Pathology Final Exam

How Your Lungs Work

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Hemothorax (S)

Anxiety Chest pain Low blood pressure Pale, cool and clammy skin Rapid heart rate Rapid, shallow breathing Restlessness Shortness of breath

Pleural Effusion (S)

Chest pain, usually a sharp pain that is worse with cough or deep breaths Cough Fever Hiccups Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Sometimes there are no symptoms.

Pneumothorax (S)

Chest pain- Sudden, sharp chest pain on the same side as the affected lung — this pain doesn't occur in the center of your chest under the breast bone. And it doesn't worsen when you breathe in and out. Shortness of breath

Cyanosis

A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood

Herpes Zoster (HZ or HZV) (E)

After you get chickenpox, the virus remains inactive (becomes dormant) in certain nerves in the body. Shingles occurs after the virus becomes active again in these nerves years later. The reason the virus suddenly becomes active again is not clear. Often only one attack occurs. Shingles may develop in any age group, but you are more likely to develop the condition if: You are older than 60 You had chickenpox before age 1 Your immune system is weakened by medications or disease If an adult or child has direct contact with the shingles rash and did not have chickenpox as a child or a chickenpox vaccine, they can develop chickenpox, not shingles.

Urticaria (S)

Appear as small round wheals, rings or large patches and may change shape Itch and may be surrounded by a red flare Occur in batches, and often appear on the face or the extremities Angioedema- 40% with chronic hives, large welts or swelling of skin eyes lips hand feet genitalia, throat, May itch less than hives but can cause pain or burning

Contact Dermatitis (T)

Avoiding the irritant or allergen Applying anti-itch creams or wet compresses Oral Medications (corticosteroids or antihistamines)

Scleroderma (D)

Blood tests Tissue sample Skin assessment

Atelectasis (S)

Breathing difficulty Chest pain Cough

Pleural Effusion (D)

Chest CT scan Chest x-ray Kidney and liver function blood tests Pleural fluid analysis (examining the fluid under a microscope to look for bacteria, amount of protein, and presence of cancer cells) Thoracentesis (a sample of fluid is removed with a needle inserted between the ribs) Ultrasound of the chest and heart

Cellulitis (T)

Cellulitis treatment usually is a prescription oral antibiotic. Within three days of starting an antibiotic, let your doctor know whether the infection is responding to treatment. You'll need to take the antibiotic for up to 14 days. In most cases, signs and symptoms of cellulitis disappear after a few days. If they don't clear up, if they're extensive or if you have a high fever, you may need to be hospitalized and receive antibiotics through your veins (intravenously). Usually, doctors prescribe a drug that's effective against both streptococci and staphylococci. Your doctor will choose an antibiotic based on your circumstances.

Hemothorax (D)

Chest x-ray CT scan Pleural fluid analysis- examines fluid that has collected in the pleural space Thoracentesis-procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest.

Summary: Difference Between Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis (blue bloaters) Productive cough, with progression over time to intermittent dyspnea Frequent and recurrent pulmonary infections Progressive cardiac/respiratory failure over time, with edema and weight gain Patients may be obese. Frequent cough and expectoration are typical. Use of accessory muscles of respiration is common. Coarse rhonchi and wheezing may be heard on auscultation. Patients may have signs of right heart failure (ie, cor pulmonale), such as edema and cyanosis. Because they share many of the same physical signs, COPD may be difficult to distinguish from CHF. One crude bedside test for distinguishing COPD from CHF is peak expiratory flow. If patients blow 150-200 mL or less, they are probably having a COPD exacerbation; higher flows indicate a probable CHF exacerbation. Emphysema (pink puffers) A long history of progressive dyspnea with late onset of nonproductive cough Occasional mucopurulent relapses Eventual cachexia and respiratory failure Patients may be very thin with a barrel chest. They typically have little or no cough or expectoration. Breathing may be assisted by pursed lips and use of accessory respiratory muscles; they may adopt the tripod sitting position. The chest may be hyperresonant, and wheezing may be heard; heart sounds are very distant. Overall appearance is more like classic COPD exacerbation. Causes: In general, the vast majority of COPD cases are the direct result of tobacco abuse. While other causes are known, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, air pollution, occupational exposure (eg, firefighters), and bronchiectasis, this is a disease process that is somewhat unique in its direct correlation to a human activity.

Urticaria (O)

Chronic hives, also known as urticaria, are batches of raised, red or white itchy welts (wheals) of various sizes that appear and disappear. While most cases of hives go away within a few weeks or less, for some people they are a long-term problem. Chronic hives are defined as hives that last more than six weeks or hives that go away, but recur frequently.

Chronic Bronchitis (E)

Cigarette smoking bacterial or viral infections. People exposed to industrial dusts and fumes in the workplace, such as coal miners, grain handlers, and metal molders, are also at high risk of developing this disease. Air pollution can worsen chronic bronchitis symptoms.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (S)

Constant coughing, sometimes called "smoker's cough" Shortness of breath while doing everyday activities Producing a lot of sputum (also called phlegm or mucus) Feeling like you can't breathe or take a deep breath Wheezing

clinical manifestations of disorders of the respiratory system

Diseases or conditions that influence the mechanics of breathing: Asthma: The bronchioles constrict, reducing the size of the airways. This cuts down on the flow of air and makes the respiratory muscles work harder. Emphysema: The lungs become stiff with fibers and become less elastic, which increases the work of the respiratory muscles. Bronchitis: The airways become inflamed and narrower, which restricts the flow of air and increases the work of the respiratory muscles Pneumothorax: Air in the chest cavity equalizes the pressure in the chest cavity with the outside air and causes the lungs to collapse. This is usually caused by trauma or injury. Apnea: Breathing slows or stops under a variety of conditions. There are many types of apnea, and they are usually caused by problems in the respiratory centers of the brain. Diseases or conditions that minimize or prevent gas exchange: Pulmonary edema: Fluid between the alveolus and pulmonary capillary builds up, which increases the distance over which gases must exchange and slows down the exchange. Smoke inhalation: Smoke particles coat the alveoli and prevent the exchange of gases. Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more tightly than either oxygen or carbon dioxide, which minimizes the delivery of oxygen to all the tissues of the body, including the brain, the heart and muscles. Carbon monoxide is a common product of poorly vented heaters (space heaters, furnaces, water heaters) and of automobile exhausts. This condition can be fatal if not caught soon after exposure.

Occupational Lung Disease (T)

Do not smoke Wear proper protective devices, such as facial masks, when around airborne irritants and dusts. Hire a specially-trained occupational health expert to investigate your work environment for risks for occupational lung diseases.

Chronic Bronchitis (S)

Excess mucus is produced constantly The lining of the airways becomes thickened An irritating cough develops Air flow may be hampered The lungs become scarred

Contact Dermatitis (D)

H+P A patch test (contact delayed hypersensitivity allergy test)-small quantities of potential allergens are applied to adhesive patches, which are then placed on your skin. The patches remain on your skin for two days before your doctor evaluates your response.

Pediculosis (O)

Head lice are a very common problem, affecting millions of people each year — especially preschool and elementary school-aged children and their close contacts. Head lice are tiny, wingless, parasitic insects that live and feed on blood from your scalp. Getting head lice isn't a sign of bad personal hygiene or an unclean living environment. This itchy infestation, also called pediculosis capitis, most commonly spreads through close personal contact and by sharing personal belongings.

Pediculosis (E)

Head-to-head contact Sharing personal items Home furnishings

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) (T)

Immediate treatment is needed to prevent death. Treatment includes: Powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics given immediately through a vein (IV) Surgery to drain the sore and remove dead tissue Special medicines called donor immunoglobulins (antibodies) to help fight the infection in some cases Other treatments may include: Skin grafts after the infection goes away to help your skin heal and look better Amputation if the disease spreads through an arm or leg 100% oxygen at high pressure (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) for certain types of bacterial infections

Pediculosis (S)

Intense itching Adult lice on scalp Lice eggs (nits) on hair shafts

Contact Dermatitis (E)

Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common type. This reaction occurs when a substance damages your skin's outer protective layer. Common offenders include harsh soaps, chemical solvents, and cosmetics or skin products, including deodorant. Exposure produces red, dry, itchy patches, often on your hands, fingers or face. The severity of irritant contact dermatitis usually depends on how long you're exposed and the strength of the irritating substance. Some strong irritants, such as bleach or certain acids, can cause a reaction after a single exposure. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when a substance to which you're sensitive (allergen) triggers an immune reaction in your skin. Allergic contact dermatitis produces a red rash, bumps and sometimes blisters when severe. Common allergens include natural rubber, metals such as nickel, costume jewelry, perfume, cosmetics, hair dyes and plants, including poison ivy.

