Parenting Final

How to discourage substance/alcohol abuse?

- Avoid drinking - Do not have alcohol in home - Have specific rules against teens drinking - Enforce rules, Parental monitoring

What 3 partners interact to increase a child's attention span?

- Parent - Child - Society

Why are Mirror Neurons important in Parenting?

-What children observe, they are also experiencing at the neurological level. -Parents' and siblings' behavior and other external influences, like television, are affecting children's brains.

Sandwich Generation - how to Cope?

Lengthening life span - more relatives to help rear children but also more grandparents who require care (Sandwich Generation. - Focus on the many good things in life. - Find humor in situations - Get moral support and comfort from others Realize and accept that: "I can't do it all >>>Spousal support<<<

Research on young children's level of stress at day care suggests parents must be responsive and sensitive at home.

TRUE

Developmental Niche

• Physical and social settings for parents and children, for example, where children sleep, play • Psychological characteristics valued in parents and children • Recommended parenting practices and behaviors for family members

Parents role in children's achievements

• Provide a protective environment for growth • Stimulate optimal development • Advocate for children in wider environment like schools or medical care • Establishing ways of relating to others that are passed on to the next generation

Sensitive discipline includes?

• Strengthens attachment • Uses reasoning to help child understand and reasons for them • Help child to focus on positive alternative when frustrated • Pay attention whenever child follows the rules • Empathize with children's feelings, desires, stage of life and verbalize what child might be feeling • Help children withdraw from tantrum or angry battle by taking a time out • Talk to children during routines, explaining them, answering questions • Give children advance warning when time to shift activities • Be available for play

How to help increase self-esteem while facing prejudice

•Encouraging self-development and ethnic pride •Acknowledging barriers and social restrictions

Impact of children's media use - especially Violent TV shows

Negative force of media takes the place of healthy activities like exercise and reading that are beneficial and increases risk of aggressive behaviors Positive force of media increases skills and knowledge, drawing family and friends closer! Heavy media use increased attention difficulties Viewing education TV, ages 3-18, increases academic achievement and literary skills Specialized computer video games, ages 5-18, can enhance attention, visual spatial reasoning, problem-solving Media showing prosocial themes increases altruism and tolerance Increased viewing media showing aggression and violence increase adult physical aggression

Parental knowledge is frequently the result of which 3 factors?

(1)Comunnication. (2)Trust (3)Closeness

William Pollack recommendations for boys to be aware of feelings

- Be aware of signs when they are hiding their feelings - Realize boys are slower to express - accept their schedule for revealing feelings. - Spend time in joint activities so boys feel comfortable sharing and have opportunities to do so - Nurturing & staying emotionally connected (talk & listen)

Emotions of shame, pride, embarrassment develop and at the end of this age period (2-5), Guilt.

- Children are very self-conscious and concerned about other's reactions to their behaviors and judgments. - Are embarrassed when their judgments differ from groups.

What does Mary Pipher recommend for girls?

- Girls become so focused on needs, feelings, & approval of others (lose sense of selves): - Parents must provide homes that offer both protection and challenges to help girls find their sense of identity. - Parents - listen & encourage independent thought and rational decision-making. - Activities to help others (altruism) in order to avoid feelings of self-absorption (characteristic at this age) helping others stimulates good feelings and satisfaction

Angry hostile relationships have what kind of impact?

- If family relationships are hostile and angry, there is hostility between all members of family. - As a result, members of the family will resemble each other in terms of negativity - Proximity, people resemble themselves

Types of children/teens Authoritative Parenting influences in a beneficial way?

- Is related to self-confidence, good mood, and competence regardless of ethnicity, gender, or SES. - Is related to competent behaviors among teens who are socially competent and emotionally controlled. - "Unlike any other pattern, authoritative upbringing consistently generated competence and deterred problem behavior in both boys and girls at all ages" - Related to teens' emotional and social competence in all ethnic groups in this country and in countries around the world

What Positive Marital factors reduce difficulties in the Transition to Parenting (including having a similar ideology regarding household roles)?

- Maintaining intimacy with partner or supportive friend or relative - Share expectancies, feelings, workload - Support from friends and relatives - Adopt an experimental attitude toward solutions (instead of rigid/inflexible stance) When fathers take an active role in child care, both parents report their marriage is more satisfying.

