROPS)

This subpart applies to the following types of material handling equipment: all rubber-tried, self-propelled scrapers, rubber-tired front-end loaders, rubber-tired dozers, wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors, crawler tractors, crawler-type loaders, and motor graders, with or without attachments, that are used in construction work. this subpart also applies to compactors and rubber-tired skid-steer equipment, with or without attachments, manufactured after July 15, 2019, that are used in construction work.

Disposal of Waste Materials Con.

When debris is dropped through holes in the floor without the use of chutes, the area onto which the material is dropped shall be COMPLETELY ENCLOSED WITH BARRICADES not less than 42" HIGH AND NOT LESS THAN 6' BACK FROM THE PROJECTED EDGED OF THE OPENING ABOVE> Signs warning of the hazard of falling materials SHALL BE POSTED at each level. REMOVAL SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED in the lower area until debris handling ceases above All scrapp lumber, waste material, and rubbish shall be removed from the immediate work area as the work progresses

Safety Nets cont. #3

When the employer can demonstrate that it is unreasonable to perform the drop-test required by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, THE EMPLOYER (OR A DESIGNATED COMPETENT PERSON) SHALL CERTIFY THAT THE NET AND NET INSTALLATION IS IN COMPLIANCE BY PREPARING A CERTIFICATION RECORD PRIOR TO THE NET BEING USED AS A FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM THE CERTIFICATION RECORD MUST INCLUDE an IDENTIFICATION OF THE NET AND NET INSTALLATION for which the certification record is being prepared; the DATE that it was determined that the identified net and net installation were in compliance the SIGNATURE of the person making the determination and certification *the most recent certification record for each net and net installation shall be available at the jobsite for inspection.*

Wire Rope CLips

When using U-bolt wire rope clips to form eyes, ensure the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope Correct: Clippes Evenly spaced and all facing in the same direction ("U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope) Incorrect: Clips are staggered in direction Incorect: Having the "U" section of the clip contacting the live end of the rope

Excavation Daily Inspections

Where the COMPETENT person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, EXPOSED EMPLOYEES SHALL BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety

Wire Rope

Wire rope shall not be used if, in any length of 8 diameters, the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10% of the total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.

Material Handling Hazards

Workers being struck by or crushed by falling loads due to improper rigging and sling failures workers being electrocuted due to power line contact workers being struck by falling materials which are improperly stored workers slipping, tripping, and falling from poor housekeeping back injuries- #1 cause of worker compensation claims

Motor Vehicles con.

all vehicles shall be equipped with an adequate audible warning device at the operator's station and in an operable condition

Arc Flash

an arc flash is the sudden release of electrical energy through the air an arc flash gives off thermal radiation (heat) and bright intense light that can cause burns. temperatures have been recorded as high as 35,000 degrees F. high voltage arcs can also produce considerable pressure waves by rapidly heating the air and creating a blast this pressure burst can hit a worker with great force and send molten metal droplets from melted copper and aluminum electrical components great distances at extremely high velocities

Lockout and tagging of circuits

apply locks to power source after de-energizing tag de-activated controls tag de-energized equipment and circuits at all points where they can be energized tags must identify equipment or circuits being worked on

Primer Loads

ask for the mds for the primer loads (look for lead styphnate, or similar) lead exposure can occur by inhalation and by ingestion (wash!) wash & be diligent around eating & what you "take home" to your family

Harness inspection

check stitching on harness webbing: bend webbing in a "U" entire length of webbing, cuts, pulled/cut stitching, burns, chemical dmage Buckles/D-Ring: corrosion, distortion, rough spots/burrs Tongue Buckles/Grommets: Inspect for loose, distoreted or broken grommets, webbing should not have additional punched holes

Procedures to determine center of gravity

connect slings, and houst based on estimate of object's center of gravity take up slack in slings or hoiust lift the load just enough to check stability if stable continue to lift in unstable, lower load and adjust the rigging (lift point should be moved closer to end that dips) repeat until load is stable

General Requirements

electrical equipment must be free from recognzied hazards that can cause death or serious physical harm to employees listed, labeled, or certified equipment must be installed and used in accordance with instructions included in the listing, labeling or certification

water in excavations

employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water, or in excavations in which water is accumulting, unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect employees against the hazards posed by water accumulation. the precaustions necessary to protect employees adequately vary with each situation, but could include special support or sheild systems to protect from cave-ins, wter removal to control the level of accumulating water, or use of a safety harness and lifeline

Subpart M - Appendix B ( Structural Steel Railings)

for STRUCTURAL STEEL RAILINGS posts, tops rails, and intermediate raills shall BE AT LEAST 2" X 2" ( 5 CM X 5 CM) BY 3/8" (1.1 CM) ANGLES, WITH POSTS SPACED NO MORE THAN 8' (2.4 M) APART ON CENTERS.

