Patho McCance

A. Red blood cells and macrophages are of myeloid lineage, B cells are of lymphoid lineage B. Red blood cells are of myeloid lineage, macrophages and B cells are of lymphoid lineage C. Macrophages and B cells are of myeloid lineage, red blood cells are of lymphoid lineage D. B cells are of myeloid lineage, red blood cells and macrophages are of lymphoid lineage

In terms of cell lineage, how are red blood cells, macrophages, and B cells each classified?

In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells in the vascular niche are active, but hematopoietic stem cells in the osteoblastic niche are dormant.

In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells in the (osteoblastic, vascular) niche are active, but hematopoietic stem cells in the (osteoblastic, vascular) niche are dormant.

fibrin; plasminogen; liver

Plasmin is an enzyme that degrades _________ polymers; its inactive precursor is _______. which is produce by the __________.

thrombocytes; megakaryocytes; bone marrow

Platelets, also called __________, are cytoplasmic fragments of large cells called ___________ that are located in the __________ __________.

Spleen: secondary Thymus: primary Lymph nodes: secondary Peyer patches: secondary Tonsils: secondary Bone Marrow: primary

Primary or Secondary? Spleen: Thymus Lymph nodes Peyer patches (gut associated lymphoid tissue) Tonsils Bone Marrow

A. pH B. Temperature C. 2.3-DPG D. pCO2

An increase in what factor would induce a shift in the standard oxygen dissociation curve to the left.

A. Both A and B antibodies B. Neither A or B antibodies only C. B antibodies only D. A antibodies only

An individual with blood type O- could potentially have which blood antibodies present in their plasma?

Platelets have actin and myosin filaments in them that enable them to contract. This contraction of aggregated platelets expels the serum from inside the clot.

How do the platelets expel the serum from the platelet plug, thus increasing its strength?

A. Normal expiration B. Forced inhalation C. Normal inhalation D. Forced expiration

In a situation where the respiratory bronchioles become inflamed and narrowed, such as is seen in asthma, which aspect of respiration would be most mechanically impaired?

A. Lobar bronchi and alveoli would be affected equally, and they are both found in the respiratory zone B. Lobar bronchi and alveoli would be effected equally, and they are found in the conducting and respiratory zones respectively C. Lobar bronchi, which are found in the conducting zone D. Alveoli, which are found in the respiratory zone

Bronchodilators are a class of drug often used in the treatment of asthma and COPD, which act on B-adrenergic receptors of the airways to induce smooth muscle relaxation. The anatomic distribution of these receptors is closely correlated to the function of each structural component of the lungs. What structural component(s) of the airway would be most affected by the use of a bronchodilator, and in what functional zone(s) are they found?

A. Increase oxygen affinity by directly binding with hemoglobin B. Decrease oxygen affinity by binding with free protons C. Decrease oxygen affinity by directly binding with hemoglobin D. Increase oxygen affinity by binding with free protons

How would an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3) relative to all other molecules in the blood affect the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and why?

Each hemoglobin A molecule consists of four globin chains and four hemes; in order to bind oxygen, the iron portion of heme must be ferrous Fe2+

Each hemoglobin A molecule consists of (two, four) globin chains and (two, four) hemes; in order to bind oxygen, the iron portion of heme must be (ferrous Fe2+, ferric Fe3+).

erythrocytes; platelets

Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to produce more _______; thrombopoietin stimulates bone marrow to produce more __________.

older

Lymphocytes tend to have decreased function in _______ adults.

A. Oxygen-binding molecule in erythrocytes B. Hormone growth factor that regulates platelet formation C. Hormone that regulates iron homeostasis

Match the definitions: Hemoglobin Hepcidin Thrombopoietin

A. Enzyme that dissolves clots B.Chemical released by damaged cells that activates coagulation C.Oxygen-binding molecule in muscle cells

Match the definitions: Tissue thromboplastin Plasmin Myoglobin

Mature erythrocytes do not have a nucleus; mature neutrophils have a multilobed nucleus.

Mature erythrocytes (have, do not have) a nucleus; mature neutrophils have a (round, multilobed) nucleus.

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are granulocytes; immature neutrophils are called bands.

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are (immunocytes, granulocytes); immature neutrophils are called (segmented, bands).

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation; thromboxane A2, epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen trigger platelet adhesion and aggregation.

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin (trigger, inhibit) platelet adhesion and aggregation; thromboxane A2, epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen (trigger, inhibit) platelet adhesion and aggregation.

reversibly; spleen

The capacity to be _____________ deformed is important for erythrocytes because it enables them to squeeze through the sinusoids of the ________ and through the smallest capillaries.

A. Two atria B. Two ventricles C. Papillary muscles Trabeculae camae

The heart consists of four chambers. In a patent foramen ovale, a valvular opening is located between the:

The hormone hepcidin regulates absorption of dietary iron; after absorption, iron circulates attached to transferrin and is stored inside cells attached to ferritin; large amounts of this intracellular iron complex gather as hemosiderin.

