Patho week 8 check your understanding

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

Endorphins

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

Intracranial hemorrhage

It is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

It is true that Bell palsy is a

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to

soft tissue damage

A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

An autoimmune process

A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.

3

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

8

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

Acute hypertension

The complication which is not likely to result from a compound, transverse fracture of the tibia and fibula is

Air embolus

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?

Anticonvulsants

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

Autoimmune injury

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

Basilar skull fracture

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

Bone fractures

A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

Brain herniation

Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

Bursitis

The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is

Cerebral vasodilation

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is usually managed with volume expansion and blood pressure support to enhance cerebral perfusion. This is necessary because subarachnoid hemorrhage predisposes to

Cerebral vasospasm

A fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as

Communited

The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will

Decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord

Tophi are

Deposits of urate crystals in tissues

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism ("growing pain") is worse

During the night

Paget's disease is characterized by

Excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

Fibromyalgia syndrome

Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed

Generalized

What type of fracture generally occurs in children?

Greenstick

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

Hypoventilation

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

Immune injury to basement membranes

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

Inadequate mineralization of osteoid

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they

Increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

Inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of the spinal joints

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

Initiate action to have the cast split or removed

It is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for

Intervention

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include

Left-sided muscle weakness and neglect

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

Lower spine

_________ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.

Meningocele

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache.

Migraine

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

Myasthenia gravis

Bone healing may be impaired by

Nicotine use

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

Noiception

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of

Noncontractile tissue injury

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as a(n)

Osteosarcoma

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

Other potential causes of dementia are ruled out

Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of

Parkinson disease

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

Positive antinuclear antibodies

Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the ________ nerve roots.

Posterior

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

Rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

Rickets

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

Slower rate of action potential conduction

The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be

Sluggish pupil response to light

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

Stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called

Subluxation

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

Sudden, severe headache

Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

Sympathetic nervous system activation

In contrast to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated with

Systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system

The primary reason that prolonged seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that

The lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia

The final stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue, is called

Tophaceous gout

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

Most muscle strains are caused by

abnormal muscle contraction

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain

It is true that epidural bleeding is

characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury