Patho Chapters 28-30

Which of the following would help a nurse best explain an "incretin effect"?

"It is an increase in insulin release after ingestion of food." Explanation:p. 689.

A student is comparing the two patterns of contractions in the small intestine. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

"Segmentation waves function mainly to mix the chyme with the digestive enzymes from the pancreas." Explanation:p. 684.

A gastroenterologist is teaching a group of medical students about the enteric nervous system in preparation for a consult on client who has suffered a spinal cord injury. Which of the physician's teaching points is most accurate?

"The enteric nervous system is made up of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses; these are located in the wall of the GI tract." Explanation:p. 680.

While studying the esophagus, a student is able to correctly state which of the following to a faculty member?

"The smooth muscle layers provide the peristaltic movements needed to move food along the length of the esophagus." Explanation: p. 676.

A patient has just been diagnosed with pernicious anemia. The patient asks the nurse why their body is not able to absorb vitamin B12. The nurse responds:

"Your stomach is not secreting a substance known as intrinsic factor which is needed to absorb vitamin B12." Explanation: p. 686.

When maltose is not broken down into two glucose molecules in the gastrointestinal tract, which of the following may occur?

Diarrhea Explanation:p. 690.

The colon is home to between 300 and 500 different species of bacteria. What is their main metabolic function?

Fermentation of undigestible dietary residue Explanation:p. 692-693.

A 79 year-old male resident of a long term care facility has contracted Clostridium difficile and is experiencing consequent diarrhea. Auscultation of the man's abdomen indicates hyperactive bowel sounds. What processes in the man's small intestine is most likely accompanying his current status?

Inflammation is accompanied by an increase in peristaltic movements of his small intestine. Explanation: p. 685.

Which substance necessary for vitamin B12 absorption is produced by the parietal cells in the stomach?

Intrinsic factor Explanation: p. 686.

The dietitian explains to the patient that food is digested and absorbed in which of the following?

Jejunum Explanation:p. 677.

A client has just been treated for constipation and the nurse is providing health education. What statement best describes the nature of movements in the colon?

Large segments of the colon contract as a unit for around 30 seconds. Explanation:p. 685.

Select the correct structural sequence of the GI tract.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum Explanation:p. 675.

A nurse is teaching a client about the difference between digestion and absorption. Which action should the nurse describe as absorption?.

Moving nutrients from the external environment of the GI tract into the internal environment Explanation:p. 689

Select the substances secreted by the large intestine.

Mucous and bicarbonatep. 688.

Which nerve plexus controls the motility along the length of the gut?

Myenteric Explanation:p. 680.

A 77 year-old old woman has been admitted to hospital following several weeks of increasing fatigue. On observation, she is pale and blood work indicates she has low hemoglobin and red cell counts. Stool tests for occult blood are positive and following endoscopy she has been diagnosed with an upper GI bleed that has been shown to originate in her stomach. She admits to regularly exceeding the recommended doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in an effort to control her rheumatoid arthritis. Which of the following phenomena is most likely responsible for her present health problems?

NSAIDs can disrupt the permeability of the gastric mucosa, causing hydrogen ions to accumulate in the mucosal cells of the lining. Explanation: p. 687.

Serous fluid is contained in which of the following?

Peritoneal cavity Explanation:p. 678.

The swallowing reflex is an ordered sequence of events. In which of the following phases is the epiglottis moved so that it covers the larynx?

Pharyngeal phase Explanation: p. 684.

Saliva has more than one function. What are the functions of saliva? (Select all that apply.)

Protection Lubrication Antibacterial Initiate digestion of starches Explanation:p. 686.

Which of the following statements is true concerning food digestion?

Protein digestion begins in the stomach. p. 690.

An anatomy student is studying the stomach. The student explains that the funnel-shaped portion that connects with the intestine is which of the following?

Pyloric region Explanation:p. 677.

Regurgitation of bile salts and duodenal contents can lead to gastric ulcers. Which of the following structures prevents this from happening?

Pyloric sphincter Explanation:p. 677.

Villi are anatomic features that contribute to the enlarged surface area of which of the following?

Small intestine Explanation:p. 690.

Fat that is not absorbed in the intestine is excreted in the stool. Which of the following terms is used to describe fatty stools?

Steatorrhea Explanation:p. 692.

A client with a systemic infection has been given strong doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics for a period of 10 days. The infection recedes and he is taken off the antibiotic therapy. Two days later he presents with a Clostridium difficile infection. How should the nurse best interpret this situation?

The client's antibiotics disrupted the microbial balance and allowed overgrowth. p. 693.

Which of the following statements is true concerning gastric enterocytes?

They secrete enzymes that aid in digestion of proteins. Explanation:p. 690.

Which of the following would the nurse say is the function of secretory glands in the gastrointestinal tract? Select all that apply.

To produce mucus to lubricate the wall of the gastrointestinal tract To secrete fluid and enzymes to aid in digestion Explanation:p. 686.

Which of the following substances is broken down by the emulsification process?

Triglycerides Explanation:p. 691.

During a lecture discussing nausea and vomiting, the nurse reviews the role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone which may be stimulated (causing vomiting) by: Select all that apply.

chemotherapeutic agents. uremia resulting from renal failure. pregnancy. Explanation:p. 694.

During a lecture about the function of the intestine related to food digestion, the faculty mentions that when the students consume foods high in acid, the intestines will:

stimulate the release of secretin which then inhibits release of gastrin. p. 689.