Patho
A nurse recalls neural systems basic to cognitive functions include _____ systems. (more than one answer)
-Attentional -Memory and language -Affective
The nurse is explaining clinical manifestations of alterations in the extrapyramidal system. The nurse would correctly include (more than one answer):
-Little or no paralysis of voluntary movement -Normal or slightly increased tendon reflexes -Presence of tremor -Rigidity in muscle tone
A 30-year-old white male recently suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Which of the following is the most likely factor that contributed to his stroke? • Age • Gender • Diabetes • Race
.. Diabetes
LCP disease affects which of the following joints? • Vertebral • Shoulder • Hip • Knee
.. Hip
A neurologist is teaching about encephalitis. Which information should the neurologist include? Most causes of encephalitis are: • Bacterial • Viral • Fungal • Toxoid
.. Viral
When the spouse of a patient experiencing a thrombotic stroke asks when "clot busting" treatment should begin, how should the nurse respond? Recommendations suggest that treatment for a thrombotic stroke begin within ________ hours of onset of symptoms.
.."3, three, 3, three"
When a staff member asks the nurse about the contractile unit of a muscle, how should the nurse reply? The contractile unit of a muscle cell is called the: • Motor unit • Basement membrane • Myofibril • Ribosome
...
A 20-year-old female suffered from spinal cord injury that resulted from a motor vehicle accident. She had spinal shock lasting 15 days and is now experiencing an uncompensated cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation. What does the nurse suspect caused this condition? • Toxic accumulation of free radicals below the level of the injury • Pain stimulation above the level of the spinal cord lesion • A distended bladder or rectum • An abnormal vagal response
..A distended bladder or rectum
An older adult is admitted to the ER following a fall. The patient complains of pain in the back. The patient has a history of osteoporosis. The nurse would expect the patient's injury and subsequent pain is most likely due to: • A fractured hip • Spinal stenosis • Herniation of a thoracic disk • A spinal compression fracture
..A spinal compression fracture
When a patient asks what the fuel for skeletal muscle contraction is, how should the nurse respond? The main energy source or fuel for skeletal muscle contraction is: • Calcium • Lactic acid • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Actin
..Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Transchondral fractures are most prevalent in: • Adolescents • Older adults • Infants • Premenopausal females
..Adolescents
The most common cause of toxic myopathy is: • Infection • A tumor • Alcoholism • Osteoporosis
..Alcoholism
Researchers now believe that RA is: • Curable with antiviral agents • An autoimmune disease • A complication of rheumatic fever • Related superficial joint injury
..An autoimmune disease
A 60-year-old female with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke? • Rheumatic heart disease • Thrombi • Aneurysm • Hypotension
..Aneurysm
A 1-year-old female was diagnosed with OI. Which of the following is a complication in this patient? • Congestive heart failure • Liver failure • Aortic aneurysm • Pulmonary emboli
..Aortic aneurysm
While planning care for a patient with an extradural hematoma, which principle should the nurse remember? The main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas is: • Arterial • Venous • Capillary • Sinus
..Arterial
A 54-year-old female was recently diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. This condition is characterized by loss of: • The epiphyses • Articular cartilage • Synovial fluid • The joint capsule
..Articular cartilage
Which statement by the nurse indicates teaching was successful regarding CNS tumors in adults? The most common primary CNS tumors in adults are: • Meningiomas • Oligodendrogliomas • Astrocytomas • Ependymomas
..Astrocytomas
Which statement by a patient indicates teaching was successful regarding myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis results from: • Viral infection of skeletal muscle • Atrophy of motor neurons in the spinal cord • Demyelination of skeletal motor neurons • Autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction
..Autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction
When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" how should the nurse reply? The cause of MS seems to be an interaction between: • Vascular and metabolic factors • Bacterial infection and the inflammatory response • Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility • Neurotransmitters and inherited genes
..Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility
Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? • Extreme spinal shock • Acute anxiety • Autonomic hyperreflexia • Parasympathetic areflexia
..Autonomic hyperreflexia
A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. She was previously treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? • Aseptic meningitis • Bacterial meningitis • Fungal meningitis • Nonpurulent meningitis
..Bacterial meningitis
Of the following groups, who are at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? • Blacks over 65 years of age • Whites over 65 years of age • Blacks under 65 years of age • Whites under 65 years of age
..Blacks over 65 years of age
A 65-year-old female loses her balance while walking in the woods, causing her to fall and hit her head. She loses consciousness and is in a coma for 5 days. She is diagnosed as having diffuse brain injury. Which of the following would most likely occur in this patient? • Complete loss of vision • Arrhythmia • Blunted affect • Meningitis infection
..Blunted affect
Children with OI suffer from frequent: • Bone fractures • Dislocations • Bone infections • Joint injuries
..Bone fractures
As a portion of the assessment of the patient with meningitis, the health care provider flexes the patient's neck to the chest. The patient responds with flexion of the legs and thighs. The name for this response is: • Decorticate posturing • Decerebrate posturing • Kernig's sign • Brudzinski's sign
..Brudzinski's sign
While planning care for a patient with muscle problems, which information should the nurse remember? _____ ions directly control the contraction of muscles. • Sodium • Potassium • Calcium • Magnesium
..Calcium
A 20-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. A spinal cord injury is suspected. What two regions should the nurse assess as they are most likely to be damaged? • Cervical and thoracic regions • Thoracic and lumbar regions • Lumbar and sacral regions • Cervical and lumbar regions
..Cervical and lumbar regions
A 60-year-old male presents with swelling and pain in the knee. CT reveals a tumor of spongy bone. His diagnosis would be: • Chondrosarcoma • Rhabdomyoma • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Fibrosarcoma
..Chondrosarcoma
A 69-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse presents to the emergency room (ER) after a month-long episode of headaches and confusion. Based on his alcoholism, a likely cause of his neurologic symptoms is: • Concussion • Chronic subdural hematoma • Epidural hematoma • Subacute subdural hematoma
..Chronic subdural hematoma
A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with OI following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by errors in the synthesis of: • Elastin • Glycoproteins • Collagen • Calcium salts
..Collagen
A 22-year-old female has a brother with DMD and wants to know if her children will inherit it. A fairly accurate test to identify female carriers of the disease is measurement of serum levels of: • Dystrophin • Myoglobin • Creatine kinase (CK) • Troponin
..Creatine kinase (CK)
An important and useful clinical measure in the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis is measurement of which laboratory value? • White blood cell count • Antinuclear antibodies • Aspartate aminotransferase • Creatine kinase (CK)
..Creatine kinase (CK)
Which of the following clinical findings would be expected in the patient with rhabdomyolysis? • Sweating • Dark urine • Yellow color to the skin • Lower extremity swelling
..Dark urine
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture. She is diagnosed with osteoporosis. One factor that most likely contributed to her condition is: • Increased androgen levels • Decreased estrogen levels • Strenuous exercise • Excessive dietary calcium
..Decreased estrogen levels
Which of the following would increase a patient's risk for thrombotic stroke? • Hyperthyroidism • Hypertension • Anemia • Dehydration
..Dehydration
A 23-year-old female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in the patient's body? • Depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system (CNS) • Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS • The development of neurofibril webs in the CNS • Reduced amounts of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
..Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
A 33-year-old male is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals an injury of the cervical cord. Cord swelling in this region may be life threatening because: • Increased ICP may occur. • Reflexes will be disrupted. • Diaphragm function may be impaired. • Bladder emptying will not occur.
..Diaphragm function may be impaired.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by: • Pain resulting from joint and muscle inflammation • Muscle pain in the back and gastrointestinal symptoms • Neurologic pain in the skeletal muscles • Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
..Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
A 32-year-old male was injured in a motor vehicle accident and confined to bed for 3 weeks. During this time, the size and strength of muscle fibers decreased, a condition referred to as: • Myodysplasia • Ischemic atrophy • Disuse atrophy • Deconditioning hypoplasia
..Disuse atrophy
A 45-year-old male presents with seizures. An MRI reveals a meningioma most likely originating from the: • Dura mater and arachnoid membrane • Astrocytes • Pia mater • CNS neurons
..Dura mater and arachnoid membrane
A 15-month-old child from Pennsylvania was brought to the ER for fever, seizure activity, cranial palsies, and paralysis. Which of the following diagnosis will be documented in the chart? • Eastern equine encephalitis • Venezuelan encephalitis • St. Louis encephalitis • West Nile encephalitis
..Eastern equine encephalitis
A 36-year-old male complains of pain and weakness in the elbow. He reports that he is a warehouse worker and lifts boxes daily. MRI reveals inflammation of the tendon where it attaches to bone. This condition is called: • Periostitis • Muscle strain • Bursitis • Epicondylopathy
..Epicondylopathy
A 6-year-old male presents with fever, pain, swelling, and warmth. Tests reveal osteomyelitis In addition to the clinical symptoms, the nurse would expect elevations in which lab tests? (Select all that apply.) A. C-reactive protein B. White blood cell count C. Red cell count D. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) E. Liver enzymes
..Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),White blood cell count,C-reactive protein
A 15-year-old male was struck by a motor vehicle and suffered a traumatic brain injury. Paramedics found him unconscious at the scene of the accident. During the ambulance ride, he regained consciousness and was able to maintain a conversation with the medical staff. Upon arrival to hospital, he was alert and oriented. Physical exam reveals confusion and impaired responsiveness. What is the probable nature of his brain injury based on this history? • Mild concussion • Subdural hematoma • Extradural (epidural) hematoma • Mild diffuse axonal injury
..Extradural (epidural) hematoma
A 32-year-old obese male begins a jogging routine. A week after beginning, he fractures his leg. This is referred to as a what type of fracture? • Comminuted • Greenstick • Fatigue • Compound
..Fatigue
The nursing student would correctly identify the most common symptom of brain abscess as: • Nuchal rigidity • Vomiting • Drowsiness • Headache
..Headache
• While performing an assessment of a 2-month-old, the nurse notes a positive Ortolani click. The nurse would suspect the child has: • A hip fracture • Hip dysplasia • Osteogenesis imperfecta • Osteomyelitis
..Hip dysplasia
A 15-year-old male is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals spinal cord injury, and his body temperature fluctuates markedly. The most accurate explanation of this phenomenon is that: • He developed pneumonia. • His sympathetic nervous system has been damaged and thermal control disturbed. • He has a brain injury. • He has septicemia from an unknown source.
..His sympathetic nervous system has been damaged and thermal control disturbed.
A 75-year-old male experienced a lacunar stroke. When looking through the history of the patient's chart, which of the following would the nurse expect to find? • An embolus • Hypertension • A hemorrhage • An aneurysm
..Hypertension
• 9.ID: 30272265 Which of the following types of scoliosis accounts for the majority of the cases of scoliosis? • Idiopathic • Infectious • Iatrogenic • Secondary
..Idiopathic
A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. These most commonly form: • In the larger veins • Near capillary sphincters • In cerebral arteries • In the venous sinuses
..In cerebral arteries
An 80-year-old male presents with skeletal pain and tenderness, especially in the hips. He is diagnosed with osteomalacia caused by: • Collagen breakdown in the bone matrix • Excessive bone resorption • Crowding of bone marrow by excessive bone growth • Inadequate bone mineralization
..Inadequate bone mineralization
The nurse observed the patient's muscle contracted, but the limb did not move. How should the nurse chart this muscle contraction? • Isotonic contraction • Isometric contraction • Eccentric contraction • Concentric contraction
..Isometric contraction
Signs and symptoms of subluxation include (select all that apply): A. Pain B. Swelling C. Hemorrhage D. Limitation of movement E. Joint deformity
..Joint deformityLimitation of movement,Swelling,Pain
The majority of intervertebral disk herniations occur between which vertebral levels (cervical, C; thoracic, T; lumbar, L; sacral, S)? • C1 to C3 • T1 to T4 • T12 to L3 • L4 to S1
..L4 to S1
An initial assessment finding associated with acute spinal cord injury is _____ the injury. • Pain below the level of • Loss of autonomic reflexes above • Loss of voluntary control below • Hyperactive spinal reflexes below
..Loss of voluntary control below
Which of the following people is at highest risk for the development of gout? • Men aged 40 to 50 years • Premenopausal women • Male adolescents • Female children
..Men aged 40 to 50 years
A 39-year-old male suffers a severe brain injury when he falls off a building while working. CT scan reveals that he has a basilar skull fracture. Based upon his injuries, what major complication should the nurse observe for in this patient? • Hematoma formation • Meningeal infection • Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) • Cognitive deficits
..Meningeal infection
A 16-year-old male was recently diagnosed with osteosarcoma. The tumor is most likely present in the _____ of long bones. • Epiphyses • Metaphyses • Marrow • Osteocytes
..Metaphyses
A 54-year-old male was recently diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Which of the following is the expected treatment of choice? • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • Gold salts • Methotrexate • Hydroxychloroquine
..Methotrexate
A 10-year-old male was climbing on a house and fell. He suffered a severe brain injury. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 5 initially and 7 after 1 day. He remained unconscious for 2 weeks, then was confused and suffered from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is he most likely experiencing? • Mild diffuse brain injury • Moderate diffuse brain injury • Severe diffuse brain injury • Postconcussive syndrome
..Moderate diffuse brain injury
A patient is admitted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which classic assessment findings will support the diagnosis of ALS? • Progressive dementia • Muscle weakness and atrophy • Severe paresthesias • Autonomic dysfunctions
..Muscle weakness and atrophy
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of: • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • Myasthenia gravis • MS • Autonomic hyperreflexia
..Myasthenia gravis
When a staff member asks the nurse about the contractile unit of a muscle, how should the nurse reply? The contractile unit of a muscle cell is called the: • Motor unit • Basement membrane • Myofibril Correct • Ribosome
..Myofibril
• The incidence of fractures of the pelvis is highest in: • Preadolescent boys • Adolescent boys • Adolescent girls • Older adults
..Older adults
