Part 2
pages 26-34
"Hindu Four Paths to the Goal,": uniting with Brahma yoga: training to encourage integration or union, these are spiritual trails with the goal of uniting with God 1. Knowledge (jnana yoga) - listening to sages and scriptures, intensive reflection 2. Love (bhakti yoga) - channel all love to God 3. Work (karma yoga) - duties of the caste, work in ways that carry you towards God 4. Psychophysical Exercises (raga yoga) - psychophysical experiments on oneself, montras --------------------------------------- "purpose of Hindu myths," -They present Hindu ideals in a way that makes listeners want to embody them. -Have power to recall our minds from the world's distractions to the thought of God's love (how people should love) ------------------------------------------ "ishta" - a representation of God. -One's chosen god, the god that most inspires them. Each follower of Hinduism develops attachment to one form/representation of god.
Huston Smith - pages 18-21
"Path of Renunciation,": - Renouncing the finite for the infinite, things of momentary pleasure for things of infinite pleasure. Renouncing worldly desire. - Transferring out of self-centeredness. - Leaving behind, restricting or abstaining from material possessions, physical pleasures, and emotional attachments -if impulses satisfied us we would never think of renunciation Consists of: 1. community: Community importance over the individual (a collectivist outlook). ---------------------------------------------- "the integumented self," : -the part of us that desires is small and insignificant. this is when there is self centeredness and emptiness.Desire leads to emptiness and feeling insignificant. Other worlds lie beyond this - relates to belief that worldly success cannot satify us, importance of path of renunciation -------------------------------------------- "Hindu 'religion of duty'" - after pleasure and success, the third great aim of life in the Hindu outlook.Faithful performance of duty brings respect and gratitude from peers, self respect as well - Produced by the path of renunciation.Renouncing self-centeredness and worldly desires results in this.Has to do with the caste system in India. - Hinduism relies on people who will help the collective wheel. - duties appropriate to age, temperament, social status - requires maturity to appreciate - brings respect and gratitude
pages 60-65
"Siddhartha Gautama," Founder of Buddhism. Born into great privilege. Born a prince. Sheltered. -Hindu prince in Nepal (563 BC) -Decided to abandon luxuries after crossing the Four Passing Sights, cause of discontent -Discovered the principle of the Middle Way ---------------------------- "The Four Passing Sights," 1. old man 2. diseased person 3. dead person 4. poor monk: learned from him the path of renounciation The legend of the Prince's journey to enlightenment, the creation of Buddhism. --------------------------------- "asceticism," Denying worldly priviledge. Gautama wished to follow this practice before deciding on the middle way. The belief that the body is holding us back from enlightenment. Practices extreme deprivation, discipline, self-denial ------------------------------ "The Middle Way," Gautama decided to not live in either extreme (asceticism vs wealth/royalty). The path between self sacrifice and self-indulgence in the Buddhist religion Find your place between indulgence and discipline, balance, between the extremes of asceticism and indulgence ----------------------------------- "Mara" "the evil one" Represents temptation.Tempted Buddha with images of beautiful women, saught to disrupt Gautama's concentration while mediating under the Bodhi tree. Showed him other frightening and tempting images. His failure lead to Buddha's great awakening
Reading No. 7 (Guy Beck textbook)
"circumambulation in Mahayana Buddhism": As described in the text, I believe circumambulation to be a ritualistic march in Mahayana Buddhism. In practice while circling a funerary building, or stupa, circumambulation is used to represent the sun circling the cosmic mountain. In Buddhist cosmology, this cosmic mountain is the center of the physical and spiritual world. Circumambulation is seen as a devotional practice in Buddhism, and often parallels musical performance through promotion of teachings and piety. -drums accompany. No regcognizable tune
Talmud
("Study" or "Learning"): systematic amplification and analysis of Jewish law and history, written by ancient rabbis, or religious teachers...presents some of Judaism's most important concepts
Music Associated with Islam
- The Arabic word "Islam," as used in the Koran (the holy writings of Islam), means "submission and obedience to Allah's commands." "Allah," another Arabic word, is the name used by Muslims to describe the "Creator of the Universe." - The term "Muslim" is defined as: "a person who puts Allah's Laws into practice and follows the way of peace and harmony." - Islam is sometimes incorrectly called "Mohammedanism"; however, the religion is not named after Mohammed, the posthumous son of Abdullah, who was the last of the important Islamic prophets. - The Arabic word "Jihad" means "to try one's utmost." Faithful followers of Islam interpret this as the duty to control their own bad intentions and to continuously strive to remove evil from society. The aim of Jihad is to seek the favor of Allah. - Most Muslims live within the following regions: northern Africa; throughout western, central, and southeastern Asia; and in the Malay Archipelago. Large populations also live in mainland China and the former Soviet Union. The largest concentration is found in the Indian subcontinent.
Judaism Huston Smith - page 181
- The Other: No human is self created, therefore humankind was issued by something else. Also, everone has limited power. The other is that from which one has issued. The power of God isn't limited, "most exalted" "ultimate reality". Jewish people characterize the Other as ultimately Reality, but is more like a person than a thing. --------------------------------------------------- - The Hebrew's concept of nature (compared to other ancient Mediterranean peoples): Other people considered aspects of nature as gods. Hebrews considered nature under one god. In the bible, nature is entirety was creating by, and under the sovereignty of Lord of all being. God is separated; whereas others believe nature as a deity. ------------------------------------------------- - The bedrock of Hebrew belief, according to Smith: monotheism. If we should give oneself completely to God, to believe in multiple would divide ourself.
