Pathophysiology: Unit 1 FINAL

What is the normal net filtration pressure found on the arteriole side of the capillaries?

+ 9 mmHg on the arteriole side when blood pressure is higher.

What is the normal net filtration pressure found on the venule side of the capillaries?

-8 mmHg, so it favors reabsorption

What is the normal concentration of sodium in the plasma?

136-146 mEq/L

What is the rate kidneys can excrete water?

15 ml/min

What are normal acid/base values for blood pH?

7.35- 7.45 range; 7.4 is normal

What are three reasons that cells change?

Adapt to new environment Escape Protect themselves

What are exchanged into the capillaries from the tissues?

CO2, acid, urea, and other wastes that need to be excreted.

Where are some common tissues that experience hypertrophy?

Cardiac muscle- due to pumping harder skeletal muscle kidneys- if some of the kidney is removed the other portions enlarge to compensate

define isosmotic? Wher is the net water movement?

Concentration of two fluids separated by a membrane are equal. There is no water movement when solutes are equal.

What are the signals that start the RAAS system?

Dehydration; Na+deficiency; hemorrhage

What is metabolic acidosis? What can cause this?

Depression of HCO3-; Renal failure (kidneys dumb bicarbonate), shock, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, salicylate overdose (asprin)

What is respiratory alkalosis? What can cause this?

Depression of Pressure of CO2; hyperventilation (releasing too much CO2) excitement, anxiety

What is respiratory acidosis? what can cause this?

Elevation of Pressure of CO2; hypoventilation (not releasing CO2 from lungs), asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, coma, choking

How does permeability affect Starling's Law of the Capillaries?

How many spaces and how large the spaces are. Disease conditions can affect the amount of holes and their size. inflammation, burns, allergies

What tissues does antidiuretic hormone affect in the body? how does it affect them?

Kidneys to retain more water Sweat glands in the skin to decrease perspiration and retain water Aterioles constrict to increase blood pressure

Using the mnemonic ROME, what does ME refer to?

Metabolic Equal low pH is low HCO3-, High pH is High HCO3-

What are exchanged into the tissues through capillaries?

O2, glucose, and other nutrients

Using the mnemonic ROME, What does RO refer to?

Respiratory opposite Low pH would be High CO2, High pH would be low CO2

What two organ system regulate the acid/base balance in the body?

Respiratory regulate CO2 Urinary (kidneys/metabolic) regulate bicarbonate

What are the major ions extracellular?are they cations or anions?

Sodium (Na+)= cation; Calcium (Ca++)= cation; Chloride (Cl-)= anion bicarbonate (HCO3-)= anion

How does Angiotensin II effect the body?

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Cause vasoconstriction of arterioles

Define hyposmotic? Where is the net water movement?

The concentration of intracellular fluid is higher than the extracellular fluid. Water moves from extracellular to intracellular.

Define hyperosmotic? where is the net water movement?

The concentration of the Extracellular fluid is higher than the intracellular fluid. Water moves from intracellular to extracellular

What do capillaries join. How does a RBC pass through?

They join arteriole and venules, they are interconnected beds of vessels. A RBC must fold to pass through.

What causes Atrial Natriuretic peptide to be released?

When baroreceptors of the heart detect increased blood volume

Dysplasia

a change to an abnormal cell line- not normal and not found typical any where in a healthy body. this is a precancerous change. Characterized by atypical changes in the size, shape, and appearance of the cells.

Atrophy

a decrease in cell size, may result in the complete loss of cells. It is a sign of disease rather than a successful adaptation

What are the effects of excessive water consumption?

a decrease in plasma and interstitial osmolarity causes water to move into the cell. results are cellular swelling. Water intoxication.

What is an Electrolyte?

a substance that dissociates into ions in a aqueous solution and conducts

What is a buffer?

acts as an H+ or an OH- sponge to help regulate body pH

Metaplasia

an adaptive substitution to a different, more hardier, cell type or line

How does a decrease in plasma protein production effect Sterling's Law of the Capillary? What is the resulting condition?

decreases the "pull" of water and wastes back into the blood supply. Not enough solutes to increase concentration. Edema results

What is the usual cause of Atrophy?

disease or ischemia (lack of oxygen) reduced blood supply= reduced oxygen to the tissues = cellular shrinkage and cellular death * diminished nerve stimulation * poor nutrition (low income/ eating disorders) * alzheimer disease in the brain

What is metabolic alkalosis? What can cause this?

