PE CH 8

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Quadriceps Femoris group of muscles? Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedius Biceps Femoris Vastus Medialis

Biceps Femoris-The quads are made up of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and finally the vastus intermedius.

Which of the following extrinsic foot muscles is responsible for eversion of the foot? Gastrocnemius Fibularis brevis Soleus Plantaris

Fibularis brevis-Fibularis brevis is responsible for eversion of the foot.

Consider a person doing sit ups in P.E. class. What articulation occurs at the hip as the person moves upward?

Flexion Note that flexion is movement that decreases the angle between the articulating parts. Think about doing a sit up. At the top of your sit up your body is crunched into a tight angle. This is flexion because you've decreased the angle between the hips and torso.

Flexion vs. Extension

Flexion of a joint moves a limb anteriorly as it decreases the angle between two bones. For example, when performing a sit-up, flexion at the hip pulls the thighs upward. It decreases the angle between the femur (thigh bone) and the torso to allow someone to sit up. Another example of flexion is to bring the chin to the chest when someone nods. This decreases the angle as it moves the head anteriorly.

Opposition

Opposition and reposition allow people to grasp and hold objects. Opposition brings the thumb toward the fingers in order to grab an object.

Consider a person grabbing a hammer. What articulation is performed by the thumb?

Opposition-Opposition is the movement of the thumb towards the palm. This is a special articulation that makes primates unique among other animals and allows us to grasp things in our hands, such as hammers and other tools.

The pectoralis major is involved in the bench press exercise in which the arms flex towards the middle of the body. This muscle is proximally attached to the shoulder via the clavicle and chest via the sternum, while distally attached to the humerus. Identify the origin and insertion of the muscle respectively.

Origin: sternum and clavicle; Insertion: humerus-The origin is the attachment site that doesn't move during contraction which in the example above, regarding pec major, is the sternum and clavicle. We also know that the origin is typically proximal, or closer to the body, which holds true to this example. Now, the insertion site is the humerus. The insertion is the attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts. Keep in mind that the insertion is usually distal, or further away from the body.

What causes pain in the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Pain in the SCM muscle can be caused by injuries such as whiplash and by other medical conditions such as asthma, flu, and acute respiratory illnesses.

What is the most common origin for muscles that move the thigh? Vertebral column Pelvic girdle Femur Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle-The muscles of the pelvic girdle are also responsible for moving the thigh.

Which of the following muscles is named according to its straight muscle fibers? Vastus Lateralis Biceps Femoris Rectus Femoris Vastus Medialis

Rectus Femoris-Rectus means straight and femoris refers to the femur, which helps us to remember this muscle's fiber arrangement and its location.

If we're playing soccer and we extend our leg to kick a ball, then which of the following muscles are we using to perform this action? Rectus Femoris Semimebranosus Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus

Rectus Femoris-The rectus femoris is the one that moves the necessary part of the leg.

If a body builder is working hard to develop their six-pack, then which of the following muscles are they actually trying to develop? External oblique Internal oblique Linea alba Rectus abdominis Anterior scalene

Rectus abdominis-The rectus abdominis muscle fibers run up and down between connective tissue, forming segments that we commonly refer to as the 'six-pack.'

Which of the following terms means straight? Oblique Rectus Alba Linea Hetero

Rectus-Our rectus (or straight) muscles are located in the body wall of our trunk.

What structure attaches muscle to bone? Tendon Myofilament String Sarcomere Ligament

Tendon-Most skeletal muscle is attached to bone on its ends by way of what we call tendons.

FRE 123

The ''F'' stands for fulcrum, the ''R'' stands for resistance, and the ''E'' stands for effort. FRE 123 represents which of these three parts is in the middle of the lever system. If the ''F'' is in the middle, it is a first-class lever. If the ''R'' is in the middle, it is a second-class lever. If the ''E'' is in the middle, it is a third-class lever.

A machine is built with a lever system to move heavy loads. Which of the following would be the most efficient in terms of moving a heavy load with relatively little effort or force?

a second-class lever In a second-class lever, the load is located between the force and the fulcrum. A wheel barrow is a great example of a second-class lever system. Here, the wheel is the fulcrum, or the pivot point, the weight is the load and lifting the handles applies the force to move the load.

Protraction

moves a joint forward or anteriorly. The shoulder joint protracts to throw a ball as the joint moves forward. Protraction at the jaw allows someone to thrust their chin forward.

Abduction

moves a limb away from the midline. The initial step in a jumping jack is to abduct the arms and legs to the side in abduction.

Adduction

moves a limb closer to the midline. During a jumping jack, adduction brings the legs back together at the midline to return to the baseline position.

multifidus

muscles that originate on the sacrum and vertebrae and insert on more superior vertebrae. Due to these attachments, they extend and rotate the vertebral column. Again, extension occurs when they contract as a pair. Rotation would occur when they contract individually. They serve to stabilize movements and thus take weight off the vertebral discs - that's a very important function! As they are very thin muscles, they are subject to injury.