The hormone (ferroportin, hepcidin) regulates absorption of dietary iron; after absorption, iron circulates attached to (ferritin, transferrin) and is stored inside cells attached to (ferritin, transferrin); large amounts of this intracellular iron complex gather as (ferroportin, hemosiderin).

Albumin; neutrophils

The most abundant plasma protein is? The most abundant leukocytes are the?

A. CO2 penetrates more deeply into small airways than O2 B. CO2 is less soluble in the blood than O2 C. O2 penetrates more deeply into small airways than CO2 D. CO2 is more soluble in the blood than O2

The partial pressures of CO2 and oxygen (pO2) in the atmosphere at sea level are 0.3 mmHg and 160 mmHg respectively, but the partial pressures of these gases in blood leaving the lungs are 40mmHg (pCO2) and 95 mmHg (pO2). What factor most likely accounts for this difference?

The term hematopoiesis refers to production of blood cells and occurs primarily in the bone marrow after birth.

The term hematopoiesis refers to production of (erythrocytes, blood cells) and occurs primarily in the (bone marrow, spleen) after birth.

A. Bundle of His B. Sinus node C. Purkinje fibers D. Cardiovascular control center

The usual pacemaker of the heart is located at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava and is called the:

thromboplastin; extrinsic

Tissue factor also called tissue _________; this stubstance triggers the _________ pathway of clotting.

A. Intrinsic pathway activation B. Plasmin C. Upstream coagulation factors such as factors XII and X D. Endothelial cell insult

What is the principal component which activates and drives the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Tissue hypoxia from decreased oxygen content of arterial blood

What causes increased release of EPO?

A. VII (Proconvertin/stable factor B. IX (Antihemophilic factor B/Christmas factor) C. X (Stuart-Prower factor) VIII (Antihemophilic factor A)

What coagulation factor is common to both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?

Erythropoiesis (production of more erythrocytes)

What does EPO stimulate the bone marrow to do?

Erythroprotein

What does the acronym EPO mean?

Exposure of platelets to subendothelial collagen causes platelets to adhere to this injured area.

What happens when platelets are exposed to subendothelial collagen?

A leukocyte is a white blood cell of any type, but a lymphocyte is a special type of white blood cell with specific immune functions.

What is the difference between a leukocyte and a lymphocyte?

A multipotent stem cell can differentiate into many different types of cells, but a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate only into the various types of blood cells.

What is the difference between a multipotent stem cell and a hematopoietic stem cell?

A reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte that has a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, but an erythrocyte is fully mature and does not have any of these organelles.

What is the difference between a reticulocyte and erythrocyte?

Ferritin is a protein that binds and stores iron, but apoferritin is ferritin that does not have iron attached.

What is the difference between ferritin and apoferritin?

Mitosis is normal cell division that includes DNA replication, anaphase, and cytokinesis, but endomitosis is a type of cell division done by megakaryocyte progenitors in which DNA replication occurs, but anaphase and cytokinesis are blocked, thus producing a cell with a large polyploid nucleus and numerous organelles that fragements into platelets.

What is the difference between mitosis and endomitosis?

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood with its dissolved substances, but serum is plasma minus the clotting factors.

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A. Less than atmospheric air B. Greater than atmospheric air C. Cannot be predicted without more information D. The same as atmospheric air

What is the pressure of gas within the alveoli at the peak of inspiration, just before expiration, relative to that of atmospheric air?

A. High CO2 reduces the affinity of Hb for O2, but high O2 does not affect the affinity of Hb for CO2. B. High CO2 increases the affinity of Hb for O2, but high O2 does not affect the affinity of Hb for Co2 C. High O2 reduces the affinity of Hb for Co2, and high CO2 reduces the affinity of Hb for O2. D. High O2 increases the affinity of Hb for CO2, and high CO2 increases the affinity of Hb for O2.

What is the relationship between oxygen concentration (O2) , CO2 concentration, and the relative affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for each of these molecules?

A. High serum protein concentration B. Dehydration C. Hemolysis D. Iron Deficiency

What physiological condition would produce a relative increase in hematocrit?

A. Diaphragm; active B. Intercostal muscles; active C. Elastic force; passive D. Reflex arcs; passive

What produces the force which drives normal exhalation, and is the process active or passive?

A. The red cell fraction occupies a greater volume than the plasma fraction B. The red cell fraction has a greater mass than the plasma fraction C. The components of the red cell fraction are larger than the components of the plasma fraction D. The red cell fraction has a greater density than the plasma fraction

When whole blood is run through a centrifuge, why does plasma separate to the top of the tube, while red blood cells separate to the bottom?

EPO is released by the kidney and acts on the bone marrow

Where is EPO released and where does it act on?

A. Thymus B. Kidney C. Bone Marrow D. Spleen

Which of the following does not play an active role in the production of red blood cells?

F, C, A, E, B, D

Write in the correct order: A. Common Myeloid progenitor cell B. Fully differentiated blood cell C. Hematopoietic stem cell D. Blast cell E. Progenitor cell F. Multipotent stem cell