Patho Chapter 33: Alterations in Female and Male Reproductive System

Polycystic ovarian syndrome usually causes: A) dysmenorrhea .B) infertility. C) heavy periods. D) ovarian canc

.B) infertility.

Which of the following is the most important risk factor in the development of prostate cancer? A) Older age B) Vasectomy C) Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) D) Family history

A) Older age

Which of the following disorders of the male reproductive system is a surgical emergency? A) Testicular torsion B) Cryptorchidism C) Orchitis D) Peyronie disease

A) Testicular torsion

Vaginitis caused by infection is often related to: A) antibiotic use. B) hypothyroidism. C) autoimmune disease. D) irregular menstrual cycles.

A) antibiotic use.

Irregular menstrual cycles, heavy bleeding, and passage of large clots are symptoms of: A) dysfunctional uterine bleeding. B) polycystic ovarian syndrome. C) primary dysmenorrhea. D) premenstrual syndrome.

A) dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Excessive uterine contractions and endometrial shedding resulting in painful menstruation is a result of: A) excessive prostaglandin levels. B) excessive estrogen levels. C) prostaglandin-blocking medications. D) estrogen-blocking medications.

A) excessive prostaglandin levels.

Dermoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that can eventually develop into: A) ovarian cancer. B) uterine fibroids. C) benign breast tumors. D) follicular cysts.

A) ovarian cancer.

A cystocele commonly results in: A) stress incontinence. B) significant problems while defecating. C) the descent of the uterus into the vaginal canal. D) infertility.

A) stress incontinence.

A common complaint from men with mild to moderate benign prosthetic hypertrophy (BPH) is: a. Decreased urinary stream b. Infertility c. Sexual dysfunction d. prostatodynia

A. Decreased urinary stream.

Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused by: A) elevated estrogen. B) sexually transmitted infections. C) ectopic pregnancy. D) cervical tumors.

B) sexually transmitted infections.

Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to: A) urinary tract infection. B) epididymitis. C) benign prostatic hyperplasia. D) prostatitis.

C) benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Symptoms of prostate cancer are similar to: A) urinary tract infection. B) epididymitis. C) benign prostatic hyperplasia. D) prostatitis.

C) benign prostatic hyperplasia. (decreased force of urine stream, urinary frequency, urinary urgency)

Failure to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics by age 14 is a condition called: A) dysmenorrhea. B) dysfunctional menarche. C) primary amenorrhea. D) secondary amenorrhea.

C) primary amenorrhea.

The protrusion of the uterus into the vaginal canal and possibly outside of the vagina is a condition known as uterine: A) rectocele. B) relaxation. C) prolapse. D) vulvitis

C) prolapse.

An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord is known as a (an): A) angiocele. B) spermatocele. C) varicocele. D) hydrocele.

C) varicocele.

Testicular torsion A. Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis B. Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis C. Rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord D. Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord

C. Rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used to screen for which prostate problem? A) Bacterial prostatitis B) Nonbacterial prostatitis C) Prostatodynia D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Which of the following hormonal abnormalities is associated with the development of breast cancer? A) Elevated cortisol B) Decreased insulin C) Decreased progesterone D) Elevated estrogen

D) Elevated estrogen

In stage _____ cervical cancer, the cancer has spread to other organs such as the bladder or rectum. A) I B) II C) III D) IV

D) IV

Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males is a condition known as: A) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). B) fibrocystic disease. C) mammography. D) gynecomastia.

D) gynecomastia.

Varicocele A. Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis B. Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis C. Rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord D. Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord

D. Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord

Risk of testicular cancer is greater for which group? (select all that apply) a. With a history of cryptorchidism b. With a history of phimosis c. Who are of white ethnicity d. Who are of black descent e. Between 15 and 35 years of age

a, c, e

During the examination of a full-term new-born male, a finding requiring investigation would be: a. absent testes b. meatus centered at the tip of the penis c. wrinkled scrotum d. penis 2 to 3 cm in length

a. absent testes

Absence of menstruation is called a. amenorrhea. b. metrorrhagia. c. menorrhagia. d. dysmenorrhea.

a. amenorrhea.

_______ is an inflammation of the glans penis a. Phimosis b. Balanitis c. Priapismd . Hydrocele

b. Balanitis

Infrequent menstrual periods a. Metrorrhagia b. Oligomenorrhea c. Hypomenorrhea d. Menorrhagia e. Dysmenorrhea

b. Oligomenorrhea

A 35-year-old non-pregnant female presents complaining of breast discharge. This condition is most likely caused by: a. infection. b. hormonal imbalances. c. tissue injury. d. cancer.

b. hormonal imbalances.

