Other Systems: Metabolic and Endocrine Anatomy
what is the function of the metabolic system?
#ENZYMES - metabolism is breakdown of complex materials to generate energy for body processes - metabolism = catabolism + anabolism - catabolism = breakdown of materials - anabolism = making of materials
what is the function of the endocrine system?
#HORMONES - consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones - hormones travel through the body via blood to target other organs - endocrine and nervous system work together to regulate metabolism, response to stress, sexual reproduction, blood pressure and water and salt balance
where are the parathyroid glands located?
- 4 glands - located on the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland
what is the role of the pituitary gland?
- MOST IMPORTANT GLAND - it releases hormones that work on other glands and make them release their own hormones #conductor - secretes endorphins that act on nervous system #endogenous system
where is the pituitary gland located?
- beneath the hypothalamus - 2 parts: adenohypophysis(anterior) and neurohypophysis (posterior)
what is the role of amine hormones?
- ex. catecholamines - made in the adrenal medulla - released into the blood stream to affect the sympapthetic nervous system by impacting cardiovascular and metabolic systems - some of their work includes increasing cardiac contraction, vasoconstriction, activating glycogen breakdown, blocking insulin secretion, increasing metabolic rate, and dilation of lungs
what is the role of peptide hormones?
- ex. insulin
what is the role of steroid hormones?
- ex. prostaglandins - unlike other hormones, they only exert their effects in the area where they are produced (#specific)
what is the role of the pancreas
- holds both exocrine and endocrine tissues - has 3 major types of cells: islet of Langerhans and alpha cells, and beta cells - overall responsible for the amount of glucose in the blood and maintaining energy stores in the body
where is the thyroid gland?
- in front of trachea
what is the role of the hypothalamus?
- maintains homeostasis by regulating autonomic nervous system - regulates temperature, appetite, sweating, BP, sleep thrist, sexual behavior, rage, fear - secretes hormones that act on pituitary gland
normal calcium levels in the blood affect what other functions? (3)
- normal blood clotting - neuromuscular excitability - cell membrane permeability
where are the adrenal glands located?
- on top of the kidneys
what is the function of ovaries?
- produce estrogen and progesterone that help control menstruation and pregnancy
what is the function of the testes?
- produce sperm and testosterone
what is the role of the thyroid?
- produces thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triidothyronine) which control the rate at which cells burn food for fuel - more thyroid hornome = our cells burn through fuel faster, increased rate of chemical reactions in the body, faster metabolism
what is the role of the parathyroid glands?
- secrete parathyroid hormone - regulates calcium and phosphate levels within homeostasis - parathyroid hormone promotes osteoclast activity - which results in more calcium and phosphate in the blood - when you have hypocalcemia -- parathyroid hormone secretion is stimulated - when you have hypercalcemia -- parathyroid hormone secretion is inhibited
what are the glands of endocrine system? (8)
1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary gland 3. thyroid gland 4. parathyroid gland 5. adrenal gland 6. pancreas 7. ovaries 8. testes
what is the function of the adrenal glands?
2 parts: adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (inner) - adrenal cortex: produces corticosteroids that regulate water-salt balance, stress response, immune system, sexual developement and metabolism - adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine that increases heart rate and BP when stress is increased
Which term is most descriptive of a potassium deficit? hypokalemia hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypernatremia
A Hypokalemia refers to an abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. The condition can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, burns, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, diuretic therapy, and steroid therapy.
Stimulation to the posterior pituitary gland results in the secretion of which two hormones? antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin thyroid-stimulating hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone and growth hormone prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone
A Neural stimulation to the posterior pituitary gland results in the secretion of two effector hormones: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
What structure plays an important role in regulating the body's temperature? hypothalamus thalamus pituitary thymus
A The hypothalamus receives and integrates information from the autonomic nervous system and assists in regulating hormones. The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining body temperature at roughly 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius. The structure also controls functions such as hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and sleeping.
A patient with a spleen injury would most likely report pain in the: left upper abdominal quadrant right upper abdominal quadrant left lower abdominal quadrant right lower abdominal quadrant
A The spleen is an organ in the left upper portion of the abdomen, to the left of the stomach. The spleen is shaped like a fist and is usually about four inches in length.
What term describes the process of tissue growth and repair? anabolism catabolism metabolism alcoholism
ACatabolism refers to the metabolic processes which provide heat and energy to the body by breaking down tissue and food into raw materials while anabolism refers to processes involved with tissue growth and repair using the raw materials created during the process of catabolism. The two processes work in opposite directions to create the body's metabolism.
What gland produces the hormone calcitonin? anterior pituitary gland thyroid gland posterior pituitary gland thymus gland
B Calcitonin acts to lower blood calcium levels and counteracts the parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin is produced primarily within the parafollicular cells of the thyroid.
Which term describes an increase in cell size resulting in an enlarged pituitary gland? pituitary hyperplasia pituitary hypertrophy pituitary atrophy pituitary metaplasia
B Hypertrophy is an increase in the individual cell size. In contrast, hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
Which endocrine gland helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle? pancreas pineal adrenal thyroid
B The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin which targets melanocytes. The gland functions to cause drowsiness and to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle.
Which of the following is an example of catabolism? dehydration synthesis carbohydrate storage hydrolysis biosynthesis
C Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules. The purpose of catabolic reactions is to provide the energy and components needed for anabolic reactions. Hydrolysis is an example of catabolism and refers to the process of breaking down water molecules.
"Moon face" and "buffalo hump" fat deposits are characteristic of: chronic alcohol abuse chronic cardiovascular problems excess corticosteroids hypothyroidism
C Excess corticosteroids over an extended period of time (such as due to Cushing's syndrome) cause changes in fat deposition including "moon face" (rounded cheeks and face) and "buffalo hump" (fat deposits on the back of the neck and shoulders).
Which endocrine structure is responsible for the uptake of blood glucose? pineal gland adrenal gland pancreas thyroid
C In response to elevated blood-glucose levels, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates the cellular uptake of glucose molecules. The pancreas also produces and releases glucagon, which stimulates the breakdown of liver and muscle glycogen into glucose to be released into the bloodstream.
The islets of Langerhans are found in which organ? liver heart pancreas gall bladder
C The islets of Langerhans are found in the pancreas and perform three endocrine functions. These functions include producing glucagon to increase blood glucose, producing insulin to lower blood glucose, and producing somatostatin which regulates the release of glucagon and insulin.
Which gland would have the greatest ability to influence the level of calcium in the blood? pituitary gland adrenal glands pineal gland parathyroid glands
C The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone, which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate. Parathyroid hormone increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to the blood.
What is the term given to the kyphotic deformity resulting from postmenopausal osteoporosis? round back hump back gibbus deformity Dowager's hump
D A Dowager's hump is characterized by a kyphotic curvature of the thoracic spine secondary to the osteoporotic process that occurs in postmenopausal women. Compression of the anterior portion of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis leads to the forward bending (i.e., kyphosis) posture.
Which of the following factors will decrease a person's metabolic rate? increase in muscle mass increase in physical activity increase in temperature increase in age
D As an individual ages, their metabolic rate generally slows. This is partly because of a loss of muscle tissue, and also because of hormonal and neurological changes.
T/F: pitutary gland provides estrogen and progesterone
FALSE. ovaries
T/F: endocrine systems regulatory effects are slow and last long times
TRUE
dopamin fall under this type of hormone
amine
where is the pancreas located?
behind the stomach in the L upper quadrant
where is the hypothalamus located?
below the thalamus, just above the brainstem
Islets of Langerhans
cells of the pancreas that produce hormones
the adrenal cortex produces ____ that regular water and sodium balance, immune system and metabolism
corticosteroids
hormone that creates the fight or flight response
epinephrine
alpha cells of pancreas
produce glucagon
beta cells of pancreas
produce insulin
what are the types of hormones? 3
steroid hormones amine hormones peptide hormones
prostaglandins fall under this type of hormone
steroids
