Patho Check Your Understanding 1,2,4,7

Size of cells

An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy?

Too severe Too prolonged A result of a disrupted blood supply

Necrosis is the result of cellular injury that does not allow for cellular adaptation because it is which of the following?

Protein

On which area does cortisol have an anabolic effect?

They include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Which is true regarding catecholamines?

Disruption of the plasma membranes permeability barrier

A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A patient diagnosed with cancer presents with Cushing syndrome secondary to excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. This syndrome is described as

Neoplasia

Abnormal new cellular growth is referred to as

Failure of the sodium-potassium pump

Cellular hypoxia results in

Size

In muscle hypertrophy, the hypertrophied cells increase in

Certain retroviruses enter host cells, altering their DNA structure.

In what way do proto-oncogenes become activated oncogenes?

Tertiary

Restoration of effective function is the goal of which level of prevention?

Acclimatization

The increase in a normal adaptive response to the decreased availability of oxygen at high altitudes is referred to as

Physiology

The study of specific characteristics and functions of a living organism and its parts is called

Are incorporated into the cell, where it uses the cell's RNA or DNA for self-replication

Viruses injure cells differently than other causes of cellular injury because they

Gas bubbles form in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia.

What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get "the bends"?

Free radical Programmed Senescence Free Radical

Which are theories of aging?

Change in the shape or arrangement of cells

Which cellular response is maladaptive?

Loss of or defect in tumor suppressor genes

Which condition explains the genetic basis for cancer development?

Correct Sodium and water move into the cell.

Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage?

BRCA1

Which gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer?

Prolactin

Which hormone is responsible for lactation and interferes with ovulation?

Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception.

Which is a false statement? Epinephrine and cortisol act similarly. Cortisol and epinephrine work in synergy. Antidiuretic hormone is important for blood volume regulation. Endorphins decrease with stress, resulting in an increase in pain perception.

It produces stress response effects similar to those of epinephrine.

Which is a true statement regarding cortisol?

Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue.

Which is a true statement regarding metastasis?

Myc

Which is the oncogene that allows cells to grow indefinitely?

Correct It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Which of these statements best describes the purpose of the TNM classification system?

early detection

Which offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human T-lymphocyte virus type I Epstein-Barr virus

Which retrovirus is believed to cause cancer? (Select all that apply.)

Oncogenes may be introduced into the host cell by a retrovirus. Correct Proto-oncogenes may undergo a mutation thus becoming overly active. Correct Answers: Correct Oncogenes may be introduced into the host cell by a retrovirus. Correct Proto-oncogenes may undergo a mutation thus becoming overly active. Correct DNA sequences that normally suppress proto-oncogene expression may be inactivated. An error may occur in the replication of the chromosome such that extra copies are produced.

Which statement about oncogene activation is true? (Select all that apply.)

The number of developing cells exceeds the number of dying cells.

Which statement accurately describes the proliferation of cancer cells?

There is less thirst perception in the elderly.

Which statement is true about the normal biological variations related to age?

Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host. The greater the undifferentiated cell count, the more aggressive the cancer. Malignant tumors have the potential to kill the host.

Which statement is true regarding cancer? (Select all that apply.)

It results in increased cardiac output.

Which statement is true regarding epinephrine?

The 5-year combined survival rate for cancer is 68%. Men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of developing cancer. Women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk of developing cancer.

Which statement regarding cancer deaths is true?

Sign

Which term is used to describe an objectively identifiable aberration of the disease?

Thrombocytopenia

Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets?

Etiology

Which term means cause of the disease ?

Stress

Which term refers to a state of tension that can lead to disruption or threaten physical stability?

Atrophy

Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur as the result of chronic ischemia to a region?

Dysplasia

Which type of cellular adaptation would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report?