elevation of HCO3-; ingestion of bicarbonate (antacids), vomiting, chloride depletion (this causes you to retain bicarbonate), diuretic therapy

What is the process of releasing nutrients into the tissues from the capillaries called?

filtration

What are the processes that are used to regulate sodium in the body?

glomerular filtration; the RAAS; natriuretic peptides; hormones

What force in Starling's Law of the capillary drives filtration?

hydrostatic pressure= blood pressure pressure from the pump that pushes blood around

Abnormally high levels of sodium would be called? this would measure? what would the symptoms be?

hypernatremia; above 146 mEq/L cellular shrinking, hypertension, thirst (cells gave water to exracellular fluid so they need more) oliguria (not enough urine) eventually Anuria (where urine output falls below 100ml a day)

Abnormally low sodium would be called? what would this measure? what would be the symptoms?

hyponatremia; below 135 mEq/L cellular swelling, edema, hypotension (low blood pressure)

Where is the thirst center in the body located?

in the hypothalamus

Hypertrophy

increase in the mass size of the cell but not the number of cells EX: an increase in the number of muscle proteins, increase cell size, to allow muscle fibers to do more work.

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ from an increase in the rate of cell division. The cells must have mitotic ability.

How do burns or inflammation effect Sterling's Law of the Capillary? What is the resulting condition?

increase the vascular permeability of the vessels. pressure doesn't change but fluid is able to leak into tissues. Edema results

How does hypertension effect Sterling's law of the Capillary? What is the resulting condition?

increases net filtration pressure to +26 mmHg, More fluid is being "pushed" into the interstitial fluid. Edema results

What organ and cells release Renin?

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when they detect low blood pressure

Besides the hypothalamus, where are other dehydration receptors found in the body?

kidneys baroreceptors in the arteries neurons in the mouth detect dryness

In the body, how do we measure ions?

mEq/L= milliequivalents per Liter

What do sodium and potassium work together to maintain?

neuromuscular "irritability" for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

Where is antidiuretic Hormone produced?

neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that release to the posterior pituitary that release to the blood stream.

neoplasia

new, abnormal proliferation of cells

What is Normal, alkaline and acidic pH levels?

normal= 7.0 Alkaline= 7.1-14 Acidic= 0.0-6.9

Are intracellular or extracellular electrolytes measurable?

only extracellular

What are the common causes of dysplasia?

persistent injury or irritation progressing towards neoplasia.

How do the lungs compensate for Metabolic Alkalosis?

quick response, holding on to CO2 (hypoventilation)

How do the lungs compensate for Metabolic Acidosis?

quick response, wasting CO2 (hyperventilation)

What is the process of releasing wastes from the tissues into the capillaries called?

reabsorption

What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on the kidneys?

reduces reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- (an increase of these ions found in the urine) more water loss into the urine (increased urine output)

How do the kidneys compensate for Respiratory alkalosis?

slow response, by retaining H+ and excreting bicarbonate

How do the kidneys compensate for Respiratory acidosis?

slow response, to conserve bicarbonate and dump H+ ions

Precapillary sphincters are?

smooth muscle cuffs that regulate flow of blood through the capillary bed or let it pass through the thoroughfare channel

Cell types adapt in _______ ways

specific, cellular adaption depends on the cell, muscle cells adapt differently than nerve cells

In smokers, we commonly see ciliated columnar epithelium change to?

stratified squamous epithelium

What is the most important buffer system in the human body?

the carbonic acid/ bicarbonate buffer system

What force in Starling's law of the capillary drives reabsorption?

the concentration force- water is forced from the tissues into blood stream to dilute the higher concentration of solutes there.

What organ does Aldosterone effect?

the kidney's: increases Na+ and water reabsorption increases secretion of K+ and H+

Where is angiotensin created?

the liver

What is an example of an organ that goes through hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

the uterine muscle enlargement during pregnancy- hypertrophy the uterine endometrium during pregnancy- hyperplasia

What is the end result of atrial natriuretic peptide?

to decrease blood volume

Why is it important that the filtration pressures are equal and opposite?

to push out nutrients on one side and remove wastes on the other. 1 mmHg is lost in the lymphatic system

What are the functions of electrolytes in the body?

volume and osmotic regulation myocardial function enzyme cofactors acid-base balance

in the Extracellular fluid, as sodium goes, so goes _____?

water

What is dehydration and how does it effect the blood?

water loss exceeds water gain. Decreases blood volume goes down, pressure goes up) Increases blood osmolarity (this alerts osmosreceptors in the hypothalamus)