Patho Exam 1 Practice Questions Fluid and Electrolytes
Hypernatremia may be caused by
decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion
Total body water in older adults is
decreased because of increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass
A known cause of hypokalemia is
insulin overdose
What do osmoreceptors secrete?
ADH
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?
infants
How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?
By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Hyperaldosteronism causes
ECV excess and hypokalemia
Which event is likely to lead to hyponatremia?
Frequent nasogastric tube irrigation with water
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
A patient, who is 8 months pregnant has developed eclampsia and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures. To determine if her infusion rate is too high, you should regularly assess which of the following?
The Chvostek sign
A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, ―My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why.‖ The nurse's best response is:
Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell
How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance
Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness
Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency
Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing
Signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess include
bounding pulse
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure
capillary osmotic
Manifestations from sodium imbalances occur primarily as a result of
cellular fluid shifts
Causes of hypomagnesemia include
chronic alcoholism
Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include
confusion
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include
confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures
Which alteration can lead to edema?
decreased lymphatic flow
Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause _____ concentration.
decreased serum sodium
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
decreased urine output
Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by
deficiency of ATP
The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient
has fatty stools from taking an OTC weight loss product that decreases absorption of fat
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
hypercalcemia
Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of
hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia
The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is
hyperkalemia
An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with
hypokalemia
A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop
hypophosphatemia
Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with
hypophosphatemia
What is the most likely explanation for a diagnosis of hypernatremia in an elderly patient receiving tube feeding
inadequate water intake
A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of
increased neuromuscular excitability
Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include
muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias
The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is
osmosis
The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who
receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke
The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions.
sodium
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adult males is
two thirds
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include
weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate