Pain Perception Q & A (neuro)

e (Anterior lateral corodotomy interrupt the spinothalamic tract carrying the pain sensation)

A surgeon attempting to treat chronic pain from the pelvic region will suggest to make a lesion in the: A. somatosensory cortex B. ventroposterior medial thalamus C. anterior white commissure D. dorsal column E. anterior lateral funiculus

a (Worrying about an upcoming test because it is a psychological factor that can affect one's experience of pain in an unpleasant way. It falls under emotional conditions which can also include anxiety, depression, or tension.)

According to the Gate Control Theory of Pain which one of these conditions would open the gate? A) Worrying about an upcoming test B) Relaxing on the beach C) Playing your favorite game D) All the above

d (This is the correct answer because when we look at the Gate-Control Theory of Pain, it is stated that certain psychological factors can have an effect on the overall experience of pain. In the case of this question, Katie is first experiencing feelings of anxiety, tension, and worry due to her stress. These specific factors are responsible for opening the gate, which excites the dorsal horn transmission cells. On the other hand, when Katie is feeling relaxation and rest, the dorsal horn cell transmission cells are not excited, therefore the gate remains closed)

According to the Gate-Control Theory of Pain by Ronald Melzack, certain psychological factors have an impact on one's perception of pain. Katie is experiencing a lot of anxiety and worry due to a test she has been studying for 3 weeks. Katie's psychological conditions ____(1)_____ the dorsal horn transmission cells which ___(2)____ the gate. After the exam, Katie does not have another test for a few weeks. She is experiencing an overall sense of relaxation and destressing. Her psychological conditions after the test ___(3)____ the dorsal horn transmission cells which ___(4)____ the gate. A) 1. Opens 2. Excites 3. Closes 4. Does not excite B) 1. Excites 2. Does not excite 3. Opens 4. Opens C) 1. Does not excite 2. Closes 3. Excites 4. Opens D) 1. Excites 2. Opens 3. Does not excite 4. Closes

c (Chronic pain is a type of pain that lasts for 6 or more months. Acute pain is pain that leads to anxiety and fear, will go away when the nociceptors are not stimulated any longer, and is a protective mechanism that an individual's body uses.)

All of the following are descriptors of acute pain EXCEPT: A) acute pain leads to fear and anxiety B) acute pain appears when the nociceptors are no longer stimulated C) acute pain lasts for 6 or more months D) acute pain is a protective mechanism of the body

a (The correct answer is A the trunk. Out of all of these answers, the trunk is the only one that does not contain small receptive fields. The trunk and limbs make up the larger receptive fields. These areas have these because they take in stimulus information over a wide area of the body. Areas such as the hands, lips, and tongue need small receptive fields because they are required to do more fine motor movement and need precision.)

All of the following areas of the body have small receptive fields except... A. The trunk B. The hands C. The lips D. The tongue

c

C fibers are A. small myelinated fibers which carry sharp pain B. large unmyelinated fibers which carry burning pain C. small unmyelinated fibers which carry burning pain D. large myelinated fibers which carry sharp pain E. large myelinated fibers which carry temperature sensation

d

C fibers transmit which type of pain? A. Pricking pain B. Stimulation produced analgesia C. Referred pain D. Burning pain E. Sharp pain

c and d (The correct answers would be c. chemical receptors and d. polymodal nociceptors. Thermal receptors and mechanical nociceptors are found within A delta fibers that are myelinated; therefore, these cannot be the correct answers.)

C fibers, which are unmyelinated, cause a duller, slower, longer lasting second pain. Within these fibers, you can see which type of receptors? (Select all that apply). A) Thermal receptors B) Mechanical nociceptors C) Chemical receptors D) Polymodal nociceptors E) None of the above

e

Fibromyalgia symptoms include________ a) widespread pain b) vision problems c) fatigue d) sleep disorders e) all of the above

b (It is an example of descending regulation because the mom's kiss is a context that can help decrease pain sensation. The son was no longer thinking of the pain in his knee and thought the kiss made it better because it decreased the pain sensation.)