A 13-year-old female is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment of an osteosarcoma in her left distal femur. Which statement best describes osteosarcoma? • Myelogenic, develops in red bone marrow only • Benign, develops in spongy bone tissue • Collagenic, originates in the periosteum • Osteogenic, most often develops in the bone marrow
..Osteogenic, most often develops in the bone marrow
A 13-year-old female presents with pain at night, cough, and dyspnea. Testing reveals a metastasizing malignant bone tumor. The most likely type of tumor is: • Nonossifying fibroma • Chondrosarcoma • Ewing sarcoma • Osteosarcoma
..Osteosarcoma
A 76-year-old female was diagnosed with osteoporosis by radiologic exam. She is at high risk for: • Bone infections • Joint injuries • Pathologic bone fractures • Ssteomalacia
..Pathologic bone fractures
A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis fractures her leg at a location of preexisting abnormality. She reports that the fracture occurred following a minor fall. Which of the following best describes the fracture? • Fatigue fracture • Stress fracture • Pathologic fracture • Greenstick fracture
..Pathologic fracture
A major predictor of poor prognosis for Ewing sarcoma is: • Age of onset • Size of tumor • Presence of metastasis • Gender of child
..Presence of metastasis
Myotonia is characterized by: • Prolonged depolarization of muscle cell membranes • Absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscle contraction • Delayed muscle contraction • Hyperactive reflexes
..Prolonged depolarization of muscle cell membranes
A 46-year-old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. He is at risk for developing: • Cholelithiasis • Myocarditis • Renal stones • Liver failure
..Renal stones
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture secondary to osteoporosis. This condition is caused by an increase in bone: • Density • Formation • Resorption • Mineralization
..Resorption
A nurse is discussing the different phases of bone remodeling. Which information should be included? Phase 2 of the bone remodeling cycle involves bone: • Formation • Activation • Resorption • Fracturing
..Resorption
In reviewing the history of the patient with osteosarcoma, the nurse might also expect the patient to have: • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Ewing sarcoma • Fibroma • Retinoblastoma
..Retinoblastoma
Which assessment finding by the nurse characterizes a mild concussion? • A brief loss of consciousness • Significant behavioral changes • Retrograde amnesia • Permanent confusion
..Retrograde amnesia
A malignant tumor of striated muscle tissue origin is called: • Myelogenic tumor • Giant cell tumor • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Rhabdomyoma
..Rhabdomyosarcoma
When a staff member asks where costal cartilage is located, how should the nurse respond? Between the: • Vertebrae • Ribs and sternum • Sutures of the skull • Facial bones
..Ribs and sternum
A disorder similar to osteomalacia that occurs in growing bones of children is termed: • Paget disease • Rickets • Osteomyelitis • Osteosarcoma
..Rickets
A 25-year-old male died from a gunshot wound to the heart. Upon autopsy, abnormalities in the media of the arterial wall and degenerative changes were detected. Which of the following most likely accompanied this finding? • Fusiform aneurysm • Saccular aneurysm • Arteriovenous malformation • Thrombotic stroke
..Saccular aneurysm
A 21-year-old female presents with low back pain and stiffness that is alleviated by physical activity. She was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The first joint to be affected would be the: • Sacroiliac • Carpal • Shoulder • Knee
..Sacroiliac
A cause of hydrocephalus in subarachnoid hemorrhage is: • Scarring of meninges and impairment of CSF resorption • Choroid plexus injury • Impairment of CSF flow through the ventricles • Vasoconstriction related to carbon dioxide (CO2 ) changes in the cerebral circulation
..Scarring of meninges and impairment of CSF resorption
The onset of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) most often occurs at: • 3 to 6 months of age • Preschool years • School age • The onset of puberty
..School age
A 35-year-old female presents with impaired motor function and visual disturbances. The diagnosis is Paget disease. What additional symptoms would be expected? (Select all that apply.) A. Skull thickness B. Dementia C. Deafness D. Headache E. Hypertension
..Skull thickness,Dementia,Headache,Deafness
A 50-year-old male presents with low back pain. He denies trauma and says he just woke up and it was hurting. An MRI reveals that the vertebra at L5 slid forward relative to those above and below it. Which of the following conditions will be documented on the chart? • Degenerative disk disease • Spondylolysis • Spondylolisthesis • Spinal stenosis
..Spondylolisthesis
A 12-year-old female hurts her ankle while playing basketball. Tests reveal that she tore a ligament. This condition is known as a: • Sprain • Strain • Disunion • Subluxation
..Sprain
A 70-year-old male presents with back pain, fever, and weight loss. He reports that he had a recent respiratory infection from which he thought he recovered. Tests revealed increased white blood cell count, and a diagnosis of endogenous osteomyelitis was made. The primary organism causing this condition is: • Staphylococcus aureus • Salmonella • Mycobacterium • Haemophilus influenza
..Staphylococcus aureus
A 3-year-old male presents with developmental delay. Testing reveals that the child has muscular dystrophy. Treatment will include: • Aspirin • Antivirals • Steroids • Chemotherapy
..Steroids
A 48-year-old female presents at the ER reporting an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. What does the nurse suspect caused these signs and symptoms? • Diffuse brain injury • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Epidural hematoma • Classic concussion
..Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A 35-year-old female suffers a broken clavicle following a motor vehicle accident. X-ray reveals that the bone surfaces in the joint partially lost contact with each other. This condition is called: • Dislocation • Subluxation • Distortion • Nonunion
..Subluxation
A 5-year-old female was diagnosed with seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The treatment option for this disease is termed: • Supportive • Curative • Antibacterial • Experimental
..Supportive
When a patient asks how bad the injuries will be from a spinal injury, what is the nurse's best response? It is difficult to know the full extent of the injury because of: • Incomplete transection of the spinal cord • Swelling within the spinal cord • Necrosis of the spinal cord • Free radical injury and scarring of the glial cells
..Swelling within the spinal cord
A 34-year-old female was recently diagnosed with RA. Physical examination revealed that inflammation started in the: • Synovial membrane • Articular cartilage • Subchondral bone • Surrounding ligaments
..Synovial membrane
Ewing sarcoma originates from: • Osteoblasts • Epithelial cells • The spleen • The bone marrow
..The bone marrow
_____ are most at risk of spinal cord injury from minor trauma. • Infants • Men • Women • The elderly
..The elderly
A 65-year-old Hispanic female is admitted to the hospital with a pathologic, compound, transverse fracture of the femur. Which of the following statements best describes this type of fracture? • The fracture line is parallel to the bone. • The fracture line is straight across the bone. • The fracture line is perpendicular to the bone. • The fracture line is vertical to the shaft of the bone.