Scabies (S)

Itching, often severe and usually worse at night Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin

Pneumonia (T)

Medication (antibiotics, antivirals, fever reducers, cough medicine) Hospital admission: You are older than 65 years You become confused Your breathing is rapid Your blood pressure drops Your need breathing assistance, including oxygen or respiratory therapy

Scleroderma (T)

Medications -Dilating the blood vessels. Blood pressure medications that dilate blood vessels may help prevent lung and kidney problems and may help treat Raynaud's disease. -Suppressing the immune system. Drugs that suppress the immune system, such as those taken after organ transplants, may help reduce scleroderma symptoms. Therapy Physical or occupational therapy. Therapists can help you to manage pain, improve your strength and mobility, and work on performing essential daily tasks to maintain your independence. Cosmetic procedures. The appearance of skin lesions associated with scleroderma may be helped by exposure to ultraviolet light. Laser surgery also may help camouflage or eliminate these lesions. Surgery Amputation. If finger ulcers caused by severe Raynaud's disease have developed gangrene, amputation may be necessary. Lung transplants. People who have developed high blood pressure in the arteries to their lungs (pulmonary hypertension) may be candidates for lung transplants.

Emphysema (T)

Medications(Smoking cessation drugs, Bronchodilators, inhaled Steroids, antibiotics) Therapy (pulmonary rehabilitation, supplemental oxygen) Surgery (Lung Transplant, Lung volume reduction (diseased tissue removed allowing rest of lung to work better ))

Obstructive vs. Restrictive Lung Disease

Obstructive: shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. Because of damage to the lungs or narrowing of the airways inside the lungs, exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal. At the end of a full exhalation, an abnormally high amount of air may still linger in the lungs.Obstructive lung disease makes it harder to breathe, especially during increased activity or exertion. As the rate of breathing increases, there is less time to breathe all the air out before the next inhalation. Common causes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis Asthma Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis Treatment Medicines that relax smooth muscles and improve airflow are called bronchodilators, and are inhaled. Restrictive: cannot fully fill their lungs with air. most often results from a condition causing stiffness in the lungs themselves. Common causes Interstitial lung disease, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis, an autoimmune disease Obesity, including obesity hypoventilation syndrome Scoliosis Neuromuscular disease, such as muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Treatment Few medicines (control inflammation) supplemental oxygen Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (BiPAP) uses a tight-fitting mask and a pressure generator to assist breathing. BiPAP is helpful for people with obesity hypoventilation syndrome and some nerve or muscle conditions causing restrictive lung disease. Exercise weight loss Lung transplant

Urticaria (T)

Oral antihistamines treatment of underlying condition avoiding the trigger

Pneumonia (D)

Physical Xray Blood and mucus tests

Psoriasis (D)

Physical skin biopsy-determine type of psoriasis

Urticaria (D)

Physical exam and medical history Blood tests-check for levels and function of specific blood cells and proteins Allergy tests Tests to rule out underlying conditions

Scleroderma (S)

Raynaud's phenomenon Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Skin changes Localized scleroderma: - Morphea-oval shaped thickened patches of skin that are white in the middle, with a purple border -Linear scleroderma-more common in children, features bands or streaks of hardened skin on one or both arms or legs, or on the forehead. Linear scleroderma often appears mostly on one side of the body. Systemic scleroderma-affects not only your skin but also your blood vessels and internal organs.

Psoriasis (S)

Red patches of skin covered with silvery scales Small scaling spots (commonly seen in children) Dry, cracked skin that may bleed Itching, burning or soreness Thickened, pitted or ridged nails Swollen and stiff joints

Contact Dermatitis (S)

Red rash or bumps Itching, which may be severe Dry, cracked, red patches, which may resemble a burn Blisters, draining fluid and crusting in severe reactions Skin rash limited to an exposed area — for example, directly under a watchband Pain or tenderness

Cellulitis (S)

Redness Swelling Tenderness Pain Warmth Fever

Pleural Effusion (T)

Remove the fluid Prevent fluid from building up again Determine and treat the cause of the fluid buildup If it is due to congestive heart failure, you may receive diuretics (water pills) and other medications to treat heart failure. Pleural effusions caused by infection are treated with antibiotics. In people with cancer or infections, the effusion is often treated by using a chest tube for several days to drain the fluid. Sometimes, small tubes can be left in the pleural cavity for a long time to drain the fluid. In some cases, the following may be done: Chemotherapy Putting medication into the chest that prevents fluid from building up again after it is drained Radiation therapy Surgery

Scabies (T)

Scabies treatment involves eliminating the infestation with medications. Several creams and lotions are available. You usually apply the medication over all your body, from your neck down, and leave the medication on for at least eight hours. A second treatment is needed if new burrows and rash appear. Because scabies spreads so easily, your doctor may recommend treatment for all family members and other close contacts, even if they show no signs of scabies infestation.

Scleroderma (E)

Scleroderma results from an overproduction and accumulation of collagen in body tissues. Collagen is a fibrous type of protein that makes up your body's connective tissues, including your skin. Although doctors aren't sure what prompts this abnormal collagen production, the body's immune system appears to play a role. For unknown reasons, the immune system turns against the body, producing inflammation and the overproduction of collagen.

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) (S)

Small, red, painful lump or bump on the skin Changes to a very painful bruise-like area and grows rapidly, sometimes in less than an hour The center may become black and die The skin may break open and ooze fluid Other symptoms can include: Feeling ill Fever Sweating Chills Nausea Dizziness Weakness Shock

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (D)

Spirometry-blow air into a mouthpiece and tubing attached to a small machine. The machine measures the amount of air you blow out and how fast you can blow it. Chest Xray H+P

Cellulitis (D)

The appearance of your skin will help your doctor make a diagnosis. Your doctor may also suggest blood tests, a wound culture or other tests to help rule out a blood clot deep in the veins of your legs. Cellulitis in the lower leg is characterized by signs and symptoms that may be similar to those of a clot occurring deep in the veins, such as warmth, pain and swelling.

Atelectasis (T)

The goal of treatment is to re-expand the collapsed lung tissue. If fluid is putting pressure on the lung, removing the fluid may allow the lung to expand. The following are treatments for atelectasis: Clap (percussion) on the chest to loosen mucus plugs in the airway Perform deep breathing exercises (with the help of incentive spirometry devices) Remove or relieve any blockage by bronchoscopy or another procedure. Tilt the person so the head is lower than the chest (called postural drainage). This allows mucus to drain more easily. Treat a tumor or other condition, if there is one Turn the person to lie on the healthy side, allowing the collapsed area of lung to re-expand Use aerosolized respiratory treatments (inhaled medications) to open the airway Use other devices that help increase positive pressure in the airways and clear fluids (positive and expiratory pressure [PEP] devices)

Emphysema (E)

The main cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to airborne irritants, including: Tobacco smoke Marijuana smoke Air pollution Manufacturing fumes Coal and silica dust

Psoriasis (T)

Topical treatments Light therapy (phototherapy)-When exposed to UV rays in sunlight or artificial light, the activated T cells in the skin die. This slows skin cell turnover and reduces scaling and inflammation Oral or injected medications doctors choose treatments based on the type and severity of psoriasis and the areas of skin affected, the traditional approach is to start with the mildest treatments — topical creams and ultraviolet light therapy (phototherapy) — and then progress to stronger ones only if necessary.

Normal and Abnormal breath sounds

Vesicular breath (normal) sounds are heard over most of the peripheral lung fields, and are described as soft, low pitched, and with a gentle rustling quality Crackles Also known as rales, these abnormal breath sounds are usually caused by excessive fluid within the airways. This fluid could be due to an exudate, as in pneumonia or other infections of the lung, or a transudate, as in congestive heart failure. Wheezes characteristically an expiratory sound associated with forced airflow through abnormally collapsed airways with residual trapping of air. Although commonly associated with asthma, wheezes may also be due to other causes such as airway swelling, tumor, or obstructing foreign bodies.

Emphysema (D)

Xray CT Lab Tests-test blood oxygen level ex:ABG Lung function tests- spirometer

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) (D)

Your doctor or nurse may diagnose this condition by looking at your skin. You may be diagnosed in an operating room by a surgeon. Tests that may be done include: CT scan Blood tests Skin tissue biopsy

Herpes Zoster (HZ or HZV) (D)

Your health care provider can make the diagnosis by looking at your skin and asking questions about your medical history. Tests are rarely needed, but may include taking a skin sample to see if the skin is infected with the virus that causes shingles. Blood tests may show an increase in white blood cells and antibodies to the chickenpox virus, but they cannot confirm that the rash is due to shingles.

Contact Dermatitis (O)

a kind of skin inflammation that occurs when substances touching your skin cause irritation or an allergic reaction. The resulting red, itchy rash isn't contagious or life-threatening, but it can be very uncomfortable.

Pneumothorax (O)

accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a collapsed lung. occurs when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses.

Pleural Effusion (O)

accumulation of fluid in the pleural space buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5WeBhn7u6M

Scabies (O)

an itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of the mite leads to intense itching in the area of its burrows. The urge to scratch may be especially strong at night. Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close physical contact in a family, child care group, school class or nursing home. Because of the contagious nature of scabies, doctors often recommend treatment for entire families or contact groups to eliminate the mite.

Herpes Zoster (HZ or HZV) (T)

antiviral drug corticosteroids Antihistamines Pain medicines bed rest You may need to stay away from people while the sores are oozing to avoid infecting those who have never had chickenpox

Pneumothorax (E)

anything causing accumulation of air in the pleural space Chest injuries- blunt or penetrating injury to your chest can cause lung collapse Underlying lung diseases: Emphysema Tuberculosis Pneumonia Cystic fibrosis Lung cancer Pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Ruptured air blisters Mechanical ventilation A severe type of pneumothorax can occur in people who need mechanical assistance to breathe. The action of the ventilator, which pushes and pulls air in and out of the lungs, can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest. The lung may collapse completely and the heart may be squeezed to the point that it can't work properly. A severe pneumothorax is a medical emergency and can be fatal.

Hemothorax (O)

blood in the pleural space collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (the pleural cavity).

Atelectasis (E)

caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. It is common after surgery, or in patients who were in the hospital. Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia Foreign object in the airway (most common in children) Lung diseases Mucus that plugs the airway Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion) Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing) Tumors that block an airway

Hemothorax (T)

chest tube is inserted through the chest wall to drain the blood and air. It is left in place for several days to re-expand the lung. When a hemothorax is severe and a chest tube alone does not control the bleeding, surgery (thoracotomy) may be needed to stop the bleeding. The cause of the hemothorax should be also treated. In people who have had an injury, chest tube drainage is often all that is needed. Surgery is often not needed.

Psoriasis (O)

common skin disease that affects the life cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis causes cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin, forming thick silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches that are sometimes painful. Psoriasis is a persistent, long-lasting (chronic) disease. You may have periods when your psoriasis symptoms improve or go into remission alternating with times your psoriasis worsens.

Occupational Lung Disease (S)

coughing shortness of breath chest pain chest tightness abnormal breathing pattern

Hemoptysis

coughing up blood from some part of the lungs (respiratory tract)

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) (E)

different types of bacteria can cause this infection. A very severe and usually deadly form of necrotizing soft tissue infection is due to Streptococcus pyogenes, which is sometimes called "flesh-eating bacteria." Necrotizing soft tissue infection develops when the bacteria enters the body, usually through a minor cut or scrape. The bacteria begins to grow and release harmful substances (toxins) that kill tissue and affect blood flow to the area. As the tissue dies, the bacteria enters the blood and rapidly spreads throughout the body.

erythema

diffuse redness of skin due to dilation of superficial capillaries

Scabies (E)

eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows just beneath your skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs. The eggs hatch in three to four days, and the mite larvae work their way to the surface of your skin, where they mature and can spread to other areas of your skin or to the skin of other people. The itching of scabies results from your body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.

Scleroderma (O)

group of rare, progressive diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues — the fibers that provide the framework and support for your body. Localized scleroderma affects only the skin. Systemic scleroderma also harms internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys and digestive tract.

Occupational Lung Disease (E)

hazardous chemicals, dusts, and fibers

Psoriasis (E)

idiopathic genetic environment Overactive T cells trigger other immune responses

Chronic Bronchitis (O)

inflammation of the lining of the airways, or bronchial tubes. When your airways are inflamed and/or infected, less air is able to flow to and from the lungs and you cough up heavy mucus or phlegm. Acute bronchitis can accompany a cold and clears up after a week or two. Chronic bronchitis mucus-producing cough most days of the month, three months of a year for two years in a row without other underlying disease to explain the cough. After a long period of irritation:

Pneumonia (O)

inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites particular concern if you're older than 65 or have a chronic illness or weak immune system. It can also occur in young, healthy people.

Urticaria (E)

inflammation of the skin triggered when certain cells (mast cells) release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream, causing small blood vessels to leak. The exact cause of chronic hives isn't well understood — and triggers can be difficult to pinpoint. Chronic hives are thought to be caused by an immune system (autoimmune) disorder and may be linked to another health problem, such as thyroid disease or lupus.

Cellulitis (O)

is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. Cellulitis appears as a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot and tender, and it may spread rapidly. Skin on lower legs is most commonly affected, though cellulitis can occur anywhere on your body or face. Cellulitis may affect only your skin's surface, or cellulitis may also affect tissues underlying your skin and can spread to your lymph nodes and bloodstream.

Herpes Zoster (HZ or HZV) (O)

is a painful, blistering skin rash due to the varicella-zoster virus, the virus that causes chickenpox.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (O)

lung disease that over time makes it hard to breathe. COPD (short for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Obstruction in COPD means that the flow of air in and out of the lungs is less than it should be. When that happens less oxygen gets into the body tissues and it becomes harder to get rid of carbon dioxide which is the waste gas. As the disease gets worse, it is harder to remain active due to shortness of breath. Most importantly, COPD can be prevented and can be treated. 3rd leading cause of death in the US. It causes serious long-term disability and early death. At this time there is no cure for COPD.

Pneumonia (E)

most common are bacteria and viruses normally encountered in the environment.

Hemothorax (E)

most common cause of hemothorax is chest trauma. It can also occur in patients who have: A defect of blood clotting Death of lung tissue (pulmonary infarction) Lung or pleural cancer Placement of a central venous catheter Thoracic or heart surgery Tuberculosis

Scabies (D)

o diagnose scabies, your doctor examines your skin, looking for signs of mites, including the characteristic burrows. When your doctor locates a mite burrow, he or she may take a scraping from that area of your skin to examine under a microscope. The microscopic examination can determine the presence of mites or their eggs.

Cellulitis (E)

occurs when one or more types of bacteria enter through a crack or break in your skin. The two most common types of bacteria that are causes of cellulitis are streptococcus and staphylococcus. The incidence of a more serious staphylococcus infection called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing. Although cellulitis can occur anywhere on your body, the most common location is the lower leg. Bacteria is most likely to enter disrupted areas of skin, such as where you've had recent surgery, cuts, puncture wounds, an ulcer, athlete's foot or dermatitis. Certain types of insect or spider bites also can transmit the bacteria that start the infection. Areas of dry, flaky skin also can be an entry point for bacteria, as can swollen skin.