A 5-year-old boy is riding his scooter when he falls off and scraps his knee. He instantly starts crying for his mom while holding his knee. His mom bends down to kiss his scraped knee, and the boy stops crying and says the pain has gone away. This is an example of what type of pain regulation? A) Pain processing B) Descending regulation C) Afferent regulation D) Gate-control theory of pain

b (A delta fibers carry sharp/pricking pain, all the others are carried by C fibers)

A delta fibers transmit primarily: A. burning diffuse pain information B. pricking localized pain information C. aching diffuse pain information D. visceral pain information E. phantom pain information

b (Burns are transmitted by C fibers. Dull, long lasting pains are also transmitted by C fibers (un-myelinated).)

A delta fibers transmit what type of pain? A.) Burns B.) Fast, sharp pain C.) Dull, long pain

a (A delta fibers carry pricking/sharp pain. Al the other pains (deep, visceral, burning, aching) are carried via C fibers.)

A delta fibers transmit which type of pain to VPL? A. Pricking pain B. Deep pain C. Visceral pain D. Burning pain E. Aching pain

b

According to the descending pain suppression theory, A. Descending spinothalamic fibers produce presynaptic inhibition of Rexed lamina VII neurons. B. Pain stimuli activate descending fibers in the dorsolateral fasciculus. C. Mechanical stimulation produces descending postsynaptic inhibition of Rexed lamina VIII neurons. D. Transection of the dorsal column blocks the descending fibers producing analgesia. E. Descending corticospinal fibers produce postsynaptic inhibition of nociceptive spinal neurons will not affect pain sensation.

d (Acute pain is sudden onset, as it is a mechanism that alerts you immediately to what is harmful to the body. Because it is immediate it leads to increased heart rate and fear.)

Acute pain is A) Sudden onset B) Included increase heart rate C) Leads to fear D) All of the above

c (This is somatogenic pain because we know the localized area that the pain is coming from and it is nociceptive pain. Psychogenic pain does not have a physical cause, since Carol physically cut herself we can rule this out immediately. Her pain is acute because she started to feel pain right after she cut herself and it was a reaction from her body to protect herself. This is compared to chronic pain that lasts longer than six months and commonly does not have a cause for why the pain is occurring.)

Carol is cooking dinner when the knife slips and she accidentally cuts her hand and begins bleeding. She immediately feels the pain along the side of her hand where she cut herself. What type of pain is she feeling? A. Acute and psychogenic B. Chronic and psychogenic C. Acute and somatogenic D. Chronic and somatogenic

d (Descending regulation is correct because it describes the significance of context with helping decrease pain sensation. The periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter are involved here as they help Caroline lose focus on her pain, as the sense of comfort she gets from her mother helps.)

Caroline, a three year old girl, tripped while playing outside. She immediately started crying as she experienced pain. Her mother rushed over and kissed the small scrape on her knee which caused Caroline to feel better. What type of pain regulation does this situation represent? A. Acute pain B. Spinothalamic pain pathway C. Afferent regulation D. Descending regulation

b (Cathy is experiencing Psychogenic pain as her pain does not seem to have a determined cause. It is most likely that her high stress from work has caused prolonged muscle contraction in her body creating a kind of general pain. Back pain is very common kind of pain associated with psychogenic pain.)

Cathy has been complaining about some back pain she has been having. She has been working long hours at her desk job that is very stressful and blames her prolonged periods of sitting on her pain. When she goes to the doctor, they cannot find anything wrong with her. What kind of pain is Cathy experiencing? A. Somatogenic pain B. Psychogenic pain C. Acute pain D. Chronic pain

a (The cell bodies of the entire somatosensory system are located in the dorsal root ganglion.)