"Arena of Comfort"

- Positive experiences provide an "arena of comfort" feelings & worries- where early teens can escape stress, relax, and feel good -Close family relationships as main source of comfort -Peers provide a second important source

What do Mirror Neurons do?

- They help us understand what other are doing or are about to do. - How they may feel, we are having the same neurophysiological reaction. - Help us have empathy for others because at a very real level we feel their pain. - Learn language, the movements for language are laid down in our brain as we watch others speak and gesture.

Benefits of using Mutual problem-solving agreements

- Thomas Gordon's Problem-solving method - useful with disagreements and conflicts. - Mutual Problem-Solving provides a clear method for solving difficulties (as they arise) in a respectful way without anger. - It can be used by children as well as adults, & several times to get a workable solution - if child doesn't follow through on agreements, send an I-message.

Advantages of Storytelling

-Brings family together, can increase sense of acceptance and appreciation, gives family an identity makes sense of our culture and values. -Story shapes our view of ourselves and other people, tells about our culture and values. -Parents encourage storytelling when they listen attentively, express positive interest, encourage elaborations/ details (use open-ended questions) -Storytelling begins at birth and as they learn to talk

What is parent's behavior influenced by?

-Quality of the marital tie and support network -Personal qualities such as sociability, psychological stability -Past and present relationships with own parents. -Extended family, network, friends, work setting and skills, problem-solving skills

Socioeconomic status (SES) includes?

-SES based on occupation, education, and income (that can change from time to time). -When families have average incomes, income is less influence on parenting beliefs and behavior than parents' education and occupational status. -When income is low, at the poverty level, it has a greater impact on parent's behavior that any other variable

Three Steps of I-Messages

1 .Clear statement of how parent feels 2. A statement of the behavior or event that has caused the feeling. 3. A statement of way the behavior is upsetting to the parent Example, "I feel upset when you are late getting ready for school in the morning because then I am late for work."

List 3 Psychological Qualities of parents for an "Optimal Parenting Environment."

1. Their feelings of self-esteem 2. Their capacity for positive, mutually satisfying relationship 3. Capacity for flexible problem relationship

Logical Consequences

A method in which the parent lets the consequences of an act teach the child - if the child doesn't put the clothes in laundry, clothes remain dirty; if children don't do kitchen chores and kitchen is dirty, mother doesn't cook meals until kitchen is cleaned. - They are events that follow a social act.

Natural consequences

A method in which the parent lets the consequences of an act teach the child - if the child doesn't put the clothes in laundry, clothes remain dirty; if children don't do kitchen chores and kitchen is dirty, mother doesn't cook meals until kitchen is cleaned. - They are the direct result of a physical act.

Most commonly abused substance?

Alcohol

The NICHHD study on the effects of day care - at what ages for children did sensitive and responsive parenting consistently predict children's competence?

All areas at all ages.

The impact of Effective and emotionally supportive 1st grade teachers?

An effective 1st grade teacher with strong and emotional support helps students at risk to perform well.

Which is the most beneficial style of parenting regarding psychosocial outcomes and the child's competence?

Authoritative

How parents can decrease child's aggression?

Avoid harsh punishment

At what age is the brain more fully formed?

By mid-twenties

Parents as advocates have resulted in what changes and influences for their children with special needs?

Create favorable learning environment that enable children to become more fully integrated. Have increased accommodation and help to change society's way of viewing disabilities.

Culture

Culture is a system of values, beliefs, and ways of thinking, routines, rituals and institutions established by a group. Group may be large, like a country, or small like a family or a classroom. Culture provides a way of seeing the world analyzing problems, what we talk about, what we remember.

Insecure attachment changed in the preschool years to secure because mothers were?

Emotionally supportive and open communication patterns.

Factors that contribute to children being more socially and academically competent?

Fathers are engaged at work. Fathers are available at home. Mothers have control of their work Mothers feel confident.

Under what circumstances do Teens have better Self-Regulation?

Have self-esteem from positive activities, Spend time with parents, Attend church, Elementary school success & warm parental relationships are protective factors against substance use.

Scaffolding

Is just the right amount of help to help child solve problem - the parent observes level of interaction in a situation and stays one step ahead

Effects of working more than 20 hours a week

Long hours or more than 20 hours per week decreases interest in school and increases risk for school absenteeism, poor grades, substance abuse, crime, and dropping out of school. Work is most beneficial if teens work only a few hours a week and still participate fully in school and extracurricular activities =balance

How to help aggressive children?

Mothers and teachers of aggressive preschool children learn positive parenting principles, teach specific social skills and emotional control, and replace criticism to negative responses.

When do Babies cry less?

Mothers carry them 3 hrs. a day

Does ways to promote later and protected sex include providing information and communication or letting adolescents handle it on their own?

NO. - Parents can provide written materials, raise questions on the basis of news items, & answer questions. - Listen and respond in sensitive ways so that teen will ask questions - Warm, positive relationships with parents and information on safe, responsible sexual activity. - Opportunities to talk to adults lead to postponing sexual activity.

Why is Parenting a Process?

Parenting is a process of action and interaction between parent and child; it is a process in which both parties change each other as children grow to adulthood.

Parenting License = David Lykken

Parents must be over 18, married, and graduated from high school, have a job, and no history of violence.

Parents' rules for media use ages 8-18

Parents rules for 8-18 year-old are few and not often The American academy of pediatrics recommends no more than 2 hours a day

Children who are more likely to receive physical punishment?

Preschool children, boys, children with difficult temperaments.

Interventions

Programs to talk about depression and to reduce its impact on children ages 8 and older - to help children understand depression and help child understand nobody caused depression and no one is to blame

Children begin telling stories at what age?

Storytelling begins at birth, infants hear stories others tell and as soon as they can talk they tell their own stories that initially consist of only a few words about an event "Played house. I baby."

Structural and Process Measures of Day care

Structural Measures Amount of teacher/ caregiver training Staff turnover Staff ratios of providers to children Process Measures Sensitivity and responsiveness of interactions. Appropriate, stimulating activities in safe setting.

An underlying purpose of mutual problem-solving is that families can find solutions that satisfy all parties

TRUE

At 18 months do toddlers- understand others have different desires from their own

TRUE

By age 2 (24 months) babies use "I, Me, mine"

TRUE

Emotional responses of aggression and impulsivity decrease learning and predict lower grades in elementary school.

TRUE

Highly aggressive children had stressors such as less stimulating homes, ongoing low income, less sensitive and responsive parenting

TRUE

If parents do not resolve their arguments and remain angry and unhappy; both parents and children suffer emotional insecurity

TRUE

Long hours of working as a Late Adolescent increases risk for lower grades dropouts and decreases interest in school.

TRUE

Lower levels of monitoring contribute to lower school grades and less skills for boys; even if Mom is employed.

TRUE

Marital satisfaction and parenting skills are most often positively related to each other

TRUE

NICHD study on the effects of day care found that responsive parenting matters more than day care.

TRUE

Preschool boys are more active than girls

TRUE

Protective factors for children of alcoholic parents include secure attachment to nonalcoholic parent

TRUE

The most central support in regards to Stress for couples in the sandwich generation is spousal support in coping with all de demands.

TRUE

When TV is on All or Most of the time in homes regardless of whether anyone is watching - child are less apt to read or be read to.

TRUE

When children do not follow through on mutual problem-solving agreements, parents send an I-message and call for another session

TRUE

When children do not follow through on mutual problem-solving agreements, parents send an I=message and call for another session

TRUE

The quality of the current relationship of the mother and child determines the attachment.

The quality of the current relationship of mother and child will determine the present quality of attachment

Active Listening - when it is not appropriate?

Times when Active Listening is not appropriate: when child wants information, when a child doesn't want to talk about feelings, and when child has no more to say.

Accurate diagnosis

Use school study teams and psychologist, but may have to have to get a private assessment.

What are the effects of secure attachment and warm, sensitive care and the lack thereof?

When parents provide warm, sensitive care, (Secure attachments), their children easily develop self-regulation that enable them to follow rules, make friends, and develop self-esteem.

Jay Belsky - major source of family stress within society?

Worries about the little recognition that parents receive for all their hard work and sacrifices. "But I think one major sources is that our society no longer honors what I witnessed everyday - the quiet heroism of everyday parenting."

Gender identity -

actively constructed by the child.

Behavioral/Developmental Outcomes as per the Styles of Parenting

o Authoritative: Children are self-reliant and self-confident o Authoritarian: children are often unhappy, withdrawn, and inhibited o Permissive: their children were least independent and controlled, best described as immature

Inhibited 2 year olds -

whose mothers are overprotective remain fearful and inhibited.