Consider a person who has lost the ability to wrinkle his forehead. Which of the following muscles may be the cause of the problem? sternocleidomastoid orbicularis oculi occipitofrontalis temporalis

occipitofrontalis-A person who lost the ability to wrinkle his forehead may have a problem with the occipitoforntalis. The occipitofrontalis, or the epicranius, is responsible for movements such as raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead.

Third-Class Levers in the Body

occur when the effort is between the load and the pivot. An example of third-class lever is a person using a broom. In this situation, the hand near the top of the broom is the pivot, the lower hand is the effort, and the bottom of the broom that is sweeping the floor is the load.

Second-Class Levers in the Body

occur when the load is between the effort and pivot, and it is very similar to a wheelbarrow. In a wheelbarrow, the pivot is at the wheel, the load is in the trey, and the effort is the force is generated by the person lifting the handles upward. Second-class levers are usually the most efficient at moving heavy loads with little effort or force.

First-Class Levers in the Body

occur when the pivot (joint) is located between the effort (muscles) and load (body weight). A first-class lever in the body is very similar to a seesaw. The pivot point of a seesaw is located between the effort (person pushing off the ground on one side) and load (weight of the person on the other end of the seesaw). Scissors are another example of a first-class lever.

Inversion

occurs at the metatarsal joints to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline. When someone rolls their ankle after stepping off of a curb, inversion causes the bottom of the foot to turn inward.

The quadratus lumborum

originates on the ilium and inserts on the last rib as well as lumbar vertebrae. When these muscles contract, they depress (or pull down) the ribs, and they also aid in lateral flexion of the vertebral column.

Retraction

pulls a joint posteriorly. To pull the jaw back to midline after a chin thrust, it must be retracted.

Dorsiflexion

pulls the toes and foot upward off of the ground as if someone were to walk on their heels.

Pronation

refers to rotating the forearm to place the palm down or posteriorly. If someone holds a bowl of soup but then pronates their forearm, the soup will turn over to spill on the floor.

Eversion

turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline. If someone wants to look at the outside of their foot, they will probably have to evert their foot to get a better view.

Second-Class Lever Example

when a person is standing on their tip toes. In this lever system, the toes are the pivot, the weight of the person is the load, and the calf muscles are the effort. The calf muscle provides the force needed to lift the body upward at the point of the toes. This movement of the toes and ankle, to stand on the tip toes, is known as plantar flexion.

What body parts are found in the trunk?

There are numerous body parts that are found in the trunk of the body. They include the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, small intestines, large intestines, pancreas, gall bladder, and esophagus.

Can you pull a muscle in your thigh?

Yes, it is possible to pull a muscle in the thigh and surrounding region. It often accompanies a popping sensation, pain, and bruising.

How many muscles help produce plantar flexion? 4 6 3 9

6-Six muscles help to produce plantar flexion: Plantaris, Tibialis Posterior, Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis.

Consider a person doing jumping jacks in P.E. class. What articulation is performed by the legs as the person draws them together?

Adduction-Adduction is the movement of an appendage towards the body's midline. So when you do a jumping jack and you jump in and bring your feet together, you are adducting your legs, meaning you bring them toward the midline of the body.

An athlete is running a race, and experiences a pulled groin. Which of the following muscles is most likely strained? Gluteus medius Adductor magnus Psoas major Gluteus minimus

Adductor magnus-Adductor muscles include the adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus and gracilis. When an athlete experiences a pulled groin, it is due to a strain in one or more of these adductor thigh muscles.

What do we call the muscle responsible for the bulk of a particular movement? Antagonist Communist Agonist Synergist

Agonist-Agonists, or prime movers, are responsible for the bulk of the action.

First-Class Lever Example

An example of a first-class lever in the human body is the joint formed by the top of the vertebral column and skull, which is known as the atlanto-occipital joint. In this lever system, the skull is the lever, the atlanto-occipital joint is the pivot, the muscles at the back of the neck are the effort, and the weight of the skull is the load. The muscles at the back of the neck provide the force needed to move the head backwards, which is a movement known as neck extension. First-class levers provide a mechanical advantage. In the example of the atlanto-occipital joint, a relatively small force generated by the neck muscles can move the comparatively heavier load of the head.

What do we call the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist? Antagonist Communist Prime mover Synergist Protagonist

Antagonist-Antagonist contractions are opposite that of the agonist and serve to control the action.

Which of the following terms is used to describe any movement at a joint?

Articulation Muscular contraction produces an articulation, or a movement, at a joint.

How Muscular Contraction Causes Articulation: Definition & Types

Articulation produces joint movement through muscular contractions. The three main types of joints include synarthroses (immobile), amphiarthroses (slightly mobile), and diarthroses (freely mobile). Joints can perform many distinct movements, but they can be broken down into four main types: gliding, angular, circumduction, and rotation. Gliding refers to moving a joint across its surface without rotation. Angular movements are a swing motion to allow a joint to move in different directions, such as forward/backward and side to side. Circumduction is the circular motion of a joint and rotation turns or spins a joint within the same plane. Rotation allows a joint to spin about its axis as seen when spinning the neck to look from side to side. Flexion moves a limb anteriorly to decrease the angle of a joint. Doing a sit-up flexes the hip, while bringing the chin to the chest flexes the neck. Extension increases a joint's angle and moves a limb posteriorly, such as the leg movement needed

Do articulations allow movement?

Articulations allow the movement of a joint due to muscle contractions. When the bicep muscle contracts, the elbow articulates to move the lower arm up.

What is the function of axial muscles?

Axial muscles are in place to help move the body as a whole. The majority of the axial muscles move the head and torso of the body.

Circumduction

Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction into one movement. It is a circular movement at a joint. Circumduction occurs at ball and socket joints such as the hip and shoulder.

Which of the following muscles do NOT assist breathing? External extracostals Scalenes Diaphragm Internal intercostals External intercostals

External extracostals-The scalene muscles are in the neck, and they elevate the ribs during forced breathing. The external and internal intercostal muscles are located between the ribs, and they aid with breathing as well. Finally, the diaphragm is the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, and it is a major ventilation muscle. Note that the external extracostals do NOT assist in breathing.

Consider a person nodding yes in response to a question. Which of these articulations occurs at the chin as it draws close to the neck?

Flexion-As the chin draws down towards the neck when nodding 'yes', the angle between the chin and neck decreases; therefore, the articulation is flexion.

If you wanted to move your big toe, which muscles in your foot would be activated? Flexor and extensor digitorum brevis. Flexor and extensor hallucis longus. Flexor and extensor hallucis brevis. Flexor and extensor digitorum longus.

Flexor and extensor hallucis brevis-Flexor and extensor hallucis brevis are muscles in the foot that control the big toe.

Lever Example

For example, when a person lifts a cup of water to their mouth when drinking, their forearm is the lever, and their elbow is the pivot. The biceps brachii (muscle at the front of the upper arm) generates the force needed to lift the cup of water up to the mouth. The weight of the forearm and the weight of the glass of water is the load that is moved by this lever system.

Diarthroses -

Freely moveable joints. These joints are lined by hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage, and often have a synovial - Freely moveable joints. These joints are lined by hyaline cartilage, articular cartilage, and often have a synovial capsule to lubricate the joint. Most joints in the body are diarthrosis joints such as the knees, hips, elbows, and shoulders.apsule to lubricate the joint. Most joints in the body are diarthrosis joints such as the knees, hips, elbows, and shoulders.

Head Muscles for Expression

Frontalis: allows for forehead movement Orbicularis oris: allows for puckering of lips Orbicularis oculi: allows for closing of eyelids and movement of tears away from the surface of eye and into the nasal duct system Buccinator: main muscle of the cheeks, keeps food in the mouth and cheeks away from teeth while masticating Zygomaticus: allows to pull angles of the mouth up and away into a smile or laugh.

four primary movements that a joint can perform

Gliding - The movement of one joint surface over another without any rotations. An example is seen in the jaw joint that allows the mandible to open the mouth by sliding the joint surface forward where it articulates at the skull. Angular - This is also referred to as a swing movement and allows a joint to flex and extend freely as well as to move side to side. The knee and elbow can perform this movement. Circumduction - Circular movement at a joint. It combines multiple types of movements and it is often seen at a ball and socket joint such as the hip. Rotation - A spin about an axis. The ability of the wrist to move the hand from the palm up to the palm down position is due to the rotation of the joint at the wrist.

Which of the following muscles are NOT responsible for adduction of the thigh at the hip? Adductor brevis Gracilis Pectineus Gluteus medius

Gluteus medius-Adduction is movement towards the midline. These muscles include the adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus and gracilis.

Which of the following gluteal muscles is the most deep? Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Psoas major Gluteus minimus

Gluteus minimus-Let's move on to the gluteus medius. It's deep to the maximus, and the gluteus minimus is deep to the medius.

Where is hip flexor pain felt?

Hip flexor pain is felt at the front of the hip joint, and this pain involves the iliopsoas. The iliopsoas are a group of muscles that function to flex the hip joint, and these muscles include the psoas major and iliacus.

What muscles cause hip pain?

Hip pain can be caused by many different factors. These factors can include blunt force trauma to the hip (ex: falling on the hip) or overusing the hip joint (ex: running a marathon).

Which of the following hip muscles would be involved in performing a sit-up? Iliopsoas group Lateral rotator group Biceps brachii Gluteal group

Iliopsoas group-Most people will do sit-ups to strengthen their abdominal muscles. This type of movement is referred to as flexion of the thigh or flexion at the hip. However you refer to the movement, the iliopsoas muscles are largely responsible for the movement.

Articulations and Body Movements

In order for the human body to move smoothly without hesitation, a variety of articulations and body movements work together. One joint might perform a variety of movements that allow a ballet dancer to spin and jump at the same time. In order to understand joint movements, it's important to understand the anatomic position. The anatomic position is seen when a person stands with their arms at their side and palms facing forward. The front of the body is the anterior, and the back is the posterior. All movements are described based on this baseline plane. For example, the muscle extension definition means that the joint moves posteriorly. To extend the arm, it reaches straight backward at the shoulder.

Muscles of the Vertebral Column: Support & Movement

In summary, the erector spinae muscles are innervated by spinal nerves, and they cause extension of the vertebral column, resulting in erect posture. The superficial erector spinae include the spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis groups of muscles. These muscles extend the neck and the vertebral column, while some will even move the ribs. The deep erector spinae muscles include the quadratus lumborum and multifidus muscles. These muscles are located under the superficial muscles and are responsible for similar action: extension and rotation of the vertebral column. As these muscles are paired, contraction of both sides results in erect posture, while contraction of one side causes movement, such as lateral flexion. As many of these muscles are small, they are susceptible to injury. Weakness and/or injury of these muscles can cause lower back pain.

At which point are the superficial erector spinae muscles together? Insertion on skull Superior origin Insertion on ribs Inferior origin

Inferior origin-The superficial erector spinae muscles are together at the inferior origin point.

How does the tibialis anterior differ from most leg muscles? It produces plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the leg at the knee. It can produce both inversion and eversion of the foot. It is anterior and produces dorsiflexion. It is anterior and produces eversion.

It is anterior and produces dorsiflexion-The tibialis anterior is not posterior and produces dorsiflexion, which is when toes are raised and the heel is lowered.

Can you pull muscles in your head?

It is possible to pull or strain the muscles in the head just like in any other part of the body.

Amphiarthroses

Joints with limited movement. An amphiarthrosis joint is typically lined with hyaline or fibrocartilage. An example is the junction between the ribs and sternum, the symphysis pubis, and the vertebrae of the spine.

How Muscle Levers Affect Muscle Efficiency

Lever systems in the body are formed by muscles and bones. The purpose of lever systems is to provide a mechanical advantage, which involves turning a small force into a larger force or movement. There are four parts of a lever system in the body, which include a lever (bone), pivot/fulcrum (joint), effort (force generated by a muscle contraction), and load (weight moved by the lever). The strength of a lever system is increased as the force is moved farther away from the load. There are three types of lever systems in the body, which include first-class levers, second-class levers, and third-class levers. First-class levers occur when the pivot/fulcrum is located between the effort and load, much like scissors. An example of a first-class lever in the body is the atlanto-occipital joint, which is formed by the connection between the spine and skull. The atlanto-occipital joint allows a person to perform neck extension. Second-class levers occur when the load is between the effort and

Lever Systems in the Body

Lever systems in the human body are formed by muscles and bones, and the primary purpose or function of a lever system is to produce a mechanical advantage.

Identify the connective tissue structure to which abdominal muscles attach. Thoracis lumborum Rectus abdominis Linea alba Superior nuche Superior midline

Linea alba

Which of the following muscles are deep to the latissimus dorsi and superior to the multifidus? Longisimuss thoracis Quadratus lumborum Trapezius Deltoid

Longisimuss thoracis-The superficial erector spinae muscles are located deep to the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius and divided into three groups. One of these is the longissimus group of muscles which helps to extend the neck and vertebral column, as these muscles originate on vertebrae and insert on more superior vertebrae (also superior to multifidus) and even some ribs. These are long muscles and thus named accordingly - for example, the longissimus thoracis.

Muscle Origin and Insertion: Definition and Actions

Mammalian bodies are composed of three different types of muscle; skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles and make up 30-40% of the body weight. They are attached to the skeletal system by tendons at two or more attachment sites, which are referred to as the origin and insertion. An origin muscle is typically proximal to the body and does not move during contraction. The clavicle and sternum are examples of muscle origins. An insertion muscle is typically distal to the body and moves the bone or joint as contraction occurs. The humerus is an example of a muscle insertion. Muscles often work together to create movement. This muscle action can be described as concentric, eccentric, or isometric. Concentric action occurs when a muscle contracts. Eccentric action occurs when a muscle relaxes. Isometric action occurs when the muscle contracts but remains in place, like when doing a plank. They can be agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic. Agonistic muscles pe

What are leg muscles called?

Most of the muscles of the legs are long skeletal muscles. They stretch across long distances and pull on the bones to help move the body. They are voluntary muscles because they are moved consciously by the individual.

Which of the following nerves innervates some of the thigh muscles? Vagus Nerve Ulnar Nerve Sciatic Nerve Radial Nerve

Most of the thigh muscles are innervated by the sciatic, femoral, and tibial nerves.

Consider a person bending to the side. If they experience pain, which of the following muscles would most likely be injured? Deltoid Trapezius Multifidus Latissimus dorsi

Multifidus-The deep erector spinae muscles include the quadratus lumborum and multifidus muscles. As these muscles are paired, contraction of one side causes movement, such as lateral flexion which is bending. Therefore, if a person is experiencing pain when they bend to the side, it is possible the multifidus is injured.

Deep Muscles

Now that we've identified the superficial erector spinae muscles, we can look at what lies beneath. These muscles are many in number and small in size, and the small size makes them susceptible to injury. Let's take a look at two of the more prominent deep muscles.

What are the anterior thigh muscles?

The anterior thigh muscle group is comprised of the quadriceps, pectineus, and sartorius muscles. Quadriceps are a group of four muscles.

Articulation Medical Definition

The articulation medical definition is joint movement triggered by muscle contraction.

What is the difference between the flexor digitorum longus and the extensor digitorum longus? The flexor digitorum longus is located in the posterior part of the leg, while the extensor digitorum longus is located in the anterior part of the leg. The flexor digitorum longus connects to phalanges 2-5, while the extensor digitorum longus connects to the big toe. The flexor digitorum longus connects to the big toe, while the extensor digitorum longus connects to phalanges 2-5. The flexor digitorum longus is located in the anterior part of the leg, while the extensor digitorum longus is located in the posterior part of the leg.

The flexor digitorum longus is located in the posterior part of the leg, while the extensor digitorum longus is located in the anterior part of the leg-Both the flexor and extensor digitorum longus muscles connect to phalanges 2-5. The flexor digitorum longus is located in the posterior part of the leg. The extensor digitorum longus is located in the anterior part of the leg.

What are the four main muscles in the leg?

The four main muscle groups of the leg are the adductors, quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves. However, it is important to note that these muscle groups are each made up of smaller muscles, and there are also muscles that are not in these groups that stabilize and add mobility to the legs.

Hip Muscles: Anatomy, Support & Movement

The hip joint is formed by the connection of the femur to the pelvic girdle. There are several groups of muscles that are located within or near the hip joint, and the pelvic girdle is the most common origin for the hip muscles. The muscle groups of the hip include the gluteal muscles, lateral rotators, adductors, and iliopsoas. The gluteal muscles are located at the back and outer portions of the hip, and they consist of the gluteus minimus (smallest and deepest), gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus (largest and most superficial). The gluteus minimus and medius function to abduct and internally rotate the thigh, while the gluteus maximus functions to extend, adduct, and externally rotate the thigh. The lateral rotators are in the gluteal/buttock region of the body, and they consist of the piriformis, obturator externus, and obturator internus. These muscles function to laterally rotate the thigh. The adductors are a group of muscles that function to adduct the hip, and they include the adductor magnus (most likely to be strained when the groin is pulled), adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and gracilis. The iliopsoas is a muscle group located deep within the pelvic girdle, and they include the psoas major and iliacus. These muscles function to flex the knee, flex the trunk, and laterally flex the trunk. Therefore, the iliopsoas are involved while doing sit-ups.

Is a human foot a first class lever?

The human foot is an example of a second-class lever. In this lever system, the toes are the pivot, the weight of the person is the load, and the calf muscles are the effort. The calf muscle provides the force needed to lift the body upward at the toes. This movement of the toes and ankle to stand on the tip toes is known as plantar flexion.

How are we able to roll our eyes? The inferior and superior oblique muscles that wrap around the eye are responsible for the rolling eye movement. The superior rectus muscle pulls the eye up in the superior direction, allowing it to roll. The inferior rectus muscle which moves the eye downward, allowing it to roll. The four rectus muscles work together with their up, down and side-to-side movements creating the rolling movement for the eye.

The inferior and superior oblique muscles that wrap around the eye are responsible for the rolling eye movement-The inferior oblique and the superior oblique wrap around the eyes, and they're responsible for a rolling movement of the eye.

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The insertion of a muscle is an attachment site that connects the muscle to a bone. This point is typically distal to the body and moves during contraction.

Lateral

The lateral muscles are used mostly for moving the neck.

The latissimus dorsi is a large back muscle responsible for the bulk of adduction of the arm (pulling the arm to the sides of the body). The teres major is a much smaller muscle that helps to start adduction of the arm when it is fully extended. Which muscle is the agonist, and why? The teres major, because it's primarily responsible for adduction of the arm. The latissimus dorsi, because it's primarily responsible for adduction of the arm. The teres major, because adduction of the arm can't happen without it. The latissimus dorsi, because it's the larger muscle.

The latissimus dorsi, because it's primarily responsible for adduction of the arm-An agonist is the prime mover. It is the muscle that is primarily responsible for the movement, so when we look at adduction of the arm, we know that the latissimus dorsi is the agonist because it is primarily responsible for the movement of pulling the arm to the sides of the body.