What is the first sign of puberty in boys? a. Thickening of the scrotal skin b. Growth of pubic hair c. Enlargement of the testes d. Change in voice

c. Enlargement of the testes

A laboratory test result frequently associated with menopause is elevated a. estrogen. b. progesterone. c. FSH. d. hCG.

c. FSH.

A 21-year-old presents with inflammation of the testes and is diagnosed with orchitis. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? a. Herpes virus b. Escherichia coli c. Mumps d. Crytomegalovirus

c. Mumps

All of the following signs and symptoms may accompany menopause except a. hot flushes. b. vaginal dryness. c. anemia. d. insomnia.

c. anemia

Prostatic hypertrophy occurs frequently in older men. The symptoms that may indicate this problem are: a. polyuria and urgency b. dysuria and oliguria c. straining, loss of force, and sense of residual urine. d. foul-smelling urine and dysuria

c. straining, loss of force, and sense of residual urine.

An 18-year- old female is diagnosed with dysmenorrhea. Which of the following symptoms will she most likely experience? a. Absence of menstruation b. Painful menstruation c. Unusually long menstrual period d. Menstrual irregularity

b. Painful menstruation Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles.

30-year-old presents with penile tenderness and discharge while the physical examination reveals that his foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans penis. This assessment data is consistent with what condition? a. Paraphimosis b. Phimosis c. Peyronie disease d. Priapism

b. Phimosis

During examination of the scrotum, a normal finding would be: a. The left testicle is firmer to palpation than the right. b. The left testicle is larger than the right. c. The left testicle hangs lower than the right. d. The left testicle is more tender to palpation than the right.

c. The left testicle hangs lower than the right.

Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis or similar symptoms of: a. Prostate cancer b. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). c. Urinary tract infection (UTI) d. epididymitis

c. Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Hydrocele A. Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis B. Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis C. Rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord D. Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord

B. Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis

An example of a parasitic sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is transmitted through close skin to skin contact is: a. Chlamydia b syphilis c scabies d. Gardnerella

C scabies

How sensitive to pressure are normal testes? a. somewhat b. not at all c. left is more sensitive to right d. only when inflammation is present

a. somewhat

Galactorrhea is a disorder of the: A) prostate. B) ovary. C) breast. D) cervix

C) breast.

In the majority of cases delayed puberty is due to: a. a disruption in the hypothalamus b.a disruption of the pituitary c. slow maturation d. ambiguity in sex determination

C. slow maturation

The congenital displacement of the urethral meatus to the inferior surface of the penis is: a. hypospadias b. epispadias c. hypoesthesia d. hypophysis

a. hypospadias

Conditions that contribute to dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) include: a. polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) b. obesity c. thyroid disease d. excessive exercise

a. polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) b. obesity c. thyroid disease

Which age group should be targeted for testicular cancer education and screening? a.15 to 35 year olds c.30 to 55 year olds b.20 to 45 year olds d.45 to 70 year olds

a.15 to 35 years old

A 20-year-old man has indicated that he does not perform testicular self-examination. One of the facts that should be shared with him is that testicular cancer, though rare, does occur in men aged: a. under 15 b. 15 to 34 c. 35 to 55 d. 55 and older

b. 15 to 34

The patient's medication has a side effect of gynecomastic. The nurse would respond that gynecomastic is: a. lack of breast development in women b. overdevelopment of breast tissues in males c. a type of breast cancer d. Inflammation of the mammary glands

B. Overdevelopment of breast tissue and males.

Pain in the abdomen or pelvis occurring with dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, vaginal bleeding, infertility, adhesions, and scarring anywhere in the abdomen and pelvis is generally caused by a condition called: A) endometriosis. B) leiomyomas. C) endometrial polyps. D) adenomyosis.

A) endometriosis.

The most important risk factor related to the development of cervical cancer is: A) infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). B) exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). C) cigarette smoking. D) overuse of antibiotics.

A) infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include: A) obesity, early menarche, and infertility. B) oral contraceptive use, low-fat diet, and smoking. C) having multiple children, age 40 years or younger, and chronic vaginitis. D) black race, lower socioeconomic status, and late menarche.

A) obesity, early menarche, and infertility.

Spermatocele A. Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis B. Collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis C. Rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord D. Abnormal dilation of the vein within the spermatic cord

A. Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis

Which of the following statements about ovarian cancer is false? A) In the early stages, ovarian cancer is usually asymptomatic. B) Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer. C) Ovarian cancer results in ascites caused by seeding of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. D) Ovarian cancer accounts for the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive tract.

B) Women 45 years and younger are at the greatest risk of developing ovarian cancer.

A retention cyst in the epididymis filled with milky fluid containing sperm is called: A) a varicocele. B) a spermatocele. C) Peyronie disease. D) a prepuce.

B) a spermatocele.

Soft, pointed, fleshy papules that occur on the genitalia caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) are known as: A) chancres. B) genital warts. C) urethritis. D) varicoceles.

B) genital warts.

The major endocrine abnormality associated with the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome is: A) depressed estradiol levels. B) hyperinsulinemia. C) hypocortisolism. D) low androgen production.

B) hyperinsulinemia.

The Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening of which gynecological cancer? A) Ovarian B) Endometrial C) Cervical D) Vaginal

C) Cervical

In premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder refers to which of the following symptoms? A) Uterine cramping B) Fatigue C) Depression D) Fluid retention

C) Depression

Which of the following statements concerning benign breast disease is true? A) Most benign breast lesions are solid tumors. B) Benign breast lumps can be differentiated from malignant tumor by palpation alone. C) Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer. D) Risk factors for benign breast disease include exposure to carcinogens.

C) Some benign fibrocysts are associated with the development of breast cancer.

_____________ is an emergency requiring surgery. A) A scrotal hernia B) Epididymitis C) Testicular torsion D) Cryptorchidism

C) Testicular torsion

The nurse would anticipate the treatment for pelvis organ prolapse to be: a. Insertion of the urinary catheter b. A pessary c. Dietary fiber d. Urinary antispasmodics

b. A pessary a common first-line treatment is a pessary, which is a removable mechanical device that holds the uterus in position

What is the most common infectious cause of orchitis and one that usually affects post-pubertal boys? a. Herpes c. Mumps b. Escherichia coli d. Cytomegalovirus

Mumps

A 40-year-old male is concerned about the possibility of developing prostate cancer. He reports that his father died of prostate cancer, and he wants to take all preventive measures. He is told to consume a diet low in: a. fat. b. lycopene. c. fiber d. calcium.

a. fat.

What are the clinical manifestations of testicular cancer? a.Firm, nontender testicular mass c.Painful fluid-filled testicular mass b.Painful, mobile, firm testicular mass d.Soft, nontender testicular mas

a. Firm, nontender testicular mass

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with ovarian cancer. CT scan reveals that the cancer is limited to the ovaries. It would be classified as stage: a. I b. II c. III d. IV

a. I In stage I, growth is limited to the ovaries.In stage II, growth involves one or both ovaries and involvement of other organs.In III, cancer involves one or both ovaries, and one of both of the following: (i) cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen and (ii) cancer has spread to lymph nodes. In stage IV, growth involves one or both ovaries with distant methestases to lungs, liver, or other organs outside the peritoneal cavity.

Extra menses between usual menstrual periods a. Metrorrhagia b. Oligomenorrhea c. Hypomenorrhea d. Menorrhagia e. Dysmenorrhea

a. Metrorrhagia

Which type of precocious puberty causes the child to develop some secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex? a. Mixed b. Incomplete c. Isosexual d. Homosexual

a. Mixed

A 35-year-old presents with symptomology that is associated with syphilis. What organism is responsible for the development of syphilis? a. Treponema pallidum b. Chlamydia trachomatis c. Neisseria gonorrheae d. Haemophilus ducreyi A. Trepoenema pallidum

a. Treponema pallidum

The 21-year-old female is affected with human papillopmavirus (HPV) following unprotected sexual intercourse with a male she recently met. She is now at higher risk for developing which of the following cancers? a. cervical b. Ovarian c. Endometrial d vulvar

a. cervical HPV is associated with cervical cancer HPV 16 accounts for about 60% of cervical cancer cases and HBP 18 for about another 10%, other types contributes less than 5% of cases.

During a routine pelvic exam, a 34-year-old female is found to have an ovarian cyst containing skin, hair, cartilage, and bone. The sis is classified as a_________ cyst. a. Follicular b. Dermoid c. Corpus luteal d. Micro

b. Dermoid Dermoid cysts are growths that may contain mutate tissues included skin, hair, sebaceous and sweat glands, muscle fibers, cartilage, and bone.

