Pathophysiology Final

while in the hospital for management of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), a patient develops severe thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate action for this condition is... A) anticoagulant therapy B) chemotherapy C) activity restriction D) isolation

activity restriction

All the following stress induced hormones increase blood glucose except... A) aldosterone B) cortisol C) norepinephrine D) epinephrine

aldosterone

Characteristics of X-linked (sex-linked) recessive disorders include... A) all daughters of affected fathers being carriers B) boys and girls being equally affected C) the son of a carrier female's having a 25% chance of being affected D) affected fathers transmitting the gene to all their sons

all daughters of affected fathers being carriers

Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers because they are... A) polar B) charged C) insoluble D) amphipathic

amphipathic

A commonly ingested substance associated with prolongation of the bleeding time is... A) acetaminophen B) tobacco C) caffeine D) aspirin

aspirin

The electrolyte that must be present in cellular cytoplasm for muscle contraction to occur is... A) potassium B) sodium C) magnesium D) calcium

calcium

An important difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle is that... A) cardiac muscle is not striated B) only skeletal muscle is dependent upon actin-myosin cross-bridging C) calcium does not leave the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells D) cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry.

cardiac muscle has calcium channels on the cell surface for calcium entry.

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to... A) cardiovascular disease B) depression C) impaired cognitive function D) autoimmune disease E) overactive immune functioning

cardiovascular disease depression impaired cognitive function autoimmune disease

Events which occur during the alarm stage of the stress response include secretion of... A) catecholamines B) ACTH C) glucocorticoids D) immune cytokines E) TSH

catecholamines ACTH glucocorticoids immune cytokines

cancer grading is based on... A) tumor size B) local invasion C) cell differentiation D) metastasis

cell differentiation

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes... A) hypoxemia B) reduced erythropoietin C) chemotherapy D) secondary polycythemia

chemotherapy

Final step in clot formation... A) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin B) platelet degranulation and adhesion C) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin D) clot retraction

clot retraction

Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are... A) genetically transmitted B) easily prevented and managed C) autoimmune in nature D) demyelinating focused

genetically transmitted

A 3 year old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count is likely to be diagnosed with... A) hemophilia B) liver dysfunction C) disseminated intravascular coagulation D) thrombocytopenia

hemophilia

The effects of excessive cortisol production include... A) immune suppression B) hypoglycemia C) anorexia D) inflammatory reaction

immune suppression

Constipation in an elderly patient can best be treated by... A) maintaining a low-fiber diet B) maintaining the current level of activity C) fecal disimpaction D) increasing fiber in the diet

increasing fiber in the diet

the major cause of leukemic disease is... A) infection B) malnutrition C) hypovolemic shock D) kidney failure

infection

the patient is a 12 year old boy diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). As part of treatment, the patient must undergo several weeks of chemotherapy. The most serious complication of chemotherapy is... A) vomiting B) anemia C) alopecia D) infection

infection

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to... A) enhance fibrinolysis B) inhibit clotting factor consumption C) activate platelets D) enhance liver synthesis of clotting factors

inhibit clotting factor consumption

The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a measure of the integrity of... A) the extrinsic pathway B) the intrinsic pathway C) factor VIII synthesis D) plasminogen

intrinsic pathway

after bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor... A) is benign B) is malignant C) is secondary to cancer elsewhere in the body D) has spread

is malignant

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency? A) liver B) kidney C) spleen D) pancreas

liver

cystic fibrosis is a single-gene disorder that primarily affects... A) brain and heart B) kidney and adrenals C) lungs and pancreas D) liver and intestine

lungs and pancreas

The primary factor associated with the risk of Down syndrome is... A) family history of heritable disease B) exposure to TORCH syndrome organisms C) maternal alcohol intake D) maternal age

maternal age

Carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of... A) polysaccharides B) disaccharides C) monosaccharides D) monoglycerides

monosaccharides

renal insufficiency is a common complication of which disease? A) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) B) chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) C) myeloma D) hodgkin disease