Leg Muscles: Anatomy, Support & Movement

The legs are the lower extremities that allow for standing, walking, running, and more. Their movement is produced by the contraction and relaxation of leg muscles and their connection to the skeleton through tendons. The movement of the legs produced by these muscles happens around the leg joints, particularly the hips, knees and ankles. These skeletal muscle movements are voluntary, and many of them are innervated by tibial nerves and fibular nerves. The upper legs control movement through the hips and knees, and they do it through three large muscle groups: Quadriceps Hamstrings Adductors The lower legs mainly control movement of the foot through the ankle, like the plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot through extrinsic muscles. They are made up of one main muscle group, and two smaller groups: Calves Tibialis and Peroneus muscles The feet themselves also have intrinsic muscles to add stability and precision. They have two dorsal muscles and eighteen plantar muscles that control the movement of the toes and stabilize the arches.

Which Parts of the Body Act as Levers?

The lever systems in the body consist of four primary parts. These four parts include: Lever: Levers, also known as anatomical levers, in the human body refer to a bone. Pivot/fulcrum: A pivot, also known as a fulcrum, refers to the joint that is formed by the connection between two or more bones. Effort: The effort refers to the force generated by the contraction of the muscles in the lever system. Load: The load, also known as resistance, refers to the weight or mass that is moved by a lever system.

What are the major muscles in the neck?

The most important and largest muscle in the neck is known as the sternocleidomastoid or SCM muscle. Any impairment in function of this muscle can severely limit range of motion of the neck.

What are the major muscles of the head?

The muscles in head are divided by their function: mastication, vision, and muscles that create facial expressions. The largest muscles in the head are frontal and temporalis.

Posterior

The muscles in the posterior neck are those muscles that help lift the shoulder blades and stabilize and move the head. Superficial muscles: includes splenius capitis and splenius cervicis Suboccipital muscles: includes rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior Transverospinalis muscles: includes semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, rotatores cervicis, interspinales, intertransversarii.

What is the muscle on the side of your hip called?

The muscles on the side of the hip are the gluteal muscles. The gluteal muscles consist of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.

What is the origin of a muscle?

The origin of a muscle is an attachment site that connects the muscle to a bone. This point is typically proximal to the body and does not move during contraction.

What are the posterior thigh muscles?

The posterior thigh muscle group contains three muscles known as the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus. They are located below the gluteus maximus.

If someone is doing a sit-up exercise, then what is happening on the muscular level? The internal obliques are flexing the vertebral column. The rectus abdominis is flexing the vertebral column. The erector spinae is flexing the vertebral column. The diaphragm is flexing the vertebral column. The intercostals are flexing the vertebral column.

The rectus abdominis is flexing the vertebral column-The rectus abdominis muscles cause flexion of the vertebral column, and we see this when we do sit-ups.

Identify the leg flexor muscle located on the anterior surface of the thigh. Gracilis Vastus Lateralis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Sartorius

The sartorius muscle in the anterior thigh helps to flex the leg.

What are thigh muscles called?

The thigh muscles are typically known as quadriceps. They are often called "quads" for short. There are four muscles that comprise this group.

What are considered trunk muscles?

The trunk muscles are all of the muscles of the axial skeleton. This includes the muscles that make up the head, neck, abdomen, chest, pelvis, and back.

Axial Muscles: Trunk Muscles Anatomy & Support

The trunk of the body is the central, main part of the body that the limbs attach to. The trunk contains muscles of the head, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvis. Axial muscles are muscles located in the head and trunk of the body. There are many muscles in the head and face that control movements of the head and different structures on the face. The muscles in the trunk of the body can be divided into anterior and posterior muscles. The posterior muscles contain muscles of the chest and abdomen. Muscles in the abdomen attach to the abdomen at the linea alba, the white line of connective tissue that divides the front of the body into right and left. The anterior chest muscles include the pectoral muscles, intercostal muscles, subcostal muscles, transversus thoracis, and diaphragm. Abdominal muscles include the rectus, or straight muscles, and obliques or not straight muscles. The posterior trunk muscles include the intrinsic posterior muscles, superficial posterior muscles, and intermediate posterior muscles.

Where is the trunk area of the body?

The trunk of the body is the largest part of the body. It is the center of the body to which the limbs attach.

What are the upper leg muscles?

The upper leg muscles are the hamstrings, quadriceps, and the adductors. The three hamstring muscles are the: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris. The four muscles of the quadriceps are the: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The five adductors are the: adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, obturator externus, and gracilis.

What are the four groups of axial muscles?

There are four groups of axial muscles. They are the muscles of the head, abdomen, pelvis, and back. There are multiple groups of muscles within the four major groups of muscles.