..The fracture line is straight across the bone
Which information indicates the nurse understands assessment findings of an aneurysm? • A headache is the most common symptom • The majority are asymptomatic • Nosebleeds are an early symptom • Epidural hemorrhage occurs in over 80% of patients
..The majority are asymptomatic
Patients with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the: • Brain • Pancreas • Thymus • Lungs
..Thymus
The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called: • Monarticular arthritis • Tophaceous gout • Asymptomatic hyperuricemia • Complicated gout
..Tophaceous gout
A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n): • Stroke in evolution • Arteriovenous malformation • Transient ischemic attack • Cerebral hemorrhage
..Transient ischemic attack
A 51-year-old male experienced severe acute gouty arthritis. Which of the following is the most common trigger for the symptoms? • Trauma • Anemia • High-fat foods • Lack of exercise
..Trauma
The cause of Paget disease is: • Fluoride deficiency • Unknown at present • Excess vitamin A • Osteogenic sarcoma
..Unknown at present
A 46-year-old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. The symptoms he experienced are caused by the crystallization of _____ within the synovial fluid. • Purines • Pyrimidines • Uric acid • Acetic acid
..Uric acid
A 56-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of osteomalacia. History reveals that he takes anticonvulsants, underwent small bowel resection 3 years earlier, and suffers from chronic pancreatitis. What is the common link between these three factors and the development of osteomalacia? • Impaired phosphate absorption • Increased calcium excretion • Vitamin D deficiency • Impaired vitamin C metabolism
..Vitamin D deficiency
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has a(n) _____ inheritance pattern. • Autosomal recessive • X-linked recessive • Y-linked dominant • Autosomal dominant
..X-linked recessive
"berry" aneurysms are usually located in A. the circle of willis B. the pia matter C. the internal carotid arteries D. the anterior cerebral artery E. the vertebral arteries
A
A 20 year old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. when an intraventricular catheter is inserted, the ICP is recorded as 24 mmHg. how should the nurse interpret the reading A. higher than normal B. lower than normal C. within normal limits D. borderline
A
Parkinson disease exhibits A. akinesia B. muscle flaccidity C. early stage dementia D. paralysis
A
the inability to recognize objects is called A. agnosia B. aphasia C. agraphia D. alexia E. dysarthria
A
the most common cause of thrombotic strokes is A. atherosclerosis B. head trauma C. aneurysms D. DVT
A
the senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease are most concentrated in the A. cerebral cortex and hippocampus B. thalamus C. cerebellum D. basal ganglia
A
His sympathetic nervous system has been damaged and thermal control disturbed.
A 15-year-old male is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals spinal cord injury, and his body temperature fluctuates markedly. The most accurate explanation of this phenomenon is that:
Grade II
A 15-year-old male suffered diffuse brain injury after wrecking an all-terrain vehicle. He had momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia after 5 to 10 minutes. His injury could be categorized as:
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
A 23-year-old female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in the patient's body?
Focal motor seizure
A 30-year-old female had a seizure that started with her fingers and progressively spread up her arm and then extended to her leg, with no loss of consciousness. How should the nurse chart this?
Meningeal infection
A 39-year-old male suffers a severe brain injury when he falls off a building while working. CT scan reveals that he has a basilar skull fracture. Based upon his injuries, what major complication should the nurse observe for in this patient?
Huntington disease
A 40-year-old male complains of uncontrolled excessive movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begin in the face and arms and eventually affect the entire body. The most likely diagnosis is:
Medulla oblongata
A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A 48-year-old female presents at the ER reporting an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. What does the nurse suspect caused these signs and symptoms?
Decerebrate posturing
A 51-year-old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, his forearm is hyperpronated, and his legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition?
Aneurysm
A 60-year-old female with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke?
hemorrhagic
A 60-year-old patient with a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. What does the nurse suspect cause this type of stroke?
Transient ischemic attack
A 72-year-old patient demonstrates a left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted less than an hour and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n):
Middle cerebral artery
A 75-year-old female suffers a stroke and now has difficulty writing and production of language. This condition is most likely caused by occlusion of the:
Congenital hydrocephalus
A baby is stillborn after 6 hours of labor. Autopsy reveals hydrocephalus caused by cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle and aqueductal compression. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Lead
A child is brought to the ER. Initial examination documents the following assessment findings: tissue ischemia, anemia, and an apparent decrease in normal growth rate. Which of the following poisons should the nurse determine to be the most likely cause?
Reye syndrome
A child presents to his primary care provider with disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and stupor. His parents report that he was recently ill with an upper respiratory infection, which they treated with aspirin. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Autoregulation
A compensatory alteration in the diameter of cerebral blood vessels in response to increased intracranial pressure is called:
A 20-year-old female suffered from spinal cord injury that resulted from a motor vehicle accident. She had spinal shock lasting 15 days and is now experiencing an uncompensated cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation. What does the nurse suspect caused this condition?
A dissented bladder or rectum
In cerebral arteries
A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. These most commonly form:
In the cerebral arteries
A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. Where do these plaques most commonly form?
Encephalocele
A newborn child has a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the occipital area of the skull. What will the pediatrician call this condition?
Astrocytoma
A nurse is preparing to teach about brain tumors. Which information should the nurse include? The most common type of brain tumor in children is:
Hyperkinesia
A patient has excessive movement. What disorder will the nurse see documented on the chart?
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
A patient is newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). What physiological change is causing the patient's symptoms?
Bacterial Meningitis
A patient presents to a primary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. History includes a previously treated sinusitis. Which medical diagnosis is best supported by this assessment data?
An older adult is admitted to the ER following a fall. The patient complains of pain in the back. The patient has a history of osteoporosis. The nurse would expect the patient's injury and subsequent pain is most likely due to:
A spinal compression fracture
The transient nature of spinal shock is directly related to which of the following mechanisms?
Accumulation of edema within the spinal cord
A patient with an addiction to alcohol checked into a rehabilitation center as a result of experiencing delirium, inability to concentrate, and being easily distracted. What term would be used to document this state?
Acute confusional state
A patient with an addiction to alcohol checked into a rehabilitation center. He experiences delirium, inability to concentrate, and is easily distracted. From which of the following is he most likely suffering?
Acute confusional state
An alcoholic checked into a rehab center. He experiences delirium, inability to concentrate, and is easily distracted. From which of the following is he most likely suffering?
Acute confusional state
A 65 y/o male is recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident. He is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. The condition is a form of:
Agnosia
A 65-year-old male recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident. He is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding?
Agnosia
A 65-year-old patient who recently suffered a cerebral vascular accident is now unable to recognize and identify objects by touch because of injury to the sensory cortex. How should the nurse document this finding?
Agnosia
Spastic
An aide asks what the most common type of cerebral palsy is. What is the nurse's best response?
A 60-year-old female with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that she had a hemorrhagic stroke. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke?
Aneurysm
While planning care for a patient with an extradural hematoma, which principle should the nurse remember? The main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas is:
Arterial
Brudzinski's sign
As a portion of the assessment of the patient with meningitis, the health care provider flexes the patient's neck to the chest. The patient responds with flexion of the legs and thighs. The name for this response is:
Which statement by the nurse indicates teaching was successful regarding CNS tumors in adults? The most common primary CNS tumors in adults are:
Astrocytomas
A peculiar sensation that immediately precedes a seizure is called a:
Aura
When a patient has a peculiar sensation that immediately precedes a seizure, what term should the nurse use to describe this sensation?