Characteristics of Parents within Baumrind's 3 Styles of parenting

• Authoritative: attentive to children's needs and individuality, high standards, use reasoning and mutually responsive problem solving. (Warm, but firm, use limits) • Authoritarian: high standards, demanding and controlling without attention to children's wishes or needs, emphasize obedience instead of independence. (High value on obedience and conformity. Rules are rules) • Permissive: few limits, accept all children's impulses, granting freedom within bonds of safety; allow all feelings; parents' anger builds up - may lash out. (Accepting, benign, more passive way)

Erikson - Identity and Intimacy

• Has 8 stages of development with internal physiological processes pushing development and social influences from parents and culture shaping course of growth as a person forms a sense of identity • Believes identity formation is a central task of teen years and society must validate choices or teens remain uncertain of who they are

Secure Attachment

• If parents are sensitive, responsive, loving figures, children form secure attachments • With their own children they give the kind of sensitive care they received as a child and have positive relationships with partners • Secure attachment related to future positive behavior with good impulse control, positive relationships with peers, and curiosity and learning about the world

Characteristics of parents and goals of parents with the Independent model

• It was developed from Greek civilization - widely practiced in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand • It doesn't exist apart from the group • Emphasizes importance of the independent individual • Social system is a collection of independent individuals • Social relationships are mainly interactions to encourage to cooperate with your goals • Emphasis on self and achievement • Goal is to rear independent individual, able to make decisions • Learning is through verbal means of asking questions, listening to directions, and negotiating, frequent praise for child. • Child is encouraged to express opinions • Parents help grow children if they want to

Three Factors of Cognitive Readiness?

• Knowledge of children's growth • Realistic expectations of children • Positive attitude about parenting

Vygotsky

• Parent's job is to present culture's view of the world and the way to solve problems. • Language, art, rituals, routines, daily life all reflect the culture's world view. • Knowledge, thought, memory processes all rest on social interactions with knowledgeable partners. • Parents support children's activities, aiding them through supportive guidance to achieve more mature levels of functioning.

Siblings - Drekurs advises?

• Parents demonstrate that each child is loved for individual qualities • Don't compare children • Treat them all the same • Misbehavior involves all the children and they can learn to take care of each other and to cooperate.

Benefits of imaginary play?

• Toddlers benefit from pretend play, especially with parents - learn more • Play in a more sophisticated way with parents than they do when alone • Talk more with parents - language skills and social understanding increase • Research shows - interactive, productive play promotes self-control and reduces the risk of behavior problems later in school

Characteristics and goals of parents with the Interdependent model of parent-child relationships

• Widely practiced in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America; is the older model, more widely used (done for the family as a whole) • Emphasizes importance of the social group • Self is defined by membership in the social system, especially the family and the community • Goal is to rear socially responsible person • Emphasis on learning through observation, participating in activities • Verbal messages are primarily given for defectiveness, corrections, little praise • Parents have moral obligations to help children even when they are grown

Empathy and babies

•Empathy: toddlers take action and go beyond infant's crying at other's distress - touch or cuddle injured child or person or willing to bring them an item. •At birth have three general emotional states: contentment, alert interest, and distress/irritability •By the end of 1st year have a range of emotions - interest, surprise, joy , sadness, anger, fear, disgust.

Reed Larson - Initiative

•Motivated from within •Studied teens' mood and activities - for optimal development - teens need activities: challenging them and require effort and work over extended periods of time

Incremental theory of learning?

•Parents believe ability develops in small steps as the child learns skills and practices •Result - child sees that difficulties can be remedied with new skills and effort to master material •When parents encourage an incremental view of learning, children persist with optimistic belief that all children can succeed

How to promote school success?

•Participate in PTA, school activities/organizations •Home - a place and time to study •Help at school-room parent, tutoring

Mastery Motivation

•Some children have strong desires to investigate objects and achieve mastery •Children high in this quality persist with challenging tasks and take pride in solving problems, learning more in preschool •Promoted by parents' warmth, encouragement, and openness

Bioecological theory -Urie Bronfenbrenner' and Pamela Morris' description of an optimal caregiver

•Unconditional, profound, really strong •On-going relationship with at least one adult who has a profound love from the child and life time commitment to provide care (doesn't change) •Needs a second person who joins the emotional attachment to the child and supports the other parent in caregiving activity. •The child doesn't have to be biologically related to parent or live in a two - parent family but caregivers must have lifelong commitment to the child