Cell bodies of first order pelvic visceral pain fibers are found in: A. dorsal root ganglion B. mesentric ganglion C. superior cervical ganglia D. inferior cervical ganglion E. middle cervical ganglion

c (The reason for double pain sensation is that two different fibers (A delta and C fibers) carries pain sensation at different speed.)

Double pain sensation results from: A. two different pain receptors B. two different pathways, differing in the number of the synapses C. two different fibers which conduct the impulses at different velocities D. two different neurotransmitters E. two different neuropeptides

c (C. Boredom. Opening the gate allows pain signals to excite or trigger the dorsal horn in your spinal column which allows for the pain signals to be transmitted to the brain and we then interpret them as pain signals. Techniques such as counter stimulation, relaxation techniques and participation in life activities can help control and relieve the pain signal.)

Gate control theory of pain describes how psychological factors can impact an individual's experience of pain. Which of the following would open the gate? A. Counter stimulation B. Relaxation techniques C. Boredom D. Participation in life activities

a (because when a person has a high pain tolerance it means they can endure pain intensity for a longer period of time)

If a person has a high pain tolerance, it means that___? A. the duration or intensity of the pain the person can endure before trying to get away is high B. the point at which a stimulus is percieved as painful C. it means nothing

c (Thermal and pain sensation are lost contralaterally below the lesion while kinesthetic and tactile senses remain on the ipsilateral side.)

In Brown-Sequard syndrome: A. Tactile and pain sensation are lost contralaterally at different levels below the lesion. B. Thermal sensation is lost in the ipsilateral side above the lesion. C. Kinesthetic and tectile senses are lost ipsilaterally below the lesion. D. The withdrawal reflex is lost. E. Atrophy is developed in the muscles below the lesion.

b (This would be the correct answer because the A delta fibers deliver the stimulation from thermal nociceptors responsible for intense heat stimuli. The A delta fibers are myelinated which allows the signal to travel to the brain faster and deliver a rapid and intense message. The reflex was the response to the fast and intense stimulus. Choice A is wrong since the C fibers are responsible for the delivery of chemical receptors and polymodal nociceptors causing dull long-lasting pain. Choice C is wrong since A beta fibers communicate touch information but do not focus on temperature pain stimulation. Choice D is incorrect since primary hyperalgesia is related to the threshold for pain rather than stimulation of pain fibers.)

Jamie is a 3-year-old boy learning to cook Spaghetti with his father. When Jamie's father turned around to grab utensils Jamie reached for the open flame. Jamie feels a fast sharp pain in his hand and pulls away from the stove. Which nerve fibers are responsible for the type of pain transmission Jamie is experiencing? A) C fibers (un-myelinated) B) A-delta fiber (myelinated) C) A-beta fibers (myelinated) D) Primary hyperalgesia

b (Phantom limb pain is a sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated. It may exist in the arm, leg, or finger. The individual may experience pain described as shooting, stabbing, burning, and cramping in the amputated extremity.)

John was recently medically discharged from the military. He is seeking OT services after having a below knee amputation on his right leg. His health care provider intends for John to get fitted for a prostethic as soon as his scar heals. John tells the OT during his evaluation that he is experiencing pain in his right, amputated leg. John described his pain as a stabbing, burning pain. What is John experiencing in his right lower extremity? a. Chronic pain b. Phantom limb pain c. Pyshcogenic pain d. Fibromyalgia

d (Phantom limb pain is a sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated; specifically, it is the experience of pain without any signals from nociceptors. The pain can manifest itself in cramping, shooting, stabbing, or burning sensations. While the sources of phantom limb pain are complex and not well understood, it has been suggested that there may be abnormal discharges from the remaining cut ends of nerves, from abnormal flow of signals through the somatosensory cortex, from overactive spinal neurons, or from burst-firing neurons in the thalamus.)

