PATHO ?'s

2. The process of clot retraction squeezes serum from the clot, thereby joining the edges of the broken vessel. Through the action of actin and myosin, filaments in platelets contribute to clot retraction. Failure to clot retraction is indicative of what? a. Absence of factor Xa b. The inactivation of factor VIII c. Binds to factor Xa d. The inactivation of clotting factors

d. The inactivation of clotting factors

14. A child who's diagnosed with thalassemia disorder typically suffers complications from the disease and treatment. The child is at risk for which condition? a. Chronic hypoxia and iron overload. b. Hypertrophy of the lungs. c. Hypertrophy of the thymus. d. Infections.

a. Chronic hypoxia and iron overload.

20. Which of the following are signs and symptoms of an infection? Select all that apply a. Fever. b. Bradycardia. c. Increased neutrophils. d. Increased white blood cells. e. Increased red blood cells.

a. Fever.* c. Increased neutrophils.* d. Increased white blood cells.*

1. When a client with a high fever and a diagnosis of viral infection is admitted to the hospital, the nurse would expect the lymphocyte (T cell) count to be? a. Higher than normal b. Lower than normal c. Within normal limits d. Absent

a. Higher than normal

13. Which of the following assessment and laboratory findings would be most closely associated with acute leukemia? a. Increased white blood cells and low grade fever. b. Decreased oxygen levels. c. Increased red blood cells and hypoxia. d. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and bone pain.

a. Increased white blood cells and low grade fever.

15. Which early sign and symptom would you expect to see in a client who has thrombocytopenia and has now developed a hemorrhage? a. Hypotension. b. Decrease pulse oximetry reading. c. Bradycardia. d. Tachycardia.

d. Tachycardia.

4. Aspirin is administered to the client experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI) because of its? a. Antipyretic action b. Antithrombotic action c. Analgesic action d. Antiplatelet action

d. Antiplatelet action

8. Red blood cells contain the protein ____________, which is used to transport oxygen? a. Platelets. b. Neutrophil. c. Hematocrit. d. Hemoglobin.

d. Hemoglobin.

1. Dysplasia is a strong precursor to develop? a. Hypertrophy. b. Cancer. c. Anemia. d. Metaplasia.

b. Cancer.

2. A nurse in the emergency department admits a patient who has experienced severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski trail. The nurse recognizes that which of the following phenomena caused the tissue damage? a. Decreased blood viscosity has results in interstitial bleeding. b. Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia. c. Blood vessels vasodilate which compromises perfusion. d. Autonomic nervous simulation has resulted in injury.

b. Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia.

1. Anticoagulant drugs prevent thromboembolic disorders. How does warfarin, one of the anticoagulant drugs, act on the body? a. Alters vitamin K, reducing its ability to participate in coagulation of the blood. b. Increases prothrombin c. Increases vitamin K dependent factors in the liver d. Increases procoagulation factors

a. Alters vitamin K, reducing its ability to participate in coagulation of the blood.

9. A patient developed a laceration and received sutures. What discharge instructions would you give the patient? a. Apply dressing and ice pack. b. Apply dressing and heat. c. Monitor blood pressure. d. Elevate the body part.

a. Apply dressing and ice pack.

5. With increasing age, there is a greater chance of a woman having been exposed to damaging environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, and radiation. These factors may act on the aging oocyte to cause what in the fetus? a. Down syndrome. b. Marfan syndrome. c. Klinefelter syndrome. d. Turner syndrome.

a. Down syndrome.

3. When assessing the client with the potential diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease, the nurse is alert for which of the following findings? a. Infectious mononucleosis infections b. Discolored teeth c. Hemorrhage d. Hypercellular immunity

a. Infectious mononucleosis infections

7. Most of the coagulation factors are protein synthesized in the? a. Liver. b. Spleen. c. Lungs. d. Kidneys.

a. Liver.

1. The cardinal signs of local inflammation include swelling, pain, redness, and heat. What is the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation? a. Loss of function b. Fever c. Altered level of consciousness d. Sepsis

a. Loss of function*

17. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a grave coagulopathy resulting from overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to what? a. Ob-Gyn complication or septicemia. b. Septicemia or acute hypertension. c. Neoplasms or nonpoisonous snakebites. d. Severe trauma or acute hypertension.

a. Ob-Gyn complication or septicemia.

4. What teratogen can cause cleft lip and palate? a. Measles. b. Rubella. c. Mumps. d. Herpes.

b. Rubella.

12. A nurse should assess a client with hemolytic anemia for weakness, fatigue, malaise, skin and mucous membrane pallor, and: a. A craving for ice. b. A smooth red tongue. c. Jaundice. d. A poor intake of fresh vegetables.

c. Jaundice.