Head Muscles for Chewing

There are four main muscles of mastication (chewing): Masseter: lifts the mandible or lower jaw upwards Temporalis: also help to lift the mandible or lower jaw upwards and to retract the mandible back and move it from side to side Medial pterygoid: helps to lift the mandible up and to move it outwards or jut it out Lateral pterygoid: helps to lower the mandible downwards, assists with moving the mandible outwards and moving it side to side

How many muscles are in a trunk?

There are many estimates for how many muscles there are in the body. Most scientists agree that there are 650 muscles in the body, but there are some scientists that believe there are more than 800 muscles in the body. More than half of those muscles are found in the trunk of the body, but the exact number of trunk muscles is unknown.

What are the muscles around the hip?

There are many muscles around the hip. These muscles include the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis, psoas major, and iliacus.

Muscles of the Head and Neck: Anatomy, Motion & Support

There are over twenty muscles that are in the head and neck in a human body. The primary functions of these muscles is to allow movement of the head and neck, create facial expressions and allow vision. The neck muscle anatomy can further be divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior triangles. Many medical conditions affect these muscles and an impair their structure as well as their function. If left untreated, they can lead to permanent loss of range of motion and debilitating pain.

Cranial Muscles for Vision

There are six muscles in each eye that allow for the eye to move in different directions to allow proper vision: Lateral rectus: moves pupils away from the midline Medial rectus: moves pupils towards the midline Inferior rectus: moves pupils downwards Superior rectus: moves pupils upwards Superior oblique: moves eye inwards Inferior oblique: moves eye upwards when eye in looking inwards at the nose The superior and inferior oblique muscles are involved in rolling of the eyes.

Thigh Muscles: Anatomy, Support & Movement

There are three main muscle groups or compartments within the thigh: anterior, medial, and posterior compartments. The anterior compartment is involved mostly in the extension of the knee. These muscles are quadriceps and iliopsoas. The medial compartment comprises of five adductor muscles known as gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magus, adductor brevis, and obturator externus. The function of these muscles is to help with adduction of the thigh or movement of the thigh towards the midline of the body. The posterior compartment comprises the hamstrings. The three muscles are known as semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris. The function of these muscles is to help with knee flexion and hip extension. Any strain to the hamstring muscles results in hematoma, pain, and swelling within the muscle. It frequently occurs in sports like soccer with excessive running and kicking.

Types of Articulation Movements and Joints

There are three main types of joints with specific movements: Synarthroses - Joints that cannot move. The bone edges come close to adjacent bones, and a thin junction of fibrous connective tissue sits between. An example of synarthrosis is seen in the skull. The plates of the skull are attached at suture lines, but the skull bones do not move.

How many muscles control the head and neck?

There are twenty six muscles in the head and neck. These muscles are responsible for a wide range of motions from movement of head and neck to vision muscles.

Anterior

There is a complex group of muscles that form the anterior triangle in the neck. They help us swallow and open/close the jaw. The digastric is involved in dropping or opening of the jaw (known as mandible) Superficial neck muscles: includes platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and subclavius. The sternocleidomastoid is the one of the biggest muscles in the neck. It allows us to bring the chin down to chest and to move ear towards shoulder.

Superficial Layer

These are located deep to the latissimus dorsi and the trapezius and divided into three groups. If you look at the lumbar and sacral regions down low, you can see these three muscle groups are pretty much non-distinct; they look as if they're one muscle. The groups separate at their superior attachments.

Which of the following is accurate of all erector spinae muscles? They're responsible for extension of the vertebral column. They're responsible for lateral flexion of vertebral column. They're responsible for the extension of the neck. They're innervated by cranial nerves.

They're responsible for extension of the vertebral column-The erector spinae muscles are innervated by spinal nerves, and they cause extension of the vertebral column, resulting in erect posture.

Third-Class Levers Example

Third class lever examples in the body include when the elbow is bending. The elbow joint is the pivot, the biceps brachii (which attaches to the forearm) is the effort, and the forearm and hand is the load. When the biceps brachii contracts, it provides the force needed to bend the elbow and raise the forearm and hand. This movement of bending the elbow is known as elbow flexion. Third-class levers do not provide a mechanical advantage by turning a small force into a larger force. Rather, third-class levers provide a mechanical advantage by turning of force into large, fast movement. In the example of the elbow, a force generated by the biceps brachii can cause large and fast movements of the forearm and hand.

Which of the following are NOT considered erector spinae muscles? Longissimus thoracis Trapezius Iliocostalis thoracis Quadratus lumborum

Trapezius-If we peel away the trapezius and the latissimus dorsi muscle that are on the superficial part of the back, we can see the muscles responsible for our posture, the erector spinae muscles.

Rotation

allows it to spin within the same plane. For example, rotation at the neck allows the head to spin to the right and left to look over the shoulder.

