pathology ch. 8 bri

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

31 pairs of spinal nerves, autonamic nerves and ganglia

In patients under 20 years of age, _____ is the most common cause of nontraumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage.

AVM

What is the primary imaging modality used to examine head injuries (trauma)?

CT

What CNS degenerative disorder has the CT pathologic hallmark of atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen, causing focal dilatation of the frontal horns?

Huntington disease

Which of the following is a slow-growing, benign tumor that occurs on the eighth cranial nerve?

acoustic neuroma

What is the myelin sheath?

acts as an axon insulator on neuron

What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

allow CSF to exit brain to enter blood vessel

What degenerative neurologic disease causes widespread selective atrophy and loss of motor nerves that eventually leads to paralysis and death?

amytroptic lateral sclerosis ALS

The smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue are controlled by the _____.

autonamic nervous system

define: Meningioma

benign tumors that arise from arachnoid linining cells and attached to dura

What facial fracture is usually caused by a direct blow to the orbit?

blow out fracture

The central nervous system is composed of the:

brain and spinal cord, 12 pairs of cranial nerves

What are the components of the central nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, brainstem

define: Blow-out fracture

break in floor of orbit

The ventricles of the brain are filled with:

cerebrospinal fluid

The largest part of the brain is the:

cerebrum

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed?

choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricle

Networks of capillaries in the ventricles that form CSF are known as:

choroid plexuses

A brain abscess is usually the result of a:

chronic infection of middle ear , parahasal sinus, or mastoid air cells or systemic infection

What position is recommended to obtain trauma images of the facial bones when the patient cannot be positioned upright?

cross table lateral

Which portion of the brain lies between the cerebrum and the midbrain?

diencephalon

What modality is used to initially screen patients suspected of a transient ischemic attack?

doppler US

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

dorsal, striatrum, ventral striatrum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus.

The inner protective layer of the central nervous system is composed of three layers. The tough, outermost covering is called the:

dura mater

Which type of primary brain tumor usually arises in the walls of the fourth ventricle in children and in the lateral ventricles in adults?

ependymomas

What is caused by arterial bleeding in the cranium?

epidural hematoma

A condition in which brain impulses are disturbed and causes symptoms ranging from loss of consciousness to violent seizures is:

epilepsy

What position is recommended to obtain facial bone radiographic images to evaluate facial trauma?

erect

What anatomy is an extension of the dura mater that projects downward into the longitudinal fissure to separate the cerebral hemispheres?

falx cerebri

Define: Stellate fracture

fracture in which lines of break radiate from central point

Define: Tripod fracture

fracture of zygomatic arch and orbitial floor or rim combined with separation of zygoma

What is the most common primary malignant brain tumor?

glioblastoma multiform CBM

What are the basal ganglia

groupo of structures linked to thalamus in base of brain and involved in cord movement

paralysis on one side of the body is termed:

hemiplegia

Where is the most common site for traumatic arteriovenous fistulas to arise in the CNS?

internal cartoid artery

What are the most common primary malignancies that metastasize to the brain?

melanomas, colon carcinomas, testicular and kidney tumors

Which benign CNS tumor arises from arachnoid lining cells and is attached to the dura?

meningiomas

An acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid is called:

meningitis

Which portion of the brain lies between the cerebrum and the spinal cord?

midbrain

Deterioration of the myelin sheath is a characteristic abnormality of:

multiple sclerosis

What type of fracture involve bilateral and horizontal fractures of the maxillae?

nasal bone fracture

what is the most common facial bone fracture?

nasal bone fracture

The basic unit of the nervous system is the:

neuron

Which of the following types of gliomas are slow growing and tend to calcify?

oligodendrocytoma

What is the function of the cerebellum?

peoduces skilled movements by coordinating activities of groups of muscles

define: Astrocytoma

primary tumor of brain composed of astrocytes

What is the function of the thalamus?

relay station that recieves and processes sensory information of sensory impulses before sending information to cerebral cortex

What is the function of the tentorium cerebelli?

separates cerebellum from posterior parts of cerebrum

Define: Le Fort fracture

severe injury in which separation at fraction site results information of large complex detached fragment unstable and its position altered

define: Acoustic neuroma

slowly growing benign tumor that may occur as solitary lesion or part as part of syndrome of neurofibromatosis

Which of the following supplies the striated skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

What is the most common cause of a subdural empyema?

spread of infection from frontal or ethmoid sinus

What term is used to denote the sudden and dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit?

stroke

A rupture of a berry aneurysm is a major cause of:

subarachnoid hemorrage

What is caused by venous bleeding in the cranium?

subdural hematoma

Which projection is useful in demonstrating fractures of the zygomatic arches?

submentovertex (SMV)

The midbrain consists of the:

tectu\m, cerebral peduncle

Focal neurologic defects that completely resolve within 24 hours are known as:

transient ischemic attack TIA

When the zygoma is separated from the other facial bones, the fracture is known as a _____ fracture.

tripod

Which type of skull fracture can cause separation of the suture?

tripod fracture

define: Chordoma

tumor tahtv arises from remnants of notochord (embryonic neural tube)

Viral inflammation of the brain is termed:

viral meningitis