Aura
Which statement by a patient indicates teaching was successful regarding myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis results from:
Autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction
When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" how should the nurse reply? The cause of MS seems to be an interaction between:
Autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility
Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia. She is likely experiencing:
Autonomic dysrreflexia
Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
Autonomic hyperreflexia
A compensatory alteration in the diameter of cerebral blood vessels in response to increased intracranial pressure is called:
Autoregulation
A 51 year old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, his forearm is hyperpronated, and his legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition? A. decorticate posturing B. Decerebrate posturing C. Caloric posturing D. Excitation posturing
B
An abnormal immune response that attacks the myelin of nerve fibers in diffuse patches throughout the nervous system is responsible for A. parkinson's disease B. multiple sclerosis C. amyotropic lateral sclerosis D. myasthenia gravis E. huntington disease
B
Receptive aphasia is caused by damage to A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. the SNS D. hypothalamus E. occipital lobe
B
a 17 year old male with a respiratory infection of 2 weeks duration presents with throbbing headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, high fever, petechial rays, and projectile vomiting. you suspect A. west nile virus B. meningococcal meningitis C. diffuse axonal injury D. transient ischemia attack
B
a premonitory phase of fatigue, irritability and food cravings is commonly associated with which type of chronic recurring headache A. tension type headache B. migraine C. cluster headache
B
an attorney spoke to the nurse regarding brain death. which statement indicates the nurse understood brain death? for legal purposes brain death is defined as A. loss of cerebral function and an irreversible coma B. irreversible cessation of function of the entire brain C. a persistent vegetative state D. death of the brainstem E. all of the above
B
in an automobile accident, a passenger's forehead struck the windshield. the countercoup injury would be in the A. parietal region B. occipital region C. frontal region D. temporal region E. spinal cord
B
infratentorial disorders produce a decline in arousal by A. diffuse dysfunction of the cerebral cortex B. destruction or compression of the RAS C. metabolic disorders of the hypothalamus D. closed head trauma with subsequent subdural hematoma
B
the region where most spinal cord injuries occurs is A. cervical and thoracic regions B. cervical and lumbar regions C. thoracic and lumbar regions D. lumbar and sacral regions
B
A 25-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. She was previously treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Bacterial Meningitis
A 25-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness. She was previously treated for sinusitis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Bacterial Meningitis
other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out
Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease
Of the following groups, who are at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
Blacks over 65 years of age
Of the following groups, who are at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident?
Blacks over 65 years of age
A 65 y/o female loses her balance while walking in the woods
Blunted affect
A 65-year-old female loses her balance while walking in the woods, causing her to fall and hit her head. She loses consciousness and is in a coma for 5 days. She is diagnosed as having diffuse brain injury. Which of the following would most likely occur in this patient?
Blunted affect
The patient is experiencing an increase in intracranial pressure. This increase results in:
Brain tissue hypoxia
A 20-year-old experiences a severe closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following structures is most likely keeping the patient in a vegetative state (VS) 1 month after the accident?
Brainstem
A 20-year-old male suffers a severe closed head injury in a motor vehicle accident. He remains in a vegetative state (VS) 1 month after the accident. Which of the following structures is most likely keeping him in a vegetative state?
Brainstem
When a student asks what can cause dilated, fixed pupils, what is the nurse's best response? Dilated fixed pupils can be caused by:
Brainstem hypoxia
As a portion of the assessment of the patient with meningitis, the health care provider flexes the patient's neck to the chest. The patient responds with flexion of the legs and thighs. The name for this response is:
Brudzinski's sign
The most common forms of encephalitis are caused by A. Fungal infections of the ventricles B. Bacterial infections in the subarachnoid space C. Mosquito-borne viruses and herpes simplex type 1 D. streptococcus pneumonia
C
a patient has memory loss of events that occurred before a head injury. what cognitive disorder does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing A. selective memory amnesia B. anterograde amnesia C. retrograde amnesia D. executive memory deficit
C
behavioral problems and self-care deficits are a likely indicator of A. an expanding lesion B. an infratentorial lesion C. damage to the right hemisphere D. damage to the left frontal lobe E. none of the above
C
resting tremors and "pill rolling" motions of the hands are early signs of A. alzheimer disease B. multiple sclerosis C. parkinson disease D. ALS
C
the type of intracranial hematoma involving rupture of viens, not arteries is A. subarachnoid B. intracranial C. subdural D. epidural E. all of the above
C
vomiting, yawning and hiccups indicate possible compression or disease of A. the cerebral cortex B. the cerebellum C. the medulla oblongata D. the RAS
C
which of the following statements regarding the oculocephalic reflex response (Doll's Eyes Phenomenon) is true? A. this test is performed in patients who have a reduced level of consciousness but will open their eyes in response to stimuli B. in a normal response, the eyes should turn to the left when the head is turned to the left C. in a normal response, the eyes should turn to the left when the head is turned to the right D. both a and b are correct E. both a and c are correct
C
which stage of ICP exists when ICP begins to approach arterial pressure, the patient begins to demonstrate an inability to stay awake which may progress to deep coma, pulse pressure widens, and pupils response to light slows A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4
C
A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular
Calcium
A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
A 50-year-old male suffers a severe head injury when his motorcycle hits a tree. His breathing becomes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condition?
Central neurogenic hyperventilation
A patient experiences a severe head injury hitting a tree while riding a motorcycle. Breathing becomes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condition?
Central neurogenic hyperventilation
A 20 y/o suffers a severe closed head injury in a motor vehicle accident. He remains in a vegatative state 1 month after the accident. Which of the following is the most likely to be damaged?
Cerebral Cortex. Brain Stem reflexes remain in tact
A 20-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. A spinal cord injury is suspected. What two regions should the nurse assess as they are most likely to be damaged?
Cervical and lumbar regions
An attorney spoke to the nurses regarding brain death. Which statement indicates the nurses understood brain death? For legal purposes, brain death is defined as:
Cessation of brain function
For legal purposes, brain death is defined as:
Cessation of brain function
Which principle should the nurse remember while planning care for a patient with spinal shock? Spinal shock is characterized by:
Cessation of spinal cord function below the lesion
The directional migration of Leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:
Chemotaxis
The breathing patteren that reflects respirations based primarily on CO2
Cheyne-Stokes
The breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood is:
Cheyne-Stokes
The breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood is:
Cheyne-Stokes.
A 69-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse presents to the emergency room (ER) after a month-long episode of headaches and confusion. Based on his alcoholism, a likely cause of his neurologic symptoms is:
Chronic subdural hematoma
A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Which type of traumatic brain injury should the nurse discuss?
Concussion
A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Which type of traumatic brain injury should the nurse discuss? Penetrating trauma • Diffuse axonal injury • Focal brain injury • Concussion
Concussion
a 20 year old male was at the supermarket when he fell to the ground. Bystanders reported that he lost consciousness and his body tensed up then relaxed, then tensed and relaxed several times. He most likely was experiencing A. partial seizure B. absence seizure C. myoclonic seizure D. tonic-clonic seizure
D
cheyne stokes respiration is observed in A. blunt head trauma B. infarction of the pons C. hypoglycemia and meningitis D. supratentorial injury
D
poikilothermic is a common clinical manifestation of A. extradural hematoma B. diffuse axonal injury C. spondylolisthesis D. spinal shock
D
the elderly and individuals who abuse alcohol have some brain atrophy, which increases extradural space. This space puts them at greater risk for A. spinal cord contusion B. cerebral infarction C. intracranial aneurysm D. chronic subdural hematomas
D
A 51-year-old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, his forearm is hyperpronated, and his legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition?
Decerebrate posturing
A patient is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, the forearms are hyperpronated, and the legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition?
Decerebrate posturing
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Decreased ATP production .
A 25-year-old femaie experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. As her healthcare provider you recall that aspirin relieves the headache by:
Decreasing prostaglandin production
An adult has hydrocephalus. When the patient asks the nurse what caused this, how should the nurse respond? Hydrocephalus in adults is most often caused by:
Defective CSF reabsorption
Which of the following would increase a patient's risk for thrombotic stroke?
Dehydration
A 23-year-old female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). What is occurring in the patient's body?
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
A 30-year-old white male recently suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Which of the following is the most likely factor that contributed to his stroke?
Diabetes
A 33-year-old male is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals an injury of the cervical cord. Cord swelling in this region may be life threatening because:
Diaphragm function may be impaired
A 45-year-old male presents with seizures. An MRI reveals a meningioma most likely originating from the:
Dura mater and arachnoid membrane
clinical manifestations of encephalitis can include A. fever B. delirium C. Seizure D. paralysis E. all of the above
E
injury to the cervical spinal cord may be life threatening because of A. increased ICP B. disrupted reflexes C. spinal shock D. loss of bladder and rectal control E. diaphragmatic impairment
E
which of the following is an early sign of increased ICP A. severe headache B. lethargy C. vomiting D. papilledema E. all of the above
E
which of the following is best described as rigid extension of all 4 extremities with hyperpronation of forearms and plantar flexion of feet A. homonymous hemianopia B. postpolio syndrome C. grand mal seizure D. decorticate posturing E. Decerebrate posturing
E
A 15-month-old child from Pennsylvania was brought to the ER for fever, seizure activity, cranial palsies, and paralysis. Which of the following diagnosis will be documented in the chart?
Eastern equine encephalitis
A 15-month-old child from Pennsylvania was brought to the ER for fever, seizure activity, cranial palsies, and paralysis. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
Eastern equine encephalitis
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the healthcare provider check for a response to the parasite?
Eosinophils
A 15 y/o male was struck by a motor vehicle and suffered a traumatic brain injury. Paramedics found him unconscious at the scene of the accident. During the ambulance ride, he regained consciousness and was able to maintain a conversation with the medical staff. Upon arrival to the hospital, he was alert and orientated. PE reveals confusion and impaired responsiveness. What is the probable nature of his brain injury based on this hx?
Extradural (epidural) hematoma
A 15-year-old male was struck by a motor vehicle and suffered a traumatic brain injury. Paramedics found him unconscious at the scene of the accident. During the ambulance ride, he regained consciousness and was able to maintain a conversation with the medical staff. Upon arrival to hospital, he was alert and oriented. Physical exam reveals confusion and impaired responsiveness. What is the probable nature of his brain injury based on this history?
Extradural (epidural) hematoma
A 30 y/o female had a seizure that started with her fingers and progressively spread up her arm and then extended to her leg. This condition is known as:
Focal motor seizure
A 30-year-old female had a seizure that started with her fingers and progressive1y spread up her arm and then extended to her leg, with no loss of consciousness. How should the nurse chart this?
Focal motor seizure
A 25-year-old male was in an automobile accident. At impact, his forehead struck the windshield. In this situation, a nurse recalls the coup injury would occur in the _____ region.
Frontal
A 25-year-old male was in an automobile accident. At impact, his forehead struck the windshield. In this situation, a nurse recalls the coup injury would occur in the _____ region. • Frontal • Temporal • Parietal • Occipital
Frontal
A 16-year-old male fell off the bed of a pickup truck and hit his forehead on the road. He now has resistance to passive movement that varies proportionally with the force applied. He is most likely suffering from:
Gegenhalten
A 15 y/o male suffered diffuse brain injury after wrecking an all-terrain vehicle. He had momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia after 5 to 10 minutes. His injury could be categorized as:
Grade II
A 15-year-old male suffered diffuse brain injury after wrecking an all-terrain vehicle. He had momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia after 5 to 10 minutes. His injury could be categorized as:
Grade II
A 15-year-old male suffered diffuse brain injury after wrecking an all-terrain vehicle. He had momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia after 5 to 10 minutes. His injury could be categorized as: • Grade I • Grade II • Grade III • A mild concussion
Grade II Correct
A 75-year-old male experienced a lacunar stroke. This type of stroke is most often associated with:
HTN
The nursing student would correctly identify the most common symptom of brain abscess as:
Headache
A 20-year-old male is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. When an intraventricular catheter is inserted, the ICP is recorded at 24 mm Hg. How should the nurse interpret this reading? This reading is:
Higher than normal
A patient is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. When an intraventricular catheter is inserted, the intracranial pressure (ICP) is recorded at 24 mm Hg. How should the nurse interpret this reading?
Higher than normal
A 15-year-old male is brought to the emergency department for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals spinal cord injury, and his body temperature fluctuates markedly. The most accurate explanation of this phenomenon is that:
His sympathetic nervous system has been damaged and thermal control disturbed
A 15-year-old male is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals spinal cord injury, and his body temperature fluctuates markedly. The most accurate explanation of this phenomenon is that:
His sympathetic nervous system has been damaged and thermal control disturbed.
A 40-year-old male complains of uncontrolled excessive movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begin in the face and arms that eventually affect the entire body. The most likely diagnosis is:
Huntington disease
A 40-year-old male complains of uncontrolled excessive movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begin in the face and arms and eventually affect the entire body. The most likely diagnosis is:
Huntington disease.
A 40 y/o male c/o abnormal movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes. He is experiencing movement problems that begins in the face and arms and eventually affect the entire body. The most likely dx is:
Huntington's Dz
A patient has excessive movement. What disorder will the nurse see documented on the chart?
Hyperkinesia
A 75-year-old male experienced a lacunar stroke. When looking through the history of the patient's chart, which of the following would the nurse expect to find?
Hypertension
A male patient complains of tiring easily, has difficulty rising from a sitting position, and cannot stand on his toes. The nurse would expect a diagnosis of:
Hypotonia
A 65-year-old male suffers a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to uncontrolled hypertension. He appears drowsy and confused with pronounced focal neurologic deficits. This condition is a grade:
III
A 65-year-old male suffers a subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to uncontrolled hypertension. He appears drowsy and confused with pronounced focal neurologic deficits. This condition is grade:
III
A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. These most commonly form:
In cerebral arteries
A decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure us r/t which of the following changes?
Increase in ICP
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
The progress notes read: the cerebellar tonsil has shifted through the foramen magnum due to increased pressure within the posterior fossa. The nurse would identify this note as a description of _____ herniation.
Infratentorial
An infant is diagnosed with noncommunicating hydrocephalus. What is an immediate priority concern for this patient?
Interstitial edema
An infant is dx with non-communicating hydrocephalus. An immediate concern for this pt is:
Interstitial edema
A 75- year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:
Ischemia
The majority of intervertebral disk herniations occur between which vertebral levels (cervical, C; thoracic, T; lumbar, L; sacral, S)?
L4 to S1
When thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate, the patient has:
Locked-in syndrome
Which information indicates the staff member has a good understanding of bone classifications? The shapes that represent bone classifications include (select all that apply): A. Long B. Flat C. Short D. Irregular E. Round
Long, Flat, Short, Irregular,
A nurse thinks a patient may be experiencing dementia. Which assessment finding will most help support this diagnosis?
Loss of recent and remote memory
An initial assessment finding associated with acute spinal cord injury is _____ the injury.
Loss of voluntary control below
When phagocytes begin to stick avidly to capillary walls, which process is occurring?
Margination
A 45 y/o female presents to the ER c/o vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the:
Medulla Oblongata
A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the:
Medulla oblongata
Neural networks basic to cognitive function include:
Memory and language networks
A 39-year-old male suffers a severe brain injury when he falls off a building while working. CT scan reveals that he has a basilar skull fracture. Based upon his injuries, what major complication should the nurse observe for in this patient?
Meningeal infection
A 16 y/o male took a recreational drugthat altered his level of arousal. PE revelaed an absent babinski sign, equal and reactive pupils, and roving eye movements. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
Metabolically induced coma
A 16-year-old male took a recreational drug that altered his level of arousal. Physical exam revealed a negative Babinski sign, equal and reactive pupils, and roving eye movements. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse most likely see on the chart?
Metabolically induced coma
A 16-year-old's level of arousal was altered after taking a recreational drug. Physical exam revealed a negative Babinski sign, equal and reactive pupils, and roving eye movements. Which of the following diagnoses will the nurse most likely see on the chart?
Metabolically induced coma
A 75-year-old female suffers a stroke and now has difficulty writing and production of language. This condition is most likely caused by occlusion of the:
Middle cerebral artery
A 10-year-old male was climbing on a house and fell. He suffered a severe brain injury. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 5 initially and 7 after 1 day. He remained unconscious for 2 weeks, then was confused and suffered from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is he most likely experiencing?
Moderate diffuse brain injury
lO-year-old male was climbing on a house and fell. He suffered a severe brain injury. His Glasglow Coma Scale was 5 initially and 7 after 1 day. He remained unconscious for 2 weeks, then was confused and suffered from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is he most likely experiencing?
Moderate diffuse brain injury
A neurologist is teaching about brain injuries. Which information should the neurologist include? The most severe diffuse brain injury caused by rotational acceleration is most likely to be located _____ the brainstem.
More peripheral to
Viral
Most causes of encephalitis are which of the following?
A patient is admitted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Which classic assessment findings will support the diagnosis of ALS?
Muscle weakness and atrophy
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of:
Myasthenia gravis
A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the following aided in the development of the swelling?
Na+ movement into the cell
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process?
Necrosis
A patient has paralysis of both legs. What type of paralysis does the patient have?
Paraplegia
Tay-Sachs disease
Parents of a 3-month-old infant bring him to the emergency room (ER) after he has had a seizure. He has muscle rigidity, and the parents report they are of Jewish ancestry. For what genetic disease should this infant be screened?
a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra
Parkinson disease is associated with
autoimmune
Patient teaching is considered successful regarding myasthenia gravis when the patient identifies its cause as being:
Thymus
Patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the:
A neurologists explains that arousal is mediated by the:
Reticular activating system
A patient has memory loss of events that occurred before a head injury. What cognitive disorder does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
Retrograde amnesia
Which assessment finding by the nurse characterizes a mild concussion?
Retrograde amnesia
A 25-year-old male died from a gunshot wound to the heart. Upon autopsy, abnormalities in the media of the arterial wall and degenerative changes were detected. Which of the following most likely accompanied this finding?
Saccular aneurysm
A cause of hydrocephalus in subarachnoid hemorrhage is:
Scarring of meninges and impairment of CSF resorption
A 10 y/o female was brought to the ER following a sudden onset of convulsions. The physicians think that she experienced an explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons referred to as:
Seizure
A 10-year-old female was brought to the ER following a sudden onset of convulsions. The primary care provider thinks that she experienced an explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons referred to as:
Seizure
What term is used to describe an explosive, disorderly discharge of cortical neurons?
Seizure
Autonomic hyperreflexia
Six weeks ago a female patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. She then developed a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
A nurse notes that a patient walks with the leg extended and held stiff, causing a scraping over the floor surface. What type of gait is the patient experiencing?
Spastic gait
A 50-year-old male presents with low back pain. He denies trauma and says he just woke up and it was hurting. An MRI reveals that the vertebra at L5 slid forward relative to those above and below it. Which of the following conditions will be documented on the chart?
Spondylolisthesis
A 70 y/o female is being closely monitored in the neuro critical care unit for a severe closed head injury. After 48 hours, her condition begins to deteriorate. Her pupils are small and sluggish, pulse pressure is widening, and she is bradycardic. These clinical findings are evidence of what stage of intracranial HTN?
Stage 3
A 70-year-old female is being closely monitored in the neurological critical care unit for a severe closed head injury. After 48 hours, her condition begins to deteriorate. Her pupils are small and sluggish, pulse pressure is widening, and she is bradycardic. These clinical findings are evidence of what stage of intracranial hypertension?
Stage 3
A 70-year-old patient is being closely monitored in the neurological critical care unit for a severe closed head injury. After 48 hours, signs of deterioration occur: pupils are small and sluggish, pulse pressure is widening, and heart rate is bradycardic. These clinical findings are evidence of what stage of intracranial hypertension?
Stage 3
demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms
Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because
A teenage boy sustains a severe closed head injury following an ATV accident. He is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. Which of the following describes his condition?
Stupor
A teenage boy sustains a severe closed head injury following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident. He is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. How should the nurse document this in the chart?
Stupor
A teenager sustains a severe closed head injury following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident and is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. How should the nurse document this in the chart?
Stupor
A 48-year-old female presents at the ER reporting an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. What does the nurse suspect caused these signs and symptoms?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
When a patient asks how bad the injuries will be from a spinal injury, what is the nurse's best response? It is difficult to know the full extent of the injury because of:
Swelling with the spinal cord
A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms disappear in 24 hours. He most likely experienced a(n):
TIA
The primary care provider states that the patient has vasogenic edema. The nurse realizes vasogenic edema is clinically important because:
The blood-brain barrier is disrupted
rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity
The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include
deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain
The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including
_____ are most at risk of spinal cord injury from minor trauma.
The elderly
Which information indicates the nurse understands assessment findings of an aneurysm?
The majority are asymptomatic
myasthenia gravis
The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders the administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of:
Infratentorial
The progress notes read: the cerebellar tonsil has shifted through the foramen magnum due to increased pressure within the posterior fossa. The nurse would identify this note as a description of _____ herniation.
When the spouse of a patient experiencing a thrombotic stroke asks when "clot busting" treatment should begin, how should the nurse respond? Recommendations suggest that treatment for a thrombotic stroke begin within ________ hours of onset of symptoms.
Three
Patients with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the:
Thymus
A 20 y/o male was at the supermarket when he fell to the ground. Bystanders reported that he lost consciousness and his body tensed up then relaxed, then tensed and relaxed, several times. He most likely was experiencing a:
Tonic-clonic seizure
A 20-year-old male was at the supermarket when he fell to the ground. Bystanders reported that he lost consciousness and his body tensed up then relaxed, then tensed and relaxed several times. He most likely was experiencing a(n):
Tonic-clonic seizure
A 72-year-old male demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n):
Transient ischemic attack
A 65-year-old female is diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. She has developed muscle wasting. Which of the following substances would be produced in large quantities to eliminate the tumor cells and cause muscle wasting?