Katie is a veteran from Afghanistan. While serving in Afghanistan, Katie sustained a severe injury to her right lower extremity, which lead to the amputation of her right lower extremity. Her wound healed properly, and she did not sustain injuries to any other part of her body. From time to time, however, Katie complains of a severe stabbing pain in her amputated right lower extremity. What is Katie experiencing? A. Fibromyalgia B. Chronic Pain C. Psychogenic pain D. Phantom Limb Pain

a (Startle response. This is a complex psychosomatic response to a sudden unexpected stimulus which includes: a flexion reflex, postural readjustment and orientation of the head and eyes to examine the damaged area.)

Lisa leans her back against the counter top. She puts her hand on the stove for balance. Her hand starts to become hot and she instantly looks to her hand, realizing the stove was on, something she did not notice before. What kind of response is this? A. Startle response B. Autonomic response C. Behavioral response D. All of the above

b

Mateo was assaulted over two weeks ago. As a result he was stabbed on the distal end of the femur. The arties affected caused for an emergency surgery where they had to amputate his leg to save his life. A few months after surgery, Mateo is continuiosly commenting on the awful pain he is still feeling where his leg was amputated. What type of pain is he experiencing? a. chronic pain b. phantom limb pain c. acute pain d. neuropathic pain

d (The neospinothalamic tract carries nociceptive information from the skin ONLY via A delta fibers, while visceral pain is carried via C fibers.)

Mr. John Thomas experiences visceral pain around the upper left lung. All of the following carry this nociceptive information EXCEPT the: A. somatic nerves B. paleospinothalamic tract C. sympathetic nerves D. neospinothalamic tract E. archispinothalamic tract

b (Only the free nerve endings are the receptors (nociceptors) that sense pain.)

Nociceptors (Pain receptors) are: A. bipolar cells B. free nerve endings C. epithelial receptors D. Pacinian corpuscles E. Meissner corpuscles

c (Pain that comes from the organs or cavity lining is described as visceral pain. The other options are incorrect because cutaneous pain is pain that comes from skin, tendons, and ligaments. Deep somatic pain comes from bone, muscle, and connective tissue. And neuropathic pain comes from nerve pain.)

Pain can be categorized according to its origin. If pain is coming from the organs, this can be described as: A) cutaneous pain B) deep somatic pain C) visceral pain D) neuropathic pain

e (All of the above are correct, since visceral pain is carried by them all)

Select the best answer: Pain impulses arising within the abdominal and thoracic cavities may reach the CNS by: A. somatic nerves innervating B. sympathetic nerves C. parasympathetic nerves D. none of the above E. all of the above

a (Fibromyalgia is a condition with the main feature being that it causes pain all throughout the body. Selena's symptoms also match with the common symptoms of fibromyalgia.)

Selena Gomez suffers from an autoimmune disease known as lupus and reports experiencing fatigue, anxiety, and sleep problems. She also experiences pain all throughout her whole body. What condition can be identified by this widespread pain? A) Fibromyalgia B) Hyperalgesia C) Arthritis D) Somatosensory Disorder

c

Sharp localized pain is transmitted by: A. archispinothalamic tract B. Paleospinothalamic tract C. Neospinothalamic tract D. Sympathetic nerves E. Parasympathetic nerves

d (A delta fibers carry information induced by a skin cut, which is classified as a pricking pain.)

Sharp pain, induced by a skin cut for example, is classified by: A. Burning pain B. Aching pain C. Somatic pain D. Pricking pain E. Visceral pain

a (Somatogenic pain has a known cause that is localized in body tissue whereas psychogenic pain has no known physical cause or damage.)

Somatogenic pain is defined as: a. pain that has a known cause that is localized in body tissue, nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain of the nervous system. b. no nown phsycial cause, processing of information in the CNS is distributed, normally sustained by pschological factors , important in cases of chronic pain. c. no pshysical damage of tissues, proprioceptors, golgi tendan organs. d. Both a and b.

a and c (When the neural gate is closed, pain fiber signals do not excite the dorsal horn transmission neurons. Involvement and insterest in life activites are things that put an individual in a realxed state and medications are things that supress pain signals.)