Islam and Music pt 3
- The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognized within Muslim cultures as "music." The melodious recitation of the Holy Qur'an and the call to prayer are central to Islam, but generic terms for music have never been applied to them. -Sufi musical practice, inspired by the message of Islam and personal religious experience, has had broad influence around the world. Another intense musical expression are the commemoration laments specific to some Shi'a sects -A rejection of music was expressed immediately after the Prophet's death, with Islamic jurists expressing concern about the perceived dangers of music; - Concern about inadmissible music increased in the 9th century when Sufi communities introduced dance into their ecstatic rituals. In Islamic thought, the basis of hostility to music lies in its power to stimulate the "lower passions." Arguments in favor of music have stressed the individual's ability to listen with absolute focus, thus drawing close to the Divine. An extensive literature in Arabic, Turkish and Persian discusses admissible and inadmissible music with constant reference to verses of the Qur'an and the Hadith (a report of the sayings or actions of Muhammad or his companions, including the tradition of its chain of transmission - Common things across different cultures: consistent presence of Qur'anic recitation and, within that, the influence of the embellished Egyptian style of vocalization; the importance of Arabic as the language of divine inspiration in the Qur'an; and the widespread use of dhikr, repetitive vocalizations of names of God. - Virtually no instrumental music is performed in mosques, where only certain types of religious recitation are permitted. Vocal and instrumental music may be performed at shrines, Sufi lodges, Shi'a religious meeting-places, homes and encampments, streets, concert settings and recording studios.
Songlines
- journeys of creative ancestors- lines throughout australia- contemporary aboriginals re-trace songlines to renew life cycles- series of rites and ceremonies
The Dreaming
- shared conciousness among aboriginal people- australia- they view the dream to be reality and the past to be present- nonlinear time- keeps ancestors alive
Buddhism Facts
- syncretic religion - founded by Siddhartha Gotama (?563 B.C.E. --?483 B.C.E.), also known as the "Buddha" or "Enlightened One - in 533 B.C.E., the sheltered young prince's first-time encounter with a frail, aged man, a sick man, and a corpse changed his life forever. Concern for the difficulties of human life led him to turn to a life of reflection and meditation, in search of an answer for such suffering - rejected Hinduism on the basis of perceived discriminatory and superstitious aspects - Buddhism teaches that through the practice of self-restraint (rejection of selfishness), morality and meditation, one may ultimately achieve nirvana (perfect bliss attained by the extinction of individuality)
page 186
- the "Jewish estimate of history": saw history as very important, because the context in which life is lived affects that life in every way (problems, opportunities, outcomes). Also context is important as it makes collective action/ social action also important. Working together gets things done. Third, history is important field of opportunity. It is governed by god, nothing accidental, opportunity for lessons. Fourth, opportunities offered by history are not on a par, some are deciisive, heed history to make sure we don't miss opportunites. ------------------------------------------------- - the concept of "chosen people": In the epic of Abraham. Illustrates how history offers decisive opportunities, such as Jewish people becoming recipients of God's unique commisions. God told Abraham to go to a new land, find new people. By answering his call Abraham became the first of a chosen people
Reading Summary No. 8
- the shofar: important musical instrument: the shofar, or ram's horn...is a ritual musical instrument used onimportant Jewish religious occasions; for example, in modern times, its sounding in the synagogueon Rosh Hashanah (religious New Year). In this context it calls the Jewish people to a spiritualreawakening (as prescribed in Numbers 29:1). The shofar's ancient (and contemporary) use isextremely significant, and the use of the ram's horn or ritual trumpet is described extensively in manypassages in the Bible. Musical instruments hold great importance in Judaism; the shofar, a signaling instrument made of a ram's horn, is mentioned dozens of times throughout scripture. The shofar first appears in the book of Exodus, as it was played at Mount Sinai while "awaiting God's revelation". The shofar requires expert skill, and is an ideal public instrument. It's importance throughout Jewish history is seen in its use by magistrates, tribal leaders, and army captains. Among its important uses throughout history, the book of Zechariah proclaims that the shofar will sound at the End of Days, "signaling Israel's redemption". This legacy and tradition of the shofar makes it one of the most important instruments in Judaism.
page 185
-Smith's description of the "Book of Samuel": Considered honest, historical nature of the ancient world. Why honest? Not idealistic, but realistic. Talks about heroes, problems/failings in mistakes and troubles. Even the greatest heroes (King David) are shown in their flaws/imperfections. All have shortcomings called the most honest historical writing of the entire ancient world. ------------------------------------------------ - the root meaning of the word "sin": sin comes from root meaning 'to miss the mark'. People forge their destinies through freely chosen decisions
Characteristics of Islam
...(has connections to both Judaism and Christianity) ...insists upon monotheism: "There is no god but Allah (God)" is the creed of Islam Taken from the Koran are these basic beliefs which must be accepted by Muslims: 1) Belief in Allah—In the Koran, 99 attributes or "most beautiful names" are accorded Allah. 2) Belief in the angels of Allah—Angels serve Allah in many ways; they are headed by the archangel Gabriel. "Jinns" figure in Islamic cosmology. 3) Belief in Scripture (Koran)—Islam teaches that the Koran was revealed to Mohammed in Arabic by Gabriel (the angel of high rank in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition). 4) Prophets—Mohammed is considered the last and greatest prophet, but Islam reveres the great Jewish and Christian prophets as well.
General characteristics of the music of Judaism:
...Bible is the chief source of information about ancient music and instruments ...not much music during ancient nomadic period of Judaism, but many Biblical references are made to later occasions of rejoicing; for example, to the music played/sung in celebration of the arrival of the sacred Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem ...important musical instrument: the shofar, or ram's horn...is a ritual musical instrument used on important Jewish religious occasions; for example, in modern times, its sounding in the synagogue on Rosh Hashanah (religious New Year). In this context it calls the Jewish people to a spiritual reawakening (as prescribed in Numbers 29:1). The shofar's ancient (and contemporary) use is extremely significant, and the use of the ram's horn or ritual trumpet is described extensively in many passages in the Bible. ...Biblical musicians were highly trained (Levites) ...Bible's Book of Psalms contains many instructions regarding musical performance, as well as the names of leaders who conducted ensembles of singers and instrumentalists ...some common ancient musical instruments were: lyres, cymbals, rattles, silver trumpets, and tambourines ...origin of music: Bible ascribes (in Genesis) the "invention" of music to Jubal ("the father of them that play upon the harp and flute...") ...after the destruction of the second Temple by the Romans (c. 70 CE), and the dispersion of the Jewish people, the attitude toward music changed...simpler worship rituals replaced the Temple's ceremonial worship, and all instruments were banned, except for the shofar (This banishment has often been described as an aspect of ongoing mourning over the Temple's destruction) ...Hebrew is the traditional language of the synagogue and of Jewish cantillation (religious chant style) ...in the services of the first Temple, psalms were an important part of the liturgy...they were probably sung antiphonally (between two groups of singers) or responsorially (between the soloist and the congregation)...in the Temple, men and women were separated and only men sang ...by the first century BCE, synagogues were active, and worship there centered on the reading of Scripture and chanting prayers...no musical instruments were used ...in the Medieval Period, Jewish mystics advanced the idea that music oscillates between the divine and the satanic, and the celestial and the terrestrial...the impact of music upon the listener then depended on the individual's virtue as well as the degree of mystical cognition of God ...by the 19th century in Europe, the Reform movement in Judaism supported the use of Western polyphony for choral pieces...organ accompaniment for singing was introduced (This movement was particularly strong in Germany)
Islam and music facts
...There is no statement in the Koran explicitly condemning music. ...The vocalization required for the call to worship and for the recitation of passages from the Koran is not considered music by the orthodox Islamic theologians. ...Orthodox Islamic thought does not favor the more sensuous qualities of music, both vocal and instrumental, and attempts to advise followers which kinds of music are appropriate for various activities, especially religious events. ...Within the mosque, use of instruments is prohibited. ...For centuries, the legal status of music in Islam has been continually contested and discussed. Sufism gradually evolved as the mystical branch of Islam, with some Sufis actively challenging limitations on music in worship. ...(Sufism): As practiced by musical dervishes of Turkey, devotional music features a type of dance (the "whirling" dervishes) that is ecstatic and overwhelming. The "howling" dervishes use their combined voices as one, creating a powerful, rhythmic "instrument" to emphasize the chanting of religious text ("choral drone"). Melodies of chant are repeated when key phrases are repeated; when new text is introduced, a new melody is introduced. Each new melody comes in at a higher pitch level, so the tension and "energy" progressively build. Sometimes the religious songs' tempo (speed) and dynamics (sound level) increase as well. ...Around the world, "heightened speech" (the call to worship and recitations from the Koran) is done, almost exclusively, in Arabic. The call to prayer, the adhān, is performed five times daily. It invites the faithful to perform the ritual prayer. Also, the beauty of its text and musical design creates a framework for sacred time. ...Music for local festivals celebrating events in the life of Mohammed, as well as pilgrims' music (on their way to Mecca or Medina) uses the vernacular and more folk-like musical forms. ...While the essence of Islamic musical tradition is centered on the Arabic call to prayer and the reciting of passages from the Koran, Islam's reflection in many different cultures throughout the world gives its religious music great variety of expression.
General characteristics of judaism
...belief in the one and only God of Israel is adhered to by all professing Jews ...the moral teachings, given in the Torah, guide the lives of the Jewish people ...Judaism regards itself as a universal religion, with its teachings applicable to all people ...important ethical considerations of Judaism include: 1) the rights of human beings 2) the sanctity of the family unit 3) unswerving loyalty to God ...through the observance of both human law and divine law (expressed in the Ten Commandments), Judaism teaches that man will evolve spiritually and have an active role in the perfection of this world ...Judaism has had a direct influence on the development of both Christianity and Islam
Characteristics of Hindu Music
...sound either evokes or symbolically represents the power of the universe ...the "din" of a contemporary Hindu temple worship ceremony is an example of the idea of sound as human power: drums, bells, gongs, beaten brass plates and conch shells are played simultaneously to create an overwhelming sonic atmosphere intended to "awaken the deity" ...the sacred syllable "Om" is believed to be the oral representation of the sound genesis, or beginning of the world ...repetition of a secret, magical mantra; or "Om"; or a verse of vocables is an ancient meditation practice which the Hindus believe controls the vibrations within the body; this leads to a complete mental focus ...The four Vedas, or books of holy writings (hymns), were assembled between 1500 and 1200 B.C. by the Brahmin singer-priests; they were originally kept secret and were orally transmitted. The thousands of verses were learned both verbatim and in numerical, secret code. ...Vedic chant uses microtones ...Devotional songs, as opposed to Vedic chants, are sung by the common people in a community choral setting ...Music is an "aural icon" of power for the Hindus. Sound is a type of magic for the Vedic priests with their tradition of "calling down the gods." This "religious noise," which surrounds any ritual is an indication of the Hindu belief that: Sound is sense, and hearing is religious enlightenment.
Henry Murphy
1) Title: Kami and Capitalism: Japanese Culture in the Workplace 2) Thesis: After the mid 1800s, Japan began to adopt a capitalist ideals that were furthered after WWII; similar to the mixing of Buddhism and Shinto, this capitalist workplace has taken on a unique identity in Japan. This has lead to an unusually high level of work related stress and suicide that can be attributed to key events in Japan's history as well as a historical proclivity for adopting concepts with non-native influence and shifting them over time. 3) Term: Numinous - Having a strong mysterious and awe-inspiring spiritual quality; indicating or suggesting the presence of a divinity. 4) How term relates to presentation: relates to kami, the spirits, phenomena or "holy powers" that are venerated in the religion of Shinto. They can be elements of the landscape, forces of nature, as well as beings and the qualities that these beings express;
Katherine Neff
1) Title: The Commercialization of the Hajj and its Effect on the Economy of Saudi Arabia 2) Thesis: The globalization of Islam, along with the commercialization of Mecca, greatly impacted the economy of Saudi Arabia. These influences have also impacted how the Hajj is experienced and perceived today. 3) Term: iconography - In a religious context, iconography refers to the use of images to convey religious concepts and ideas or to depict religious figures and events. 4) How term relates to presentation: I chose iconography as my term because it is strictly forbade in Islam. Depictions of holy islamic figures, such as Prophet Muhammad, are forbidden. As a result, most islamic art does not depict living figures, but instead focuses on calligraphy and geometric patterns. Art like this can be seen throughout Mecca and is even on the Kaaba, the most sacred site in Islam.
Miriam Maina
1) Title: The Influence of Spirituals on African Americans during the 17th and 18th Century 2) Thesis: Throughout the 17th and 18th period, African Americans went throught a lot of hardship due to slavery. In the times of difficulties, there was not really something that they could go for to escape from their sufferings. One thing that they turned towards to find a sense of hope and escape to freedom was through music. Specifically spiritual music. 3) Term: Tonal Language "is one in which the pitch tone is used to distinguish the meaning of words. A single word or syllable spoken in several different tones can thus convey widely varied concepts". 4) How term relates to presentation: many slaves who were brought to american spoke native languages which utilized tonal language.
Lukas Hudson
1) the title: American Evangelicalism and Voting Behavior 2) the thesis: American evangelicalism has been used and adapted to influence the voting behavior of individuals over the course of several decades. Although this group only makes up around 30% of individuals, their influence has shaped the views of voters on policies such as Roe v. Wade, LGBTQ+ rights, climate change, business practices, and the separation of church and state as well the American political landscape as a whole. 3) the term: "Anthropomorphism." Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics and qualities to non-human beings, objects, natural, or supernatural phenomena. God, animals, the forces of nature, and unseen or unknown authors of chance are frequent subjects of anthropomorphism. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: some evangelicals believe Trump is their savior, a message for God's will. This belief has influenced the voting of some evangelicals.
Micah Henman
1) the title: An Examination of the Solitary Lifestyle and Health of Roman Catholic Monks 2) the thesis: This study aims to look at the overall health of Catholic monks. By following their religious orders, these monks give up their possessions, give up marriage and procreation, and rarely spend time outside the monastery or abbey. While they may feel closer to God and the church, the practices they have can severely affect their physical, psychological, and social health. 3) the term: Gregorian- of or relating to Pope Gregory I who was considered to have created and popularized the chants. Also used to refer to Pope Gregory XIII who is known for creating the Gregorian calendar. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: One mode of worship is through Gregorian chants (both mono and polyphonic) sung at mass and other gatherings - Prolonged, strained singing can damage vocal and auditory abilities
Anna Blecha
1) the title: Buddhist Ideals and Values as a Framework for Improving Health 2) the thesis: Many Buddhist values and practices such as positivity, kindness, mindfulness, meditation, etc. have been proven to improve health. I will be focusing on the health benefits of mindfulness meditation through its reduction of pain, stress, and anxiety. 3) the term:Dharma-In Buddhism, it is a doctrine defined by Buddha which is the universal truth common to all individuals at all times. It is the nature of reality and the teaching of Buddhism. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: the teachings influence Buddhist worship and meditation, a practice which promotes health. Mindfulness meditation helps anxiety and pain. Thought and feeling are focused on in mindfulness meditation. Part of Buddha's teachings, dharma, is the noble eightfold path. Right mindfulness and right concentration are part of this teaching.