A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with endometeriosis. The present which of the following would be the most appropriate medical treatment for this disease? a. Infection b. Ovulation c. prostagleadiens d. Fertilization

b. Ovulation medical therapies include suppression of ovulation with various medications.

A 35-year-old nonpregnant female presents with breast discharge and is diagnosed with galactorrhea. The condition is most likely caused by: a. Infection b. Prolactin imbalance c. Tissue injury d. Cancer

b. Prolactin imbalance the most common cause of galactorrhea is nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia, and excessive amounts of prolactin in the blood not related to pregnancy or childbirth.

The risk of which cancer is greater if the man has a history of cryptorchidism? a. Penile c. Prostate b. Testicular d. Epididymal

b. Testicular

What is the reason breast cancer in men has such a poor prognosis? a. Breast cancer is extremely aggressive in men. b. Treatment is usually delayed as a result of late detection. c. Chemotherapies are not as effective in men. d. Breast tumors tend to be small and hard to isolate

b. Treatment is usually delayed as a result of late detection.

38-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cancer. She learns that her mother almost miscarried while pregnant with her and was given diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent it. Which of the following cancers that she most likely have? a. Endometrial b. Vaginal c. Cervical d. Uterine

b. Vaginal exposure in utero to nonsteroidal estrogens (DES) has been identified as a risk factor for vaginal cancer.

By definition, dysfunctional uterine bleeding is abnormal uterine bleeding resulting from: a. cancerous tumors. b. disturbances in the menstrual cycle. c. intrauterine infections. d. congenital abnormalities in uterine structure.

b. disturbances in the menstrual cycle.

A 20-year-old female presents with irregular and heavy bleeding, passage of large clots, and anaemia. She is most likely experiencing: a. premenstrual syndrome. b. dysfunctional uterine bleeding. c. polycystic ovarian syndrome. d. primary dysmenorrhoea.

b. dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Endometriosis is a condition in which a. the endometrium sloughs continuously. b. ectopic endometrial tissue is present. c. an abnormal Pap smear is diagnostic. d. the endometrium proliferates and does not shed.

b. ectopic endometrial tissue is present.

A 30-year-old female with newly diagnosed polycystic syndrome (PCOS) is being counseled by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates the this conditions often results in: a. ovarian cancer b. infertility c. early menopause d. pelvic inflammatory disease

b. infertility Because FSH levels are not totally depressed, new follicular growth is continuously stimulated, but not to full maturation and ovulation.

Fibrocystic breast disease a. commonly progresses to breast cancer. b. may be exacerbated by methylxanthines. c. is characterized by painless breast lumps. d. is a contraindication for progesterone birth control pills.

b. may be exacerbated by methylxanthines.

The hormonal changes associated with menopause increase the risk for a. diabetes. b. osteoporosis. c. thyroid disease. d. lung cancer.

b. osteoporosis.

An adhesion of the prepuce to the head of the penis, making it impossible to retract, is: a. paraphimosis b. phimosis c. smegma d. dyschezia

b. phimosis

A 23-year-old sexually active female presents with white copious discharge and itch and is diagnosed with yeast vaginitis. This condition is caused by overgrowth of which microorganism? a. Escherichia coli b. Lactobacillus acidophilus c. Candida albicans d. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

c. Candida albicans The most common cause of yeast vaginitis is Candida albicans. Changes in the vaginal pH may predisposed

A 25-year-old sexually active male presents with urethritis and epididymitis, and is diagnosed with the most common bacteria STI in the United States. What is this infection? a. Gonorrhea b. Syphilis c. Chlamydia d. Herpes

c. Chlamydia

Priapism has been associated with the abuse of what substance? a.Marijuana c.Cocaine b.Alcohol d.Heroin

c. Cocaine

Which of the following reproductive tract disorders is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence? a. Rectocele b. Menopause c. Cystocele d. Cervicitis

c. Cystocele

The most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is cancer. a. Cervical b. Ovarian c. Endometrial d. Fallopian

c. Endometrial Carcinoma of the endometrium is the most common type of uterine cancer and most prevalent gynecologic malignancy.

The 40-year-old female presents with cramping and excessive vaginal bleeding. Ultrasounds reveals benign uterine tumors in the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. These tumors are commonly called: a. Adenomyosis b. Endometriosis c. Leionyomas d. adenomas

c. Leionyomas Leionyomas are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the myrometrium.

Heavy or prolonged menstruation a. Oligomenorrhea b. Hypomenorrhea c. Menorrhagia d. Dysmenorrhea

c. Menorrhagia

The examiner is going to inspect and palpate for a hernia. During this exam, the man is instructed to: a. hold his breath during palpation b. cough after the examiner has gently inserted the exam finger into the rectum. c. bear down when the examiner's finger is at the inguinal canal d. relax in a supine position while the exam finger is inserted into the canal.

c. bear down when the examiner's finger is at the inguinal canal

The decent of the bladder and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal is called a; a. rectocele b. varicocele c. cystocele d. urethrocele

c. cystocele A cystocele is the decent of the bladder into the vaginal canal.

A 20-year-old female presents with pelvic and back pain severe enough to miss work beginning with the onset of menses. Physical examination supports the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. The most likely cause of her condition is : a. lack of estrogen b. stress c. elevated prostaglandins d. poor nutrition

c. elevated prostaglandins Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles.

Prostate cancer: a. is responsible for a majority of cancer-related deaths in males. b. usually occurs before age 50. c. is the leading type of cancer in men d. is more common in Caucasian men

c. is the leading type of cancer in men

A 64-year-old man has come for a health examination. A normal, age-related change in the scrotum would be: a. testicular atrophy b. testicular hypertrophy c. pendulous scrotum d. increase in scrotal rugae

c. pendulous scrotum

Which of the following signs is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer? a. Dimpling b. Nipple discharge c. Chest pain d. A painless lump

d. A painless lump

Which infection has clinical manifestations that include the sudden onset of malaise, low back pain, and perineal pain with high fever and chills, dysuria, nocturia, and urinary retention? a. Orchitis c. Epididymitis b. Balanitis d. Bacterial prostatitis

d. Bacterial prostatitis

Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are a result of which pathophysiologic condition? a. Infection of the prostate c. Ischemia of the urethra b. Obstruction of the urethra d. Compression of the urethra

d. Compression of the urethra

An important risk factor in the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) among Americans is: a. recurrent prostatitis b. a diet high in fat c. Cigarette smoking d. Increased age

d. Increased age

A 38-year-old presents reported difficulty having sexual intercourse because his penis curves during erection. What term describes this condition? a. Phimosis b. Cryptorchidism c. Parathimosis d. Peyronie disease

d. Peyronie disease

In the 95% of those with delayed puberty, the problem is caused by which condition? a. Disruption in the hypothalamus c. Deficit in estrogen or testosterone b. Disruption of the pituitary d. Physiologic hormonal delays

d. Physiologic hormonal delays

Cryptorchidism can be defined as which of the following? a. Normal developmental state of the testes b. Abnormal state in which the testes are overdeveloped c. Lack of scrotum d. Testicular maldescent

d. Testicular maldescent

Potential risk factors for breast cancer include a. a history of fibrocystic breast disease. b. more than three pregnancies prior to age 35. c. malnourishment. d. early menarche and late first pregnancy.

d. early menarche and late first pregnancy.

During transillumination of a scrotum, you note a nontender mass that transilluminates with a red glow. This finding is suggestive of: a. scrotal hernia b. scrotal edema c. orchitis d. hydrocele

d. hydrocele

A 25-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism and is diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Lab testing willl most likely reveal: a. estrogen deficit b. genetic cancerous mutations c. cortisol excess d. hyperinsulinemia

d. hyperinsulinemia Glucose intolerance/insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia often run parallel and markly aggravate the hyperandrogenic state, thus contributing to the severity of signs and symptoms of PCOS.

A change occurring in a pregnant woman that is indicative of a potential disorder is a. increased metabolic rate. b. 30% to 40% increase in cardiac output. c. increased oxygen consumption. d. increased urinary protein.

d. increased urinary protein

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is due to a. endometrial inflammation. b. reproductive tract malignancies. c. endometrial fibroid tumors. d. irregular secretion of reproductive hormones

d. irregular secretion of reproductive hormones

Cryptorchidism can be defined as: a. a normal developmental state of the testes b. an abnormal state in which the testes are overdeveloped c. lack of a scrotum d. problems with testicular descent.

d. problems with testicular descent.

Painful menstruation a. Metrorrhagia b. Oligomenorrhea c. Hypomenorrhea d. Menorrhagia e. Dysmenorrhea

e. Dysmenorrhea