Tumor necrosis factor
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of
A neurologist is teaching about encephalitis. Which information should the neurologist include? Most causes of encephalitis are:
Viral
Most causes of encephalitis are:
Viral
Slow rate of action potential conduction
What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?
Swelling within the spinal cord
When a patient asks how bad the injuries will be from a spinal injury, what is the nurse's best response? It is difficult to know the full extent of the injury because of:
autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility
When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" the nurse bases the answer on the interaction between:
Brainstem hypoxia
When a student asks what can cause dilated, fixed pupils, what is the nurse's best response? Dilated fixed pupils can be caused by:
Locked-in syndrome
When thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate, the patient has:
Dehydration
Which of the following would increase a patient's risk for thrombotic stroke?
Autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction
Which statement by a patient indicates teaching was successful regarding myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis results from:
The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years
Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?
Arterial
While planning care for a patient with an extradural hematoma, which principle should the nurse remember? The main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas is:
20-year-old female suffered from spinal cord injury that resulted from a motor vehicle accident. She had spinal shock lasting 15 days and is now experiencing an uncompensated cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation. This condition may accompany:
a distended bladder or rectum
The nurse is explaining clinical manifestations of alterations in the extrapyramidal system. The nurse would correctly include: (select all that apply) a. little or no paralysis of voluntary movement. b. normal or slightly increased tendon reflexes. c. positive (present) Babinski. d. presence of tremor. e. rigidity in muscle tone.
a. little or no paralysis of voluntary movement. b. normal or slightly d. presence of tremor. e. rigidity in muscle tone.
The main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas is:
arterial
The most common primary CNS tumors in adults are:
astrocytomas
A public health practitioner is teaching the community about health promotion. Which information should the practitioner include for innate immunity? Innate immunity is gained:
at birth
A nurse recalls that neural systems basic to cognitive functions include _____ systems. (select all that apply) a. attentional b. memory and language c. affective d. sensory and motor e. tactile
attentional memory and language affective
Myasthenia gravis results from:
autoimmune injury at the neuromuscular junction
The cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to be an interaction between:
autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility
A compensatory alteration in the diameter of cerebral blood vessels in response to increased ICP is called:
autoregulation
A compensatory alteration in the diameter of cerebral blood vessels in response to increased intracranial pressure is called:
autoregulation.
Dilated and fixed pupils can be cx by:
brain stem hypoxia
Cerebral edema is an accumulation of fluid in the:
brain tissue
The patient is experiencing an increase in intracranial pressure. This increase results in:
brain tissue hypoxia.
Tumor necrosis factor
causes muscle wasting
A 15 y/o female is admitted ICU with a severe closed head injury. This dx puts her at risk for:
cerebral edema
A I7-year-old male is brought to the emergency department for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. A spinal cord injury is suspected. The two regions most likely to be damaged are the:
cervical and lumbar regions
For legal purposes, brain death is defined as:
cessation of entire brain function.
Spinal shock is characterized by:
cessation of spinal cord function below the lesion
Spinal shock is characterized by:
cessation of spinal cord function below the lesion.
A 69 y/o male with a hx of alcohol abuse presents presents to the ER after a month long episode of headaches and confusion. Based on his alcoholism, a likely cx of his neurologic sxs is:
chronic subdural hematoma
The most common type of traumatic brain injury is:
concussion
A 51 y/o male is admitted to the neuro critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, his forearm is hyperpronated, and his legs are in plantar extension. This condition is known as:
decerebrate posturing
Hydrocephalus in adults is most common cx by:
defective CSF reabsorption
An adult is diagnosed with communicating hydrocephalus. The form of hydrocephalus in adults is most often caused by:
defective CSF reabsorption.
One risk factor for thrombotic stroke is:
dehydration
A 23-year-old female begins having problems with tiredness, weakness, and visual changes. Her diagnosis is multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis includes:
demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS
A 33-year-old male is brought to the emergency department for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals an injury of the cervical cord. Cord swelling in this region may be life threatening because:
diaphragm function may be impaired
A 45-year-old male presents with seizures. An MRI reveals a meningioma most likely originating from the:
dura mater and arachnoid membrane
A 16 y/o male fell off the bed of a pickup truck and hit his forehead on the road. He now has resistance to passive movement that varies proportionally with the force applied. He is most likely suffering from:
gegenhalten
A 20 y/o male is admitted to the neuro critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. When am intraventricular catheter is inserted, the ICP is recorded at 24 mm Hg. This reading is:
higher than normal
When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:
hormonal hyperplasia
A disorder that cxs excessive movement is:
hyperkinesia
A patient reports tiring easily, having difficulty rising from a sitting position, and the inability to stand on toes. The nurse would expect a diagnosis of:
hypotonia
A major contributing process in cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. These most commonly form:
in cerebral arteries
The progress notes read: the cerebellar tonsil has shifted through the foramen magnum due to increased pressure within the posterior fossa. The nurse would identify this note as a description of _____ herniation.
infratentorial
When thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate and is immobile, the patient is experiencing:
locked-in syndrome.
Dementia is manifested by:
loss of recent and remote memory
An initial clinical manifestation associated with acute spinal cord injury is:
loss of voluntary control below the injury
A patient presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the:
medulla oblongata.
A 39 y/o male suffers a severe brain injury when he falls off a building while working. CT scan reveals that he has a basilar skull fractures. One major concern for this pt is:
meningeal infection
A patient experiences a stroke and now has difficulty writing and producing language. This condition is most likely caused by occlusion of the:
middle cerebral artery.
The most severe brain injury cx by rotational acceleration is most likely to be located:
more peripheral to the brain stem
Classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) presents with:
muscle weakness and atrophy
A 20-year-old shoots his hand with a nail gun whil replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand?
neutrophils
A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of
oxidation stress
Paralysis of the lower extremities is called:
paraplegia
A 16-year-old male fell off the bed of a pickup truck and hit his forehead on the road. He now has resistance to passive movement that varies proportionally with the force applied. He is most likely suffering from:
paratonia
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:
reduced protein synthesis
Arousal is mediated by the:
reticular activating system
A neurologist explains that arousal is mediated by the:
reticular activating system.
Mild concussion is characterized by:
retrograde amnesia
The cognitive disorder that results in the loss of memory of events that occurred before a head injury is:
retrograde amnesia
A cause of hydrocephalus in subarachnoid hemorrhage is:
scarring of meninges and impairment of CSF resorption
Both leukocytes and endothelial cells
secrete substances that increase adhesion, or stickiness, causing the leukocytes to adhere more avidly to the endothelial cells in the walls of the capillaries and venules in a process called margination.
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell
size
A 50-year-old male presents with low back pain. He denies trauma and says he just woke up and it was hurting. An MRI reveals that the vertebra at L5 slid forward relative to those above and below it. This condition is called:
spondylolisthesis
A 48-year-old female presents at the emergency department complaining of an acute severe headache, nausea, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. These signs and symptoms are probably caused by:
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Vasogenic edema is clinically important because:
the BBB is disrupted
The primary care provider states that the patient is experiencing vasogenic edema. The nurse realizes vasogenic edema is clinically important because:
the blood-brain barrier is disrupted.
Eosinophils serve as
the body's primary defense against parasites.
Neutrophils are
the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury.
Patients with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the:
thymus