Grace Holtmann
1) the title: The Effect of Biblical Texts on a Modern View of Climate Change 2) the thesis: This study will approach the modern view of climate change through the lens of apocalyptic biblical scripture across western populations in conjunction with the effects of Christian music on the millenial political view. 3) the term: Anthropocentrism- The philosophical belief that humans are the most significant entity on the earth, above animals, plants, and resources that are then exploited for human benefit. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: justication of climate change causing behavior
Emma Jameson
1) the title: The Religious and Health Impacts of Yoga 2) the thesis: This study's purpose is to demonstrate how the Hindu tradition of practicing yoga impacts the spirit, mind, and body. This study will also examine how yoga can be used secularly to reap health and wellness benefits but Christianity and its followers often view yoga as negative or anti-Christian. 3) the term: Atman- is one of the most basic concepts in Hinduism. It is a person's innermost soul or their real self. The atman is everlasting and indestructible, so whatever happens in one's earthly life, their atman will live on. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content:research intends to consider the positive effects that this traditional, religious practice has on the physical body and mind. (including the atman)
Derek Empson
1) the title:Applying Indigenous Psychedelic Practices to Western Psychotherapy 2) the thesis:Western psychotherapy would be wise to adopt psychedelics into their therapeutic tool belt due to their low harm potential and efficacy treating several affective mental illnesses. The therapy process might look similar to indigenous healing and growth ceremonies, especially in their use of music to help expand the consciousness 3) the term: Ethnocentrism-Evaluating other cultures based on the preconceptions of your own culture. For example, early English settlers observing Native American ceremonies and labeling them as wrong or satanic because of their own strict Puritan views and ways of worship. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: Investigation into long-term peyote use among the Navajo, Outlawed mainly due to stigmatization. Other examples in definition. How Europeans have imposed their views on natives, demonizing their cultural practices. Along with music Encourages patients to have mystical experiences that help with breakthroughs for things like ptsd and depression
Ashley Gough
1) the title:Changing Attitudes Toward Divorce in the Roman Catholic Church 2) the thesis:This study will explain how the Catholic Church evolved to accept divorce despite their strong anti-divorce history. It will highlight hymns, scriptures, and specific turning points in Catholicism, ending with a discussion of whether or not love has changed over the centuries. 3) the term: Sacramental-Relating to Christian rites ordained by Christ that are symbols of devotion to faith. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: the man and woman confer the Sacrament of Marriage upon each other when they express their consent to marry before God and the Church. ... As a Sacrament Marriage is part of the Church's liturgy.
Jiani Ji
1) the title:Collision and development of Islamic distinctive financial thought and contemporary mainstream financial system 2) the thesis:Islam's prohibition of interest income clearly has implications for the organization and functioning of the economy. Religion's influence on the economy varies with the nature of the economy, and the teachings that once helped propel an economy off the ground can, at another point, may become a social fetter. The influence of Islamic business culture on globalization has not increased with the increase of wealth ownership ratio. 3) the term: Riba: Riba means excess, increase, or addition. It is used for usury or interest in Quran and Hadith. Riba is prohibited. Two types of riba: 1) Riba Un-Nasiyah (primary form): addition of the premium, which means interest. 2) Riba Al-Fadl: excess compensation, without any consideration, resulting from a sale of goods. 4) how the term relates to the presentation: excess is discouraged in islam, conservative view on investments. Emphasis on charity, protect wealth by outlawing unjust and unequal dealings.
Bridget Boyle
1) the title:The Evolution of Traditional Religious Drumming in Trinidad and Tobago and how it became a Call for Freedom and Equality 2) the thesis:the traditional music that once celebrated spirits and was performed in rituals underwent a transformation, from religion to resistance, into a grassroots movement of calling for the freedom and equality of an oppressed people, the African descendants in Trinidad and Tobago. 3) the term: Creolization: The bringing together of many different cultures and religions into one brand new culture (and sometimes religion); joining the old and the new cultural norms to create an entirely unique society 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: Trinidad and Tobago drumming is a syncretic, creolized practice. Spritiual pocession of Orisa Yoruba culture + East Indian Tassa Drums + American Army band influence of the kettle drum ->>>> steelpan kittle drum and trin & tobago practices - Through religion and resistance an entirely new instrument was born, a new style of playing unlike anything else heard around the world.
Hunter Madison
1) the title:The Influence of Buddhist Practice in the Dynamic of American Culture 2) the thesis:From its origins in Nepal, Buddhism has grown internationally and since entering the United States, it has wildy expanded due to its relevance in war conflicts and its ability to complement a frantic American culture, showing an adept ability for the maintenance of mental health. 3) the term: Upekkha: one of the four virtues of meditative practice, upekkha is equanimity, or a balanced mind that is calm and even, and is characterized by detaching oneself from all feelings or emotions, especially in times of stress or difficulty. It translates directly to "indifference". 4) how the term relates to the presentation: mindful movement in US. many ideas of buddhist meditation appeal to americans. upekha is one of the main virtues of buddhist meditation and is helpful for maintaining mindfullness during stressful times (war, etc.)
Elizabeth Johnson
1) the title:The Jewish Ceremony of Hanukkah as Cultural Memory 2) the thesis:How Hanukkah has come to be and how cultural memory has affected it. I want to see if/what the difference is between Hanukkah then and now based off cultural memory. 3) the term:Hanukkah: a lesser Jewish festival, lasting eight days from the 25th day of Kislev (in December) and commemorating the rededication of the Temple in 165 BC by the Maccabees after its desecration by the Syrians. It is marked by the successive kindling of eight lights. 4) how the term relates to the presentation: Cultural memory is formed by symbolic heritage embodied in texts, rites, monuments, celebrations, objects, sacred scriptures and other media that serve as mnemonic triggers to initiate meanings associated with what has happened. Memory is already cultural for a multitude of reasons but mainly because it is mediated and makes use of symbols in communication.