Subpart M - Appendix B (wood rails)

for WOOD RAILINGS components shall be minimum 15oo lb-ft/in^2 fiber (stress grade) construction grade lumber; the POST SHALL BE AT LEAST 2" X 4" (5 CM X 10 CM) LUMBER spaced not more than 8' (2.4 m) apart on centers; THE TOP RAILS SHALL BE AT LEAST 2" X 4" ( 5 CM X 10 CM) LUMBER, THE INTERMEDIATE REAIL SHALL BE AT LEAST 1" X 6" (2.5 CM X 15 CM) LUMBER. all lumber dimensions are nominal sizes as provided by the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970

Wearing a Full-Body Harness

grab by back D-ring and shake any tangled straps loose unbuckle any chest/leg straps & waist buckle slip-on harness..... back D-ring should be located between the shoulder blades: if D-ring is too high --> snap hook will hit worker in the head install leg straps.... then connect waist strap: straps should be tight ..... not binding fasten chest strap in the mid-chest area: tighten to keep shoulder strap tight tighten all buckles so the harness is snug but allows a full range of movements: too loose ---> worker could fall out secure any excess webbing under loop-keepers to remove the harness, follow these steps in reverse order **remove keys from pockets when wearing fall protection**

Alloy Steel chain attachments

hooks, rings, oblong kinks, or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains, must have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain

Before lifting any load check for hazards

if not directly below the hook the load is unstable if the sling is free to slide across the hook the center of gravity will shift directly below the hook if two slings are used one will assume the greater share of the laod

Who can Rig or lift loads

improper rigging or unqualified operators can be deadly qualified rigger required whenever workers are within the fall zone and hooking, underhooking, or guiding a load to a component or structure rigging must be done by under the supervision of a Competent Oersin The crane operator must be highly qualified and certified

Guarding of live parts

live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more shall be guarded against accidental contact by cabinets or other forms of enclosures no employer shall permit an employee to work in such proximity to any part of an electric power circuit that the employee could contact the electric power circuit in the course of work unless the electric power circuit unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit and grounding it or by guarding it effectively by insulation or other means

Fall hazard Training Program

the employer shall provide a training program for each employee who MIGHT be exposed to fall hazards the program shall enable each employee to RECOGNIZE THE HAZARDS of falling and shalltrain each employee in the PROCEDURES TO BE FOLLOWED in order to minimize these hazards

Under ground installations

the estimated location of utility installations, such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, water lines, or any other underground installations that reasonably may be expected to be encounter during excavation work, shall be determined prior to opening an excavation

Soil is not a type "A" if:

the soil is fissured the soil is subject to vibration the soil has been previously disturbed the material is subject to other factors that would require it to be classified as a less stable material water is present

Guardrail Systems - Top Rail

top edge height of TOP RAILS equivalent guardrail system members, shall be 42" +/- 3" above the walking/ working level. When conditions warrant, the height of the top edge may excedd the 45" height, provided the guardrail system meets all other criteria of this paragraph *when employees are using stilts, the top edge height of the top rail, or equivalent member, shall be increased an amount equal to the height of the stilts. *

Suspension Trauma "orthostatic intolerance"

venous pooling typically occurs in the legs due to the force of gravity and a lack of movement fainting: 5-10 minutes Death: less than 30 minutes

equipment con.

whenever the equipment is parked, the parking brake shall be set, equipment parked on inclines shall have the wheels chocked and the parking brake set.

Surface Encumbrances cont.

where the stability of adjoining buildings, walls, or other structures is endangered by excavation operations, support systems such as shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be provided to ensure the stability of such structures for the protection of employees excavation below the level of the base or footing of any foundation or retaining wall that could be reasonably expected to pose a hazard to employees shall not be permitted

Preventing Back Injuries

you can avoid back injuries by using proper lifting techniques keeping in lifting shape working as a team while lifting using mechanical aids