Plantar flexion

allows the foot to point downward, such as when pushing on a gas pedal or pointing the toes

Muscles that make up the hips, legs, shoulders, and arms are known as _____, while the muscles that make up the thorax, neck, and head are known as _____. axial; appendicular thoracic; lumbar lumbar; thoracic appendicular; axial

appendicular; axial-The axial muscles are attached to the axial bones, and they make up the head, neck, and thorax. The appendicular muscles attach to the appendicular bones, making up the shoulders, hips, arms, and legs.

Consider an individual who needs surgery to reattach his biceps tendon to his forearm. He requests the surgeon reattach the tendon in such a way to increase the strength of his forearm flexion. What would the surgeon need to do to accomplish his request?

attach the biceps tendon further away from the elbow moving the force further away from the load increases the strength of the lever system. However, speed and distance of movement are compromised at the expense of this increased strength. In other words, a relatively small force moves a large load a relatively short distance and moves it slowly.

Distal

away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).

Aimee walks into a restaurant with her boyfriend where she is expecting to celebrate her 40th birthday. Instead, she is greeted by fifty of her closest friends and family members who have shown up to a surprise party in celebration of her milestone birthday. Aimee is so shocked that her jaw almost hits the floor, and she is speechless. Which muscle allowed Amy to open her mouth? sternocleidomastoid temporalis masseter digastric

digastric-Aimee's digastric muscle, which opens the jaw, is responsible for her surprised response in which her 'jaw dropped'.

The body's lever system utilizes the joint, which is known as the _____, the muscular contraction, called _____, and the weight of the body, referred to as _____.

fulcrum; force; load The lever system is defined using the fulcrum, force, and load, which help to create three different class lever systems.

The longissimus group

helps to extend the neck and vertebral column, as these muscles originate on vertebrae and insert on more superior vertebrae and even some ribs. These are long muscles and thus named accordingly - for example, the longissimus thoracis.

Extension

increases the angle of a joint, moves a limb posteriorly, or straightens a limb. For example, if someone is holding a dumbbell in front of their body, extending the elbow will pull the dumbbell posteriorly as it straightens the arm.

erector spinae

is a group of muscles that work together to extend the vertebral column and thus maintain good posture. The muscles are innervated by the spinal nerves.

The iliocostalis group

is easy to remember due to its attachment. Many of these iliocostalis muscles - for example, the iliocostalis thoracis - originate on the ilium of the pelvic girdle and insert on the ribs, or the costal bones (thus, iliocostalis). As with the spinalis and longissimus muscles, the iliocostalis muscles help to extend the neck and the vertebral column. Additionally, these muscles can move the ribs, as they're attached to the ribs.

The spinalis group

is most medial of the three, and it includes muscles that originate on vertebrae and insert on more superior vertebrae. The thoracis spinalis belongs to this group of muscles. With contraction, the spinalis muscles extend the neck and the vertebral column - once again, good posture.

Depression

is the downward movement of a joint. Depression of the mandible at the jaw will open the mouth. Reaching toward the floor will require depression at the shoulder joint.

Supination

is the rotation of the forearm to bring the palm facing up. If someone holds a cup of soup in their hand, the arm is supinated.

Elevation

is the upward movement at a joint. To shrug the shoulders upward or to close the mouth are examples of elevation.

Proximal

means nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

Hyperextension

refers to the extension of a joint past the normal range of motion. When the elbow is straight, it is at a neutral anatomic position. If the elbow is hyperextended due to an injury, it will be forced beyond straight into an abnormal position. The antecubital fossa (crotch of the elbow) will be angled forward.

Reposition

returns the thumb to the neutral position.

Which of the following demonstrates a first-class lever system?

scissors First-class levers are easy to understand as they resemble a teeter-totter. In such a lever, the load is located on the opposite side of the fulcrum as the applied force.

Which of the following muscles are sometimes referred to as the 'obliques of the neck' since they are responsible for bringing your chin to your chest and bringing your ear to your shoulder? hyoglossi sternocleidomastoids splenia buccinators

sternocleidomastoids-The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates on the clavicles and inserts on the skull, thus flexing the neck when these muscles contract together. If one sternocleidomastoid contracts while the other relaxes, then that will result in bending the head, or ear, towards the shoulder and turning the face in the opposite direction. Likewise, they are responsible for bringing your chin to your chest.

Using the mnemonic FRE123, what does it tell us about a second class lever?

the resistance is found in the middle of this lever system If you can remember FRE 123, you can remember what is in the middle of each lever. The fulcrum, beginning with 'F,' is in the middle of first-class levers, resistance, beginning with 'R,' is in the middle of second-class levers, and force, or effort, beginning with 'E,' is in the middle of third-class levers.

appendicular muscles

those that support and move the appendicular skeleton, which is comprised of the rest of the bones, such as the collar bone, arms, legs, feet, and pelvic bone.

Axial muscles

those that support and move the axial skeleton, which is comprised of the head, sternum, rib cage, and the spine.