Pneumonia (S)

often mimics the flu, beginning with a cough and a fever, so you may not realize you have a more serious condition. Symptoms can vary depending on your age and general health. The signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: Fever Lower-than-normal body temperature in older people Cough Shortness of breath Sweating Shaking chills Chest pain that fluctuates with breathing (pleurisy) Headache Muscle pain Fatigue

Herpes Zoster (HZ or HZV) (S)

one-sided pain, tingling, or burning. The pain and burning may be severe and is usually present before any rash appears. Red patches on the skin, followed by small blisters, form in most people. The blisters break, forming small sores that begin to dry and form crusts. The crusts fall off in 2 to 3 weeks. Scarring is rare. The rash usually involves a narrow area from the spine around to the front of the belly area or chest. The rash may involve the face, eyes, mouth, and ears. Other symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Fever and chills General ill feeling Genital sores Headache Joint pain Swollen glands (lymph nodes) You may also have pain, muscle weakness, and a rash involving different parts of your face if shingles affects a nerve in your face. The symptoms may include: Difficulty moving some of the muscles in the face Drooping eyelid (ptosis) Hearing loss Loss of eye motion Taste problems Vision problems

Pleural Effusion (E)

our body produces pleural fluid in small amounts to lubricate the surfaces of the pleura, the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs. A pleural effusion is an abnormal, excessive collection of this fluid. There are two different types: Transudative pleural effusions are caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space. This is caused by increased pressure in the blood vessels or a low blood protein count. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause. Exudative effusions are caused by blocked blood vessels or lymph vessels, inflammation, lung injury, and tumors.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (T)

quit smoking medications (airway dilators) oxygen therapy pulmonary rehabilitation surgery-very severe cases

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) (O)

rare but very severe type of bacterial infection. It can destroy the muscles, skin, and underlying tissue. The word "necrotizing" refers to something that causes body tissue to die.

papule

red raised area of skin, generally small and solid

Pneumothorax (T)

relieve the pressure on your lung, allowing it to re-expand, and to prevent recurrences. Observation Needle or chest tube insertion If a larger area of your lung has collapsed, it's likely that a needle or chest tube will be used to remove the air. The hollow needle or tube is inserted between the ribs into the air-filled space that is pressing on the collapsed lung. With the needle, a syringe is attached so the doctor can pull out the excess air — just like a syringe is used to pull blood from a vein. Chest tubes are often attached to a suction device that continuously removes air from the chest cavity and may be left in place for several hours to several days. Surgery If a chest tube doesn't resolve your problem, surgery may be necessary to close the air leak. In most cases, the surgery can be performed through small incisions, using a tiny fiberoptic camera and narrow, long-handled surgical tools. The surgeon will look for the leaking bleb and sew it closed. If no leaking bleb is visible, a substance like talc is blown in through the tube to irritate the tissues around the lung so that they'll stick together and seal any leaks. Rarely, the surgeon will have to make a larger incision between the ribs to get better access to multiple or larger air leaks.

Occupational Lung Disease (O)

repeated and long-term exposure to certain irritants on the job can lead to an array of lung diseases that may have lasting effects, even after exposure ceases. Certain occupations, because of the nature of their location, work, and environment, are more at risk for occupational lung diseases than others.

wheal

round transient elevation of skin, which is white in the center w/ pale red edges

Chronic Bronchitis (D)

see COPD

Chronic Bronchitis (T)

see COPD

pruritus

severe itching

Pediculosis (T)

shampoos Prescription medications Combing wet hair with fine toothed comb- recommended for those under 2

Emphysema (S)

shortness of breath, which usually begins gradually. You may start avoiding activities that cause you to be short of breath, so the symptom doesn't become a problem until it starts interfering with daily tasks. Emphysema eventually causes shortness of breath even while you're at rest.

vesicle

small fluid filled blister

pustule

small raised area of skin, filled with pus or lymph

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (E)

smoking pollution in the air alpha-1 (AAT) related emphysema-inherited lack of protein in blood

Emphysema (O)

the air sacs in your lungs are gradually destroyed, making you progressively more short of breath. one of the COPD diseases turns the spherical air sacs — clustered like bunches of grapes — into large, irregular pockets with gaping holes in their inner walls. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream. Emphysema also slowly destroys the elastic fibers that hold open the small airways leading to the air sacs. This allows these airways to collapse when you breathe out, so the air in your lungs can't escape. Treatment may slow the progression of emphysema, but it can't reverse the damage.

Atelectasis (O)

the collapse of part or (much less commonly) all of a lung.

Pneumothorax (D)

xray CT