Jensen Byer
1) the title:The Relationship Between the Roman Catholic Church and the Use of Modern Methods of Contraception 2) the thesis:Since 1930, the Roman Catholic Church has banned any "artificial" means of birth-control. Regardless of the consequences, they believe that using any modern methods of contraception, such as condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps, is "intrinsically evil," only permitting Catholics to use natural methods of birth-control. This study will focus on this relationship, as well as how the Roman Catholic Church does not condemn using the pill, for example, for other purposes. 3) the term:Rhythm Method - The practice of only having sex at the time during a woman's menstrual cycle when she is unable to conceive. 4) how the term relates to the presentation content: - 1951 - Pope Pius XII said that it was acceptable to use the rhythm method - The Roman Catholic Church does not support the use of any modern method of contraception - rhythm method is allowed - With natural family planning, God's design for life and love is respected.
Jiyu Son
1) title: Introduction of Confucianism in Korea and its Impact on Korean History and Culture 2) thesis: Located right next to China, Korea has been strongly influenced by them both culturally and politically. One of its most important contribution is Confucianism. Its principles are now deeply rooted in Korean society both during Joseon dynasty and lasting until modern-Korea. This study will explain the Confucianism in Korea by looking at its impact on culture, education, and Joseon dynasty politics, as well as relating to musical ritual of Confucianism 3) term: Hyo (filial piety in Korean): In Confucianism, filial piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders and ancestors. "There are three degrees of filial piety. The highest is being a credit to our parents, the second is not disgracing them; the lowest is being able simply to support them." - Confucius 4) how term relates to presentation: many of the rituals and ceremonies are meant to commemorate parents and ancestors, which is a very important part of Korean culture
Tori Smith
1) title: The Backbone of the Civil Rights Movement: Gospel 2) thesis: Gospel music has been the backbone of African American way of life in American history, more specifically, during the Civil Rights Movement. The reliance on the traditions of the church is the foundation of teachings and missions of the movement. Gospel music during this time was the voice of the unheard, and an essential part in bringing about political and social change. 3) term: Congregational song- Congregational songs are started by a songleader. It requires inherently not only the study of text and music but also the interaction between the two 4) how term relates to presentation: gospel music is congregational music - Just as slavery was overcome...so were the Jim Crow laws and legalized segregation overturned (in part) through the singing of spirituals and gospel songs - Slaves used the spirituals to convey not just religious truth but information vital for survival in the face of ferocious oppression
Pyper Ott
1) title: The Start of the Modern Day Hospital through the Catholic Church 2) thesis: Due to the constant and overwhelming influence of the Catholic Church during the early to middle ages, many links can be found between those beliefs and their influence toward the start of what can be described as the modern-day hospital. Through sound, architecture, moral guidance, and more, a clear footprint can be seen within today's hospitals. This study will explore these connections in depth. 3) term: "Preferment"- advancement or promotion in dignity, office, or station. In other words advancement towards something better. 4) how term relates to presentation: explains what the church is trying to do through its advancements in medicine based on early Christian teachings -Jesus' teachings: charity, kindness, healing
More basic Muslim beliefs
5) Belief in the Day of Judgment—Muslims will be judged on the basis of their intentions; those who follow Allah's guidance will be rewarded and those who do not will be punished. 6) Belief in Predestination—Allah has already decreed everything that happens, according to Islam, so the pious must accept whatever Allah has ordained; even so, Muslims must still actively choose good over evil. 7) Belief in Life after Death—Muslims believe that they will be rewarded in the life after death for their good actions; they will live in Heaven, a place of eternal happiness and peace. Wrong-doers will be punished on the Day of Judgment and sent to Hell, a place of severe punishment and suffering. Islamic law covers all aspects of life and is quite specific in prohibitions.
Reading Summary No. 9
Adhan: sounded from the minaret of the mosque for people to join in prayer, then it is sounded again at the start of the prayer ritual in the mosque. The text is a simple set of repeated phrases containing the Islamic creed and praise to God. These words are heard from mosques around the world, reminding muslims to remember God in prayer at five times each day. Sound of adhand ranges from simple to intricate, depending on skill and training of reciter.
Caste system
Brahmin (preservers of the Hindu faith) (singer-priests); the Kshatriya (warrior-kings); the Vaisya (merchants/teachers/craftsmen); Sudra (farmers/manual laborers); and the Untouchables or Outcaste (performing such tasks as cremation, with no access to religious rituals themselves). According to Hinduism, the caste system and dharma (the obligations of caste) are justified by the belief in karma (a believer's moral actions) and reincarnation. -caste is inndicative of past life -Reunion of soul with Brahma through being good in the Brahmin caste is the goal
Tantric Buddhism
Important beliefs and concepts include: ---an emphasis on ceremony and magical rituals. ---the practice of searching out a young child at the time of death of an important teacher; the child is believed to be the successor (through reincarnation) to the deceased teacher. The music of Tantric Buddhism includes: ---overtone singing (mystical singing to "release the Buddha within") by Tibetan monks. This singing is done at an extremely low pitch within the Tibetan "Lament for the Dead." Pentatonic scales are used for the melody. ---fast-paced, loud drumming to heighten the ecstatic aspect of certain rituals.
Islam Huston Smith - page 146
Islam -primary and secondary meanings: The word islam derives from a primary meaning of Peace (salam) and a secondary one of surrender. ------------------------------------------------ -full connotation:peace that comes from the surrendering one's life to God. People who follow Islam are called Muslims. It follows Genesis but splits with the banishment of Ishmael. Ishmael's descendants settled in Arabia, became Muslims.
Judaism Handout
Judaism is the monotheistic faith of the Jews. The word itself (Yahadut) does not appear in the Bible; it appears to have been coined by Hellenized Jews (using the Greek word Judaismos), and denotes both a religious and a national concept. Judaism sanctifies all aspects of life. Judaism traces its origins to Abraham, by Jewish tradition the first person to have arrived independently at the idea of monotheism. Subsequently the Hebrew ancestors of the people of Israel migrated to Egypt, where they lived in forced servitude. A few generations later they returned (the "Exodus") to occupy part of Canaan. During this important era occurs the giving of the Torah (the moral teachings); the execution of the Covenant (between Yahweh and the people of Israel, whereby the Israelites were to enjoy the blessing and protection of God in return for remaining obedient and faithful to Him); and the conquest of Canaan. -roman destruction of 2nd temple led to jewish diaspora
pages 152-153
Ka'ba: Geographical center of Islam, a cubical temple thought to have been built by Abraham. Muhammad rededicated it to Allah, it represented the mass conversion of the people of Mecca to Islam, after they caused Muhammad to flee like a fugitive only years prior. People make pilgrimmages to Mecca and the Ka'ba, which symbolize Muhammad's own, and sing songs to commemorate the event.`
Psalms are attributed to
King David
Prophet Muhammad
Mohammed, founder of Islam, was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in about 570 CE and died in 632. He overcame a difficult childhood (orphaned young) to grow up to become a very successful merchant. Greatly concerned about the superstition and ignorance of many Arabs, he spent much time in meditation, during which he experienced a revelation. On Mt. Hira, according to Muslim tradition, he received his vocation from Allah through the archangel Gabriel. He and his followers warned the Meccans to renounce their polytheism and worship only Allah, but the Meccans tried to assassinate him. Moving to Medina, Saudi Arabia, Mohammed became a great political leader while establishing Islam as the major religion for the Arab world.
pages 70-71
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism: 1. Life is suffering (dukkha). 2. The cause of suffering is desire by private fulfillment (tanha). Tanha is selfish inclinations that hurt others, brings suffering 3. The only way to overcome suffering is to let go of desires, self-centeredness. 4. Overcome suffering, let go by following the eightfold path (prescription of how the cure can be accomplished): right knowledge, right aspiration, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood/occupation, right effort, right mindfulness, and right absorption
Buddhism and Music
The historical Buddha's life is filled with musical imagery. In a dream he realized that music could stimulate thought and heighten emotions. However, music used inappropriately (used purely for "escape" or indulgence) could be an obstacle to spiritual and intellectual growth In most of today's worship ceremonies, chanting is accompanied by characteristic instruments first described specifically in very early Buddhist texts. These instruments include: the wooden gong, bells, metal gongs, and drums. (Drums are used especially in calling monks to religious assembly; they are also important in accompanying chanting.) For the most part, Buddhist ceremonial music may be described as simple, calm and serene. Much of the Buddhist music (including performance details) is transmitted through oral tradition, and temple musicians are highly trained.
pages 148-149
The seal of the prophets: Ishmael's line continues on to Muhammad in the 6th century A.D., in whom Islam reached a definitive form. He was the culmination of prophets before him. No prophets would succeed him. He was thus called the Seal of the Prophets. Time of turmoil and strife caled for a deliverer 6th cen. We are told that the angels of God opened his heart and filled it with light. Sensitive to human suffering in every form.
Hindusim - Music Associated with Hinduism
The world religion Hinduism is native to India and can be documented as far back as 3,000 B.C.E. The approximately five-hundred-million Hindus do not name a prophet as founder of their religion. Their focus instead is upon the many sacred writings that define the tenets of their religion and show them the way they should perceive earthly life. Two main movements have been part of Hinduism since its beginning. The first is a system of philosophy which focuses upon cosmology, or the origins of the world. These creation myths are also used to teach the Hindus how they should interact socially. The second movement is comprised of the complex pantheon of Hindu gods and the rules for their worship. No one knows exactly how many Hindu deities there are, but the number is in the thousands, at least
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada is the oldest, continuous tradition within Buddhism. Important concepts and practices include: --- belief in Siddhartha Gotama's (the Buddha) miraculous birth. Metaphysical elements include his immaculate conception and birth. Many miracles are associated with this event, including a description of the footsteps he took immediately after being born, and the beautiful lotus blossoms that spontaneously bloomed where he walked. --- belief that the Buddha was reborn 550 times before his enlightenment. --- belief that Buddhism is both a religion and a way of life. --- focus upon the impermanence of existence. --- celebration of festivals...also, days of the full moon and other days during the lunar cycle are celebrated. --- pilgrimages to Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka and India. The music of Theravada includes: ---processional music (shawm, bells and drums) to celebrate the Buddha's birth (Wesak). On this same day is commemorated the Buddha's Enlightenment and his death at age eighty. ---devotional songs which pay tribute to the Buddha within the framework of more contemporary musical styles. Still, both traditional instruments and traditional vocal techniques ("bent" or sliding pitches) are used in combination with more modern Western harmonies and instruments (including the synthesizer).
Buddism Videos
There are three, and they show A) the life and rituals of a Chinese Buddhist nun B) a Japanese Buddhist monk playing a shakuhachi flute: This clip shows a Buddhist monk playing a bamboo flute. Traditionally, only men played this flute, and it would take 30 years of devoted practice to become a master, such as the player you hear in this clip. Shakuhachi music focuses Buddhist meditation. - buddhist priests in warring japan would use their flutes to defend themselves C) a Tibetan Buddhist ritual to identify a reincarnated lama or teacher and to honor the passing of a highly-respected monk.:This clip shows the death of a lama, or spiritual teacher, while he was in deep meditation in a monastery in exile. Following that, the monks perform an overtone chant "to release the Buddha within." In the first part of this clip, one of the three children in the musical procession is identified as the reincarnated successor to a different lama at the monastery who had passed away months before. In real life, in a similar ceremony in 1939, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet was identified as a reincarnated teacher, when he was not quite 4 years old. He is now 85 and remains an important world figure.
Mahayana Buddhism
This form of Buddhism underwent severe repression during the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the midtwentieth century. Important beliefs and concepts include: ----belief in divine saviors, through faith in whom any sincere believer can gain salvation, without the years of struggle and meditation of the older Buddhist disciplines. ---for many, especially in Japan, a belief in Zen Buddhism. Zen stresses that human reason is not the principal or only way to ultimate truth. Meditation and mental exercises are extremely important. ---emphasis on strong personal discipline. The music of Mahayana Buddhism includes: ---flute music (featuring "bent" pitches) in Japanese Buddhist music. ---much monophonic chanting, with melodies based upon pentatonic scales. ---instrumental music that features a single gong plus huge barrel-shaped drums. ---the ancient music of Chinese Buddhism that was often played on large tuned bells suspended from a frame. Each emperor (considered divine) had his own unique scale that was used to compose melodies. When he died, the bells would be buried with him and a different scale would be devised for the new ruler. ---temple music in Taiwan today features simple melodies superimposed upon Western-styled harmonies. An electronic keyboard often accompanies the singing.
Smith 17-38 reading videos
Video No. 1 below, which shows an ancient South Indian ritual dedicated to the worship of snakes that protect people in rural villages. This ritual shares characteristics with ancient nature-reverencing ceremonies found worldwide and represents one of Hinduism's earliest forms of worship. -"Pampinthullal: Worshiping the Serpent Gods"In the Indian state of Kerala the members of the Pulluva community lead rituals to appease the snake gods and to protect worshipers "from misfortune or ill omens." Two virgin girls, in trance, lead the ceremony. -"psychophysical" exercises -Hinduism's myths strengthen people's emotional connection to their gods. -VIDEO NO. 2"Kalaripayattu: Indian Martial Art"This is one of the oldest fighting systems in existence and was first used by the martial castes of South India. -VIDEO NO. 3"Ottanthullal: Temple Dance Drama"This theatrical art form, which developed in South India, is based on Hindu mythology.
raga
a scale and a melody that is used as a basis for ornamentation and improvisation -comprised on notes - some notes more important than others -literally means "coloring, dying, tingeing" -convey a specific emotional atmosphere -a raga is linked to a time of day, a season and to a place -feminie versio: ragini -=melody notes -tala=rhythmic framework
page 155
according to Islam, the two defects of the Old and New Testaments: Muslims express disappointment in finding that the OT/NT do not take the form of Divine speech and merely report things that happened. In the Koran, God speaks in the first person; he describes himself and makes known his laws. The Muslim is therefore inclined to consider each individual sentence of the Holy Book as a separate revelation and to experience the words themselves, and their sounds, as a means of grace.
According to the Vedas music was created...
by Brahma -brahma themselves is a metaphysical musical sound which pervades the entire universe. Thus, the divine origins and connotation of music make it of paramount importance in Indian culture.
Rig Vedic Hymns
earliest religious songs, 1500 BC monophonic chants were composed by the Aryans, the ancestors of the Indian people, as a way to express their religious fervor. Originally, only a single reciting tone was used, with many words of text chanted above it. Gradually, a second tone was added, to represent a more natural rise and fall of the human speaking voice. This style of chant is called "Gatha." Finally, a third note was added. This chanting style is known as "Samik" and is comprised of a foundation pitch, a tone slightly above the foundation, and a tone slightly below.1 No dates are given for these developments in chant, but Hindu tradition relates that Samik has been in use for 3,000 years
page 149
jinn: Akin to a genie or spirit, they were referenced in pre-islamic arabic texts and the Qur'an, in the latter as one of the three sapient creatures made by God. They can act on the environment, have free will, etc. Smith says that the desert jinn (spirits and gods?) were irreleant to his quest (for understanding) but one was not. Named Allah, he was worshipped by the Meccans not as the only God but as an impressive one. Muhammad came to realize that Allah was the ONLY and true God, making jinns and their wonders pale in comparison.
Torah
or Pentateuch (first five books of the Bible), contains detailed descriptions of history and worship rituals (including music)...these books are: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy...
Vedas
sacred books of hymns, are the religion's holy writings. The Rig Veda is the oldest of these and is a document of inestimable historical value. It is the oldest work of literature in an Indo-European language, and one of the oldest works of religious literature in the world. The Rig Veda contains 1,028 hymns devoted to the praise of Vedic deities
The most sacred vocal music is
the collection of ancient Vedic chants, which may only be performed by members of the Brahmin caste, devotional songs are sung by Hindus of the lower castes. Devotional songs are vocal pieces which show reverence to the gods through their texts and by the choice of raga used in their construction. In traditional Hindu society, men perform the instrumental music and sing. Women dance and occasionally sing devotional songs, but they are not instrumentalists.