The Gate-Control Theory of Pain states that a nerual gate, located in the substantia gelatinosa (SG), can open and close, which can modulate levels of pain. What specific conditions would cause the neural gate to close? (select all that apply) A. Involvement and interest in life activities B. Anxiety and worry C. Medications D. Inapporpriate activity level

d (Neospinothalamic component contains C fibers and Paleospinothalamic component contain A-Delta fibers and these are both apart of the ascending system.)

The ascending systems is comprised of which fibers? A. C fibers B. A- Beta fibers C. A-Delta fibers D. A and C

c (C fibers are un-myelinated fibers which cause a duller, slower, longer lasting second pain. These fibers have chemical receptors and polymodal nociceptors. The paleospinothalamic tract projects to brainstem and hypothalamus. This pathway is also associated with an emotional component, which could explain why many people seek medical attention when experiencing pain.)

The paleospinothalamic tract is a paramedial ascending system comprised of what type of pain fibers? a. A-beta fibers (myelinated) b. A-delta fibers (myelinated c. C fibers (un-myelinated) d. None of the Above

a (The correct answer is C fibers because it's the only non-myelinated fiber that causes a duller, slower and longer lasting second pain)

The slowest un-myelinated pain fiber that cause a duller but longer lasting second pain? A. C fibers B. A-beta fibers C. A-delta fibers D. B fiber

d (Fibromyalgia is a condition categorized by widespread pain, sleep problems, fatigue, and often emotional and mental distress. Although the cause is not completely known, these symptoms can be brought on by traumatic life events, like Tom's vehicle accident.)

Tom recently got into a vehicle accident after a night out with friends. Although he did not experience any physical damage to his body, he has been distressed and has a hard time sleeping at night. He is now hypersensitive to pain, has muscle twitches and cramps from time to time, and is having difficulty concentrating in his workplace. What clinical condition do Tom's symptoms correspond with? a. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome b. Central Cord Syndrome c. Apraxia d. Fibromyalgia

true (Pain tolerance is influnced by psychological factors, such as cultural expecatations, role, mental health and their beleifs about pain. Also, pain tolerance is influenced by physical factors, such as fatigue, exposure to pain, mediation, warmth and the amount of alcohol a person has consumed. With this being said, the level of pain a person can tolerate is different for everyone.)

True or False: Pain Tolerance is influenced by psychological factors (cultural expectations) and physcial factors (fatigue).

false (subjective)

True or false: Pain is objective

c (because the pain that Vivienne felt was caused by the pressure put on her hand from the weight of her brother. And that pain due to pressure is detected by Mechanical Nociceptors which uses A delta fibers.)

Vivienne is 16 years old and weighs 100 lbs. her older brother, Jimbo, who is 165 lbs. accidently stepped on her hand while she was sitting outside on the grass. What pain fibers were used to detect that pain? a. A-beta fibers b. C fibers c. A delta fibers

c (The correct answer is "c. Neuralgias, myofascial pain syndrome, lower back pain, and types of cancer". These four choices are the most common types of chronic pain. They are the most common because they each are associated with the emotion and sensory centers of the brain, even when the body is at rest. There is constant activity in these two centers, which is the central cause for this type of pain. These illnesses all relate to chronic pain because they usually last over 6 months and could continue even after you have been healed. Some individuals who experience chronic pain usually are not themselves, and begin to lose their quality of life.)

What are the most common types of chronic pain? A) Neuralgias, myofascial pain syndrome, high blood pressure, and types of cancer B) Neuralgias, myofascial pain syndrome, types of cancer, and high cholesterol C) Neuralgias, myofascial pain syndrome, lower back pain, and types of cancer D) Neuralgias, lower back pain, types of cancer, and diabetes

a (When a single nerve or a group of nerves is wounded or destroyed, it causes neuropathic pain. An injury is frequently the cause of pain, but the injury may or may not cause harm to the nervous system. When nociceptors sense something that can injure the body, such as a chemical, a hot or cold temperature, or a physical force, nociceptive pain occurs. The pain is usually temporary, meaning that it goes away once the tissue damage heals.)

What is the difference between nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain? A) Nociceptive pain occurs when there is tissue damage or injury. Neuropathic pain occurs when there is damage to nerves. B) Nociceptive pain occurs when there is damage to nerves. Neuropathic pain occurs when there is tissue damage or injury. C) Nociceptive pain is acute only and neuropathic pain is chronic only. D) All answers are correct.

a (The answer to this question is A. there is no known physcial pain. This is the answer because the information that is processed in the PNS is disturbed. And the psychological factors are sustained normally. This means that it can only be A)

What is true of psychogenic pain?​ ​ A. there is no known physical cause​ B. the information being processed in the PNS is not disturbed​ C. it is not normally sustained by psychological factors​​ D. All of the above

d (Psychogenic pain includes each of these characteristics, plus processing of information in the central nervous system is disturbed. Somatogenic pain is the only other form of pain from this lecture, being localized, nociceptive, and neuropathic. Psychosomatic pain is a real form of pain, very similar to psychogenic pain. Somatochronic pain is a made up form of pain.)

What kind of pain has no known physical cause, is important in chronic pain cases, and is normally sustained by psychological factors? A) Somatogenic pain B) Psychosomatic pain C) Somatochronic pain D) Psychogenic pain

a (Gate-Control theory is the correct answer because we know from the lecture that this theory illustrates how touch helps to reduce the experience of pain as it has an inhibitory effect on pain signals!)

What theory is most likely used to explain why massage and touch can be helpful pain management techniques during childbirth? A. Gate-Control theory B. Dorsal Horn Neuron C. Endogenous Opioids D. Paramedial ascending system

c

What type of receptors would respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli? a. Mechanical receptors b. Thermal nociceptors c. Polymodal receptors d. Chemical nociceptors

a (trigeminalpainpathwaybconface:) The spinothalamic pain pathway senses pain in the skin and muscle, while the trigeminal pain pathway delivers pain senses from the face and head.)

When plucking your eyebrows, you feel a shooting pain with each hair taken away. What neural pathway allows for you to sense that pain? A. Trigeminal Pain Pathway B. Spinothalamic Pain Pathway C. spinocerebellum Pain Pathway D. none of the above

b (The A-delta fiber is small and myelinated and is able to transmit sharp, first pain to the brain while the C-fibers- small and unmyelinated- cause a slower, more long-lasting pain. A-beta fibers are more related to touch while A-delta fibers focus on pain.)

Which of the following fibers that are listed is responsible for fast, sharp, first pain? a. C fiber b. A-delta fiber c. A-beta fiber d. C-alpha fiber

c (This is false about fibromyalgia because the pain is not specific to any area and is spread throughout the entire body. Statements A and B are correct.)

Which of the following is FALSE about Fibromyalgia? A) It is more frequently diagnosed in women. B) It is possibly related to other autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. C) The main symptom is pain in only the upper extremities. D) All of the above.

b (because acute pain does NOT have a known cause that is localized in body tissue. That is true of Somatogenic pain. A, C, and D are true for acute pain.)