4. The nurse explains to the client that a biopsy of the enlarged lymph node is important because, if Hodgkin's lymphoma is present, the histologic examination will reveal which of the following? a. Absence of Reed-Sternberg cells b. Tay-Sachs cells c. Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells d. Myeloid stem cells

c. Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

3. What deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP? a. Carbon monoxide poisoning. b. Atrophy. c. Hypoxia. d. Necrosis.

c. Hypoxia.

11. Which assessment finding is associated with internal bleeding with disseminated intravascular coagulation? a. Hypertension. b. Petechiae. c. Increasing abdominal girth. d. Bradycardia.

c. Increasing abdominal girth.

3. A client is diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction and is receiving tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Which of the following is a priority nursing intervention? a. Have heparin sodium available b. Monitor for renal failure c. Monitor for signs of bleeding d. Monitor psychosocial status

c. Monitor for signs of bleeding

1. A client with anemia may be tired due to a tissue deficiency of which substance? a. Carbon dioxide b. Factor VIII c. Oxygen d. T-cell antibodies

c. Oxygen

10. Which of the following foods should the nurse encourage the mother to offer to her child with iron deficiency anemia? a. Potato, peas, and chicken. b. Rice cereal, whole milk, and yellow veggies. c. Macaroni, cheese, and ham. d. Pudding, green veggies, and rice.

a. Potato, peas, and chicken.

6. A client with a pulmonary embolism is discharged but will remain on warfarin (Coumadin) therapy for up to 6 months to: a. Prevent further embolism formation b. Minimize the growth of new or existing thrombi c. Continue to reduce the size d. Break up the existing pulmonary embolism until it's totally gone

a. Prevent further embolism formation

19. In the following list, identify items to be included in at teaching plan for a thrombocytopenic client requiring bleeding precautions. Select all that apply. a. Use a straight razor instead of an electric razor. b. Blow your nose gently. c. Avoid rectal temperatures, suppositories, and examinations. d. Avoid fresh fruits and vegetables. e. Avoid contact sports and activities potentially causing trauma.

b. Blow your nose gently.* c. Avoid rectal temperatures, suppositories, and examinations.* e. Avoid contact sports and activities potentially causing trauma.*

6. Laboratory findings indicate that a child with leukemia is also anemic. The nurse interprets this finding as most likely resulting from which of the following? a. Inadequate dietary folic acid intake b. Decreased red blood cell production c. Increased destruction of red blood cells by lymphocytes d. Progressive replacement of bone marrow with scar tissue

b. Decreased red blood cell production

5. A 15 year old has been admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Which of the following signs and symptoms require the most immediate nursing intervention? a. Fatigue and anorexia b. Fever and petechiae c. Swollen neck lymph glands and lethargy d. Enlarge liver and spleen

b. Fever and petechiae

7. A common problem of patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma is a. Thrombosis b. Fractures (broken bones) c. Impaired clotting d. Hypoxia

b. Fractures (broken bones)

2. The nurse is evaluating a neutropenic patient's food tray. What item should be removed from the tray? a. Plastic silverware b. Fresh fruits c. Carton of milk d. Cooked vegetables

b. Fresh fruits

7. When platelets adhere to the vessel wall, they release growth factors that cause smooth muscle to grow. This is a major factor in causing atherosclerosis. What are the factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall? Select all that apply? a. Hemodynamic stress b. High cholesterol c. Diabetes d. Low blood lipids e. Smoking

b. High cholesterol* c. Diabetes* e. Smoking*

5. Contraindications to the administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) include which of the following? a. Age greater than 60 years b. History of cerebral hemorrhage c. History of heart failure d. Cigarette smoking

b. History of cerebral hemorrhage

3. A client is experiencing an allergic reaction to a blood transfusion. Which action should the nurse do first? a. Administer a bolus of normal saline solution b. Maintain patent airway c. Administer epinephrine d. Monitor vital signs

b. Maintain patent airway

6. A client with leukemia has neutropenia. Which function must be frequently assessed? a. Blood pressure. b. Heart sounds. c. Breath sounds. d. Bowel sounds.

c. Breath sounds.

2. A vegetarian client was referred to a dietitian for nutritional counseling for anemia. Which client outcome indicates that the client does not understand nutritional counseling? a. Adds dried fruit to cereal and baked goods b. Cooks tomato-based foods in iron pots c. Drinks coffee or tea with meals d. Adds vitamin C to all meals

c. Drinks coffee or tea with meals

18. A nurse teaches a coworker that the treatment for hemophilia will likely include periodic self-administration of? a. Platelets. b. Whole blood. c. Factor VIII concentrates. d. Fresh frozen plasma.

c. Factor VIII concentrates.

16. An 65 year male begins bleeding from his nose and IV site. Even with pressure on both sites the patient continues to bleed. Failure to clot is an indication of what? a. A lack of red blood cells. b. An overabudance of factor Xa. c. An increase in white blood cells. d. A low platelet count.

d. A low platelet count.