Pain

Developmental patterns seen in a group of organisms often reveal evolutionary relationships. Place the developmental descriptions in the order that they would occur in a group of related organisms, beginning with the earliest description at the top.

1. greatest similarity is present 2. different characteristics are lost or formed 3. final form is attained

When did humans begin to utilize artificial selection?

Centuries and millennia ago.

Which of the following best distinguishes vestigial from homologous structures?

Homologous structures are functional, while vestigial structures have no function.

Typically, how are species on islands related to species on a nearby continent?

More closely

Which of the following is not an example of convergent evolution?

Muscles that wiggle the ears of humans and other mammals

Review the following list of processes that can alter the genetic make up of a population. Which one is considered by scientists to be primarily responsible for evolution?

Natural selection

How has rock and fossil dating changed since Darwin's times?

Relative dating was used in the past; today we use absolute dating.

Absolute dating

Rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic composition Rocks are dated based on changes in their isotopic composition

Relative dating

Rocks are dated based on their position Rocks are dated based on their position

Homology (example)

Vertebrate forelimbs

Many fishes that inhabit the sub-freezing Arctic and Antarctic waters posses antifreeze proteins; we now know that there are at least five different kinds of antifreeze protein genes that have evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. This is an example of:

convergent evolution

The similar shapes of fast swimming marine predators are an example of

convergent evolution

Bernard Kettlewell tested Tutt's hypothesis on peppered moths by releasing (blank) numbers of dark and light individuals into two sets of woods, and then recapturing and counting the dark and light individuals that (blank) in each of the woods.

equal numbers, survived in each woods

True or false: Even though humans have used artificial selection for centuries, only animals have been significantly modified by our efforts.

false

True or false: Artificial selection has only recently become possible because of advances in our knowledge of genetics.

false,

Which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution?

fossils

In the laboratory setting, selection for a trait in fruit flies

has consistently lead to a strong, predictable evolutionary response

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called structures, while structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

homologous vestigial

The forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of (blank) structures, while the human appendix is an example of a (blank) structure.

homologous vestigial

One of the best studied examples of evolutionary change is that of the (blank) family. This family includes zebras and donkeys, among other animals.

horse

vestigial structures (example)

human coccyx

The fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial (blank) in size

increase

The fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited a rapid and substantial (blank) in size

increase, growth, or expansion

Starting in 1850 when Europe become industrialized, the frequency of melanic forms of the peppered moth in populations (blank) until they made up (blank) of some population.

increased; almost 100%

In certain areas of the world, populations of moths have been shown to change over the years with dark forms becoming more abundant than light forms; this phenomenon is called

industrial melanism

The phenomenon, where dark forms of moths become more prevalent than light forms in industrialized areas, is known as

industrial melanism

Even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called ______ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred.

intermediate, transitional

Embryonic development (example)

lanugo

One of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by Peter and Rosemary Grant on the Galápagos islands; these scientists studied a bird that was referred to by the common name of finch.

medium ground

The observation that the relative frequencies of melanic to light peppered moths changes with the color of tree bark provides support for

natural selection

Darwin's theory of evolution is

not accepted by everyone in the general public

The feet of modern horses have (blank) toe(s); in contrast, early horses had (blank) toe(s) on their front feet and (blank) toe(s) on their hind feet.

one, four, three

Molecular analysis of lactase DNA in humans shows that genes for that enzyme have evolved in Africa and Europe to produce the same result.

sequences independently or separately

What is the preferred food of the Galápagos medium ground finch?

small, tender seeds

The fossil record shows that early species of horses were generally (blank) in size, but many lineages since about 30 million years ago exhibit substantial change toward (blank) in size.

small; an increase

Island species are usually most closely related to

species on nearby continents

Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was:

very rare

The evolution of members of the horse family is

well-documented by the fossil record.

The short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was

wooded areas

Why is it that some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment?

Because natural selection can only work on the variation present in a population.

The great variety of breeds of cats, dogs and other domestic animals have arisen through

artificial selection

What type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils?

Direct

Which of the following statements about marsupials in Australia is true?

For many types of placental mammals found throughout the world, there is a strikingly similar marsupial mammal in Australia.

Why are giraffe necks not perfectly suited for their function?

Like all mammals, giraffes only have 7 vertebrae in their necks which limits their flexibility.

Which of the following provide evidence that natural selection occurs in peppered moths?

Melanic moths become more abundant than light forms in polluted areas. Light moths become more abundant than melanic forms when clean air legislation is implemented.

Early horses had four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet, all encased in fleshy pads. What statement correctly describes how the toes have changed during the evolution of modern horses?

Modern horses have a single toe enclosed in a bony hoof.

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies?

Traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have.

Early horses inhabited woody areas where they probably browsed leaves and escaped predators by dodging through openings; this explains why those animals had (blank) feet and (blank) legs

broad, short

Varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection?

dogs corn cats pigeons

Organisms that are believed to share a common ancestor often show similarities in their early (blank) development before diverging into varied forms.

embryonic

Economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include

pigs corn cattle

In all cases when scientists have performed artificial selection experiments on fruit flies, a strong and predictable (blank) response has been observed.

predictable evolutionary