Which of the following is FALSE about acute pain? A)Leads to fear, unease, and anxiety B) Has a known cause that is localized in body tissue C) It has a sudden onset D) It goes away when the nociceptors responsible for pain are no longer being stimulated

c (Acute pain does not last longer than 6 months. Rather, this is a characteristic of chronic pain. Acute pain has a sudden onset, and serves as a rapid alert system to notify the human body of an immediate injury. Lastly, it goes away when the nociceptors responsible for pain cease to be stimulated.)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute pain? A. Acute pain begins abruptly (sudden onset) B. Acute pain is a protective mechanism that alerts the body of an immediate threat, harm, or danger C. Acute pain lasts more than 6 months D. Acute pain goes away when the nociceptors are no longer stimulated

c (This is because as hyperalgesia is a condition in which there is an increased sensitivity to feeling pain as well as an extreme response to pain, the threhold for pain would be decreased, not increased. The nerves sensing pain may be damaged or chemically altered, therefore there is an increased intensity of painful stimuli. Therefore, hyperalgesia would result in an individual having a decreased threshold for pain.)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding hyperalgesia? a) increased sensitivity to feeling pain b) may occur when there is damage to the nerves c) increased threshold for pain d) spontaneous pain

a d and f (A. (depression), F. (sleep disorders), D. (preoccupation with pain), are all associated with chronic pain. Chronic pain lasts more than six months and the cause is often unknown unfortunately. Clients can also attempt to keep pain behaviors to a minimum and often deny their pain.)

Which of the following is associated with chronic pain: (select all that apply) A. depression B. crying C. driving D. preoccupation with pain E. eating F. sleep disorders

b (A-delta fibers cause a fast, sharp, and first pain, typically including mechanical and thermal nociceptors. For example, if you touch something very hot or break your ankle, you will feel it very fast due to these myelinated fibers. In comparison, C-fibers are unmyelinated, causing a duller, slower, long-lasting pain that includes chemical and polymodal nociceptors)

Which of the following nerve fibers mediate nociception that is interpreted as sharp, fast, localized pain? A) C-fibers B) A-delta fibers C) A-beta fibers D) Neurotransmitter fibers

d (polymodal nociceptors- they respond to a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. Chemical nociceptors have a selective response to histamine. Thermal nociceptors have a selective response to burning heat or extreme cold. Mechanical nociceptors have a selective response to strong pressure.)

Which of the following nociceptors is NOT selective? A) thermal nociceptors B) chemical nociceptors C) mechanical nociceptors D) polymodal nociceptors

c (burning pain )

Which of the following pain fibers cause a duller, slower, longer lasting second pain? A) A delta (δ) fibers (myelinated) B) A beta (β) fibers (myelinated) C) C fibers (un-myelinated) D) None of the above

d (Neuropathic Pain involves atypical neural sprouting or demyelination in the nerves that transmit pain - these nerves can demonstrate spontaneous activity not associated with pain stimuli. In the question is said "is associated" when it is not associated. When your nerve system is compromised, you may experience neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain can occur when your digestive system is damaged. The spinal cord, the brain, and even the peripheral nerves can all cause pain.)

Which statement about Neuropathic Pain is NOT true? A) Can occur due to disorders (diabetes, HIV, multiple sclerosis, shingles) or traumatic nerve damage or nerve compression (hip, knee, spine problems, spinal surgery, spinal cord injury, post-stroke weakness). B) Can mimic nociceptive pain but also tends to include symptoms of burning, tingling, shock-like pain with exaggerated pain responses. Pain may be stimulus evoked and/or independent. C) Occurs as a result of injury in the nervous system (PNS or CNS) itself. D) Pain stimuli is associated with spontaneous activity of these nerves that do involve atypical neural sprouting or demyelination in the nerves that transmit pain

d (Somatogenic pain; this type of pain can be in the form of nociceptive pain or neuropathic pain, and it is known to be localized in body tissue. Psychogenic pain is typically sustained by psychological factors and has no known physical cause. Acute pain is onset suddenly and has to do with a protective mechanism which alerts you to a condition which may immediately be harmful to your body. Lastly, chronic pain is defined as something that lasts for longer than 6 months with a cause that can be unknown.)

Which type of pain has a known cause which is localized in body tissue? A) Chronic pain B) Psychogenic pain C) Acute pain D) Somatogenic pain