myeloma

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except... A) necrosis B) metaplasia C) atrophy D) hyperplasia

necrosis

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of... A) non-contractile tissue injury B) contractile tissue injury C) vascular insufficiency D) skeletal muscle damage

non-contractile tissue injury

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by... A) norepinephrine B) cortisol C) glucagon D) ACTH

norepinephrine

The strength of the bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is known as the... A) Bohr effect B) oxygen-hemoglobin affinity C) dissociation curve D) hemoglobin synthesis

oxygen-hemoglobin affinity

An early indicator of color cancer is... A) rectal pain B) bloody diarrhea C) a change in bowel habits D) jaundice

A change in bowel habits

which type of leukemia primarily affects children? A) ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia) B) CLL (chronic lymphoid leukemia) C) AML (acute myeloid leukemia) D) CML (chronic myeloid leukemia)

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

GTP-binding proteins (G-Proteins) function to... A) activate receptors on the extracellular surface B) degrade second-messenger molecules C) activate intracellular enzyme systems D) synthesize ATP

Activate intracellular enzyme systems

The most common cause of mechanical bowel obstruction is... A) volvulus B) intussusception C) adhesions D) fecal impaction

Adhesions

Repolarization of a neuron after a depolarizing action potential is because of... A) Activation of the NA+/K+ pump B) influx of calcium C) efflux of potassium D) influx of sodium

Efflux of potassium

A laboratory test finding helpful in confirming the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia is... A) Elevated total iron-binding capacity B) Elevated MCHC and MCV C) Elevated total and indirect bilirubin D) Positive direct or indirect Coombs test

Elevated total iron-binding capacity

The action of bile is to... A) emulsify fats B) digest cellulose C) convert sucrose D) release free amino acids

Emulsify fats

Cell to cell communication through secretion of chemical signals into the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body is called___________ signaling.... A) synaptic B) paracrine C) endocrine D) autocrine

Endocrine

The most effective therapy for anemia associated with kidney failure is... A) iron administration B) high-protein diet C) erythropoietin administration D) Vitamin B12 and folate administration

Erythropoietin administration

Treatment for Hemophilia A includes... A) heparin administration B) factor IX replacement C) factor VIII replacement D) platelet transfusion

Factor VIII replacement

What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? A) Factor X B) Factor XII C) HMWK D) Kallikrein E) Thrombin

Factor XII HMWK Kallikrein Thrombin

Information parents should be given about the consequences of PKU include... A) high dietary phenylalanine may help induce enzyme production B) PKU is commonly associated with other congenital anomalies C) failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation D) mental retardation is inevitable

Failure to avoid phenylalanine results in progressive mental retardation

A fetus is most vulnerable to environmental teratogens during... A) birth B) conception C) first trimester D) last trimester

First trimester

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs... A) activation of the coagulation cascade B) platelet aggregation C) platelet adhesion to injured tissue D) platelet production

platelet adhesion to injured tissue

The megakaryocyte is a precursor to... A) factor IX B) white blood cells C) red blood cells D) platelets

platelets

A 17 year old college student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of... A) Primary prevention B) secondary prevention C) tertiary prevention D) disease treatment

primary prevention

The portion of the stomach that controls gastric emptying... A) fundus B) body C) antrum D) pylorus

pylorus

The benefit of glycolysis is that this second stage of catabolism supplies... A) ATP to meet energy needs of the body B) pyruvate to the citric acid cycle C) energy for oxidative phosphorylation D) lactate during anaerobic conditions

pyruvate to the citric acid cycle

Deep pressure ulcers usually... A) Appear first as reddened areas that do not blanch B) begin in the dermal and epidermal skin layers C) result from thrombosis of deep vessels D) are an unavoidable consequence of immobility

result from thrombosis of deep vessels

Results of biochemical tests indicate an infant has phenylketonuria (PKU). The parents ask what PKU means. Correct responses would include all of the following except PKU... A) is an enzyme deficiency resulting in the inability to metabolize phenylalanine B) is an inborn error of metabolism C) results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction D) is transmitted as an autosomal-recessive disorder

results from a chromosome abnormality called nondisjunction

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of... A) primary prevention B) secondary prevention C) tertiary prevention D) disease treatment

secondary prevention

Approximately what percentage of the human DNA chromosomes code for proteins? A) 1% B) 10% C) 50% D) 80%

1%

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of breaking down a glucose molecule to form... A) CO2 and H2O B) 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate C) 30 ATP D) Oxygen

2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

characteristics of smooth muscles include... A) being under voluntary control B) having striations C) contraction being short-lived D) being found in blood vessels

Being found in blood vessels

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as... A) Carboxyhemoglobin B) Bicarbonate Ion C) Dissolved carbon dioxide D) Carbonic acid

Bicarbonate ion

Which involves bleeding associated with vascular or platelet defects? A) Bleeding that occurs immediately after trauma B) Bleeding that involves skin or mucous membranes C) Bleeding that is brief in duration D) Bleeding that is delayed E) Bleeding into muscles or joints

Bleeding that occurs immediately after trauma Bleeding that involves skin or mucus membranes Bleeding that is brief in duration

A 4 year old boy is brought to the ER after taking an overdose of his babysitter's NSAIDs he found in her backpack. Which of the following laboratory tests would be abnormal? A) platelet count B) bleeding time C) PTT D) PT/INR

Bleeding time

Ulcerative colitis is most commonly associated with... A) bloody diarrhea B) malabsorption of nutrients C) fistula formation between loops of bowel D) inflammation and scarring of the submucosal layer of the bowel.

Bloody diarrhea

malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as... A) lymphoma B) sarcomas C) carcinomas D) adenomas

Carcinomas

Which is associated with contraction of the gallbladder? A) Cholecystokinin B) Morphine C) Norepinephrine D) Gastrin

Cholecystokinin

Proton pump inhibitors may be used in the management of peptic ulcer disease to... A) increase gastric motility B) inhibit secretion of pepsinogen C) neutralize gastric acid D) decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion

Decrease hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to... A) decreased urinary output. B) increased blood potassium. C) increased sodium retention. D) increased blood volume. E) decreased blood pressure.

Decreased urinary output Increased sodium retention Increased blood volume

Which disorder causes a patient's body to clot and bleed at the same time? A) disseminated intravascular coagulation B) von Willebrand C) immune thrombocytopenia D) hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of... A) pancreatitis B) cardiac angina C) gastric ulcer D) dysphagia

Gastric ulcer

Your patient's RBC is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by... A) gender difference B) situational factors C) normal variation D) cultural variation E) Illness

Gender difference Situational factors Normal variation Illness

A male patient involved in a motor vehicle accident is brought to the emergency department with acute flank pain. What additional signs of bleeding may the patient exhibit? A) Hematuria B) Melena C) Hematemesis D) Menorrhagia E) Hemoptysis

Hematuria Melena Hematemesis Hemoptysis (coughing blood)

An increase in extracellular potassium ion from 4.0 to 6.0 mEq/L would... A) Hyperpolarize the resting membrane potential B) Make it more difficult to reach threshold and produce an action potential C) Hypopolarize the resting membrane potential D) Alter the resting membrane potential E) Does not change with extracellular potassium

Hypopolarize the resting membrane potential

Older individuals may experience which change in the mouth? A) increase in salvation B) increase in taste for salt C) increase in the number of papillae D) increased exposure of dentin

Increased exposure of dentin

Celiac sprue is a malabsorption disorder associated with... A) inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods B) megacolon at regions of autonomic denervation C) ulceration of the distal colon and rectum D) deficient production of pancreatic enzymes

Inflammatory reaction to gluten-containing foods

What is necessary for RBC production? A) Phosphate B) Iron C) Magnesium D) Calcium

Iron

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia? A) Increased total iron-binding capacity B) Increased heart rate C) Hypovolemia D) Jaundice

Jaundice

The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the... A) bone marrow B) kidneys C) lungs D) liver

Kidneys

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy which will... A) selectively kill tumor cells B) stimulate immune cells to fight the cancer C) have minimal side effects D) kill rapidly diving cells

Kill rapidly dividing cells

A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? A) Lung cancer is always fatal B) lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate C) Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early D) Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers.

Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate

The cancer considered to be most malignant... A) Hyperkeratosis B) Basal cell carcinoma C) Squamous cell carcinoma D) Melanoma

Melanoma

The sympathetic nerve endings in the GI tract secrete... A) acetylcholine B) histamine C) gastrin D) norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

What laboratory finding is usually found in aplastic anemia? A) Leukocytosis B) Thrombocythemia C) Neutrophilia D) Pancytopenia

Pancytopenia

Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely to be a component of... A) fat B) sugar C) protein D) carbohydrate

Protein

What is atrophy?

Reduction of organ size due to cellular shrinkage

Which diseases may be associated with a bleeding problem? A) Urinary retention B) Renal failure C) Cirrhosis D) Systemic lupus erythematosus E) Ovarian cancer

Renal Failure Cirrhosis Systemic Lupus erythematosus Ovarian Cancer

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the... A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Cecum

Small intestine

A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of... A) gastroesophageal reflux B) stomatitis C) esophageal varices D) Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Stomatitis

A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with... A) petechiae B) purpura C) telangiectasia D) thrombocytosis

Telangiectasia

A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR is indicative of... A) Vitamin K deficiency B) Hemophilia B C) Hemophilia A D) Idiopathic thrombocytopenia

Vitamin K deficiency

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn is most likely experiencing... A) vitamin K deficiency bleeding B) squired vitamin K deficiency C) von Willebrand disease D) disseminated intravascular coagulation

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

males are more likely than females to be affected by_____ disorders... A) X-linked B) autosomal-dominant C) autosomal-recessive D) chromosomal nondisjunction

X-linked

Which tissue type is categorized as epithelial? A) tendons and ligaments B) Blood cells C) blood vessel endothelium D) cartilage

blood vessel endothelium

The primary role of genes is to... A) code for reproduction B) direct the synthesis of proteins C) determine differentiation D) determine cellular apoptosis

direct the synthesis of proteins

widespread activation of the clotting cascade secondary to massive trauma is called... A) hemophilia B B) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) C) Hageman disease D) idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

The cellular charge that is considered preneoplastic is... A) anaplasia B) dysplasia C) metaplasia D) hyperplasia

dysplasia

The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is... A) energy and repair B) invoke resting state C) produce exhaustion D) set a new baseline steady-state

energy and repair

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (International Normalized Ratio) measure the integrity of... A) platelet function B) extrinsic pathway C) intrinsic pathway D) fibrinolysis

extrinsic pathway

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in... A) clot retraction B) fibrinolysis C) platelet aggregation D) activation of thrombin

fibrinolysis

Autologous stem cell transplantation is a procedure in which... A) there is a high rejection rate B) stem cells are transferred to the patient from an HLA-matched donor C) stem cells are transferred to the patient from an identical twin D) stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient

stem cells are harvested from the patient and then returned to the same patient

Allostasis is best defined as... A) steady-state B) a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism C) the process by which the body heals, following disease D) the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

The resting membrane potential in nerve and skeletal muscle is determined primarily by... A) extracellular sodium ion concentration B) the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions C) activation of voltage-gated sodium channels D) activity of energy-dependent membrane pumps

the ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium ions

Metaplasia is... A) the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another; secondary to persistent damage B) the transformation of cell type to malignancy C) an irreversible cellular adaptation D) The disorganization of cells into various sizes, shapes, and arrangements

the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another; secondary to persistent damage

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by... A) platelet factors B) collagen exposure C) tissue thromboplastin D) factor VII

tissue thromboplastin

Excitable cells are able to conduct action potentials because they have... A) receptors for neurotransmitters B) tight junctions C) ligand-gated channels D) voltage-gated channels

voltage-gated channels