PECT ALL TERMS AND QUESTIONS

The parents of a prekindergarten student with developmental delays consult with a special education teacher about how to support her learning at home. Which of the following teacher recommendations is likely to have the most significant long-term impact on the child's literacy development?

"Read aloud a variety of children's fiction and nonfiction books to her on a regular basis."

School as community resource & advocating for learners

-using school to educate the entire community and get public support for education in efforts to change policies for the benefit of learners

Children with one parent, siblings, overcrowded home

-variations of the three are highly associated with parental education level

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Differentiation of Self

-various forms of influence from others -those with well-differentiated sense of self can acknowledge dependence on others, but can make their own decisions -poorly differentiated individuals rely on others to agree with or become bullies and pressure others to agree with them

Frequent parent updates

-weekly notes, emails, etc., mostly positive -phone calls- positive, using as collaboration tool -Open house- inviting facilities to see the classroom and inform them on class goals

Hunter's Steps

1 Focus set (organizer for daily material) 2 Objective 3 Instructional input 4 Modeling 5 Check for understanding 6 Guided practice (students practice activity own, but teacher available) 7 Independent practice (student works on problem or demonstrates concept on own)

Disability categories

1 Learning disabilities 2 Speech or language impairments (SLP) 3 intellectual/cognitive disabilities 4 Emotional disturbance (ED) 5 Autism 6 Hearing impairments 7 Visual impairments 8 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 9 Other health impairments 10 Deaf blindness 11 Orthopedic impairments 12 Multiple disabilities 13 Developmental delays

Primary circular reactions

1 to 4 months old form realities around physical sensations

Criteria for writing measurable annual goals (4)

1- Condition 2- Student Name 3- Behavior (clearly defined) 4- Performance Criteria

Progress monitoring steps

1- measurable annual goal 2- data collection decisions 3- data collection tools and schedule 4- representing the data 5- evaluation of data 6- instructional adjustments 7- communicating progress

In PA there are nine possible types of support

1. Autistic 2. Blind or visually impaired 3. Deaf or hard of hearing impaired 4. Emotional 5. Learning 6. Life skills 7. Multiple disabilities 8. Physical 9. Speech and language

Trending in Special Education

1. Early Intervention and Prevention 2.Technology 3. Transition Planning 4. Teacher Licensure 5. Placement

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Family Projection Process (3 steps)

1. Scanning-parent focuses on child due to fear that something is wrong with the child 2. Diagnosing- parent construes the child's behavior as a confirmation of the parental fear 3. Treating- parent treats the child as though he or she really has something wrong

Purposes of IDEIA 2004

1. provide an education that meets a child's unique needs and prepares the child for further education, employment, independent living 2. protect the rights of both children with disabilities and their parents

Types of Disabilities

1.Specific learning disability (SLD) 2.Other health impairment 3.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 4.Emotional disturbance 5.Speech or language impairment 6.Visual impairment, including blindness 7.Deafness 8.Hearing impairment 9.Deaf-blindness 10.Intellectual disability 11.Orthopedic Disability 12.Traumatic brain injury 13.Multiple disabilities

Tertiary Circular reactions

12 to 18 months children begin experimenting with trial and error

How what age do children acquire a vocabulary of 5 to 20 words?

18 months old

Early representational thought

18 to 24 months children begin representing objects with symbols.

5 language proficiency standards

1: Entering: communicate in English for SOCIAL AND INSTRUCTIONAL purposes within the school setting. 2: Beginning: communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of LANGUAGE ARTS. 3: Developing: communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of MATHEMATICS. 4: Expanding: communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of SCIENCE. 5: Bridging: communicate information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success in the content area of SOCIAL STUDIES

Between what ages does Piaget's pre-operational stage last?

2 to 7 years of age

Secondary circular reactions

4-8 months; repeat interesting effects in surroundings

IDEA 2004 specifies that an Evaluation Report must be completed within how many days of receipt of parental consent for testing?

60 days

Coordination of reactions

8 to 12 months. Imitate others observed behavior

What is the range of an above average stanine?

9-Jul

Auditory processing disorder APD

>Auditory discrimination: The ability to notice, compare and distinguish between distinct and separate sounds. The words seventy and seventeen may sound alike, for instance. >Auditory figure-ground discrimination: The ability to focus on the important sounds in a noisy setting. It would be like sitting at a party and not being able to hear the person next to you because there's so much background chatter. >Auditory memory: The ability to recall what you've heard, either immediately or when you need it later. •>Auditory sequencing: The ability to understand and recall the order of sounds and words. A child might say or write "ephelant" instead of "elephant," or hear the number 357 but write 735.

Screening assessment

A brief assessment process used to determine if more extensive assessment should be completed

A child receiving services is reevaluated for what reason(s)?

A child previously determined to be "a child with a disability" as defined by IDEA

Diagnostic assessment

A common form of formative assessment. Measures a student's current knowledge & skills for the purpose of identifying a suitable program of learning. Self assessment is a form of this.

Asperger Syndrome ASD

A condition characterized by difficulty with social interactions, unusual or repetitive behaviors, a narrow range of interests, awkward or clumsy movements and trouble with some aspects of communication, such as understanding sarcasm or body language Difficulty in the appropriate use of intonation and inflection

Which 2 mental disorders are frequently confused in children, but found in occurrence with the learning disabled?

AD/HD and Bipolarism

Conservation

Ability to understand the objects or substances retain properties of numbers or amounts even when their appearance or configuration changes.

Community mapping is concrete or what?

Abstract

What term refers to using something such as an electronic reader to help a student?

Accommodation.

Which of the following best describes an alternative or authentic assessment?

An oral presentation of a concept or idea

rational numbers

Any number that can be expressed as a fraction

irrational numbers

Any real number which cant be expressed as a fraction of two integers such as pi

What is another name for alternative assessments?

Authentic Assessment

When a teacher says to a student, "Do as I say, because I say so!" he is illustrating which type of classroom management technique?

Authoritarian

What classroom design focuses on separating the students, as not to distract each other?

Child-oriented model.

Period of decision stage

Children 14+ reflect the adolescent identity crisis

phallic stage

Children 3 to 6 years old pleasure is focused on genitals as children discover them

2-3 years old

Children gain 4 pounds and 3.5 inches

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

Congress increased the focus on accountability and improved outcomes by emphasizing reading, early intervention, and research-based instruction by requiring that special education teachers be highly qualified. The first purpose is to provide an education that meets a child's unique needs and prepares the child for further education, employment, and independent living. The second purpose is to protect the rights of both children with disabilities and their parents.

Which of the following court decisions established the principle that a students home language must be used in assessments that determine special education needs?

Diana v. State Board of Education

Curriculum adaptation that meets the needs of individual students is which of the following?

Differentiated Instruction

Hunter's Model of Planning

Direct instruction model created to provide a link among instructional objectives, instruction & assessment. Lock in steps so they can directly refer back to original instructional objective.

What does the acronym, DREDF stand for?

Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund

Bonnie goes to a private school in a different district than where she lives. Under the IDEA, which district is responsible for testing her for a learning disability?

District where her school is located

Montessori method

Emphasizes children's engagement in self directed activities with teachers using clinical observations to act as children's guides. Also employs self correcting equipment.

Bank Street curriculum

Emphasizes children's rich direct interactions with wide varieties of ideas materials and people in their environment

Social cognitive theory

Emphasizes role of self efficacy. Bandura is theorist most closely associated.

What is one way that teachers can help to facilitate personal autonomy in children and adolescents with cancer?

Encourage, but do not require students with cancer to participate in school activities

Stages of Learning

Entry Acquisition Proficiency Maintenance Generalization

Which attribute best defines a hearing-impaired student?

Fluctuating ability of hearing all sounds

Mainstreaming

Focused on placing children with disabilities in the LRE, but with no support

What is the name of the study that found direct teaching to be the superior choice when teaching children with difficulties in mathematics and reading?

Follow Through

A 10th grade student with a specific learning disability tells her special education teacher that she wants to find a job after graduation that allows her to work with animals Which of the following would be the special education teachers best initial step in collaborating with the student to support this longterm goal?

Having the student complete an interest inventory that will help her define her objectives more specifically

Joseph's teachers typically alternate between physical and mental assignments for him. Why?

He has ADD

What is the transition team's job?

Identify the student's vision for his/her life beyond high school; Discuss what the student is currently capable of doing in both academic and functional areas; Identify age-appropriate, measurable goals; Establish services designed to build on strengths and identify needed accommodations; Define each transition activity on the IEP regarding who is responsible for the activity and when each activity will begin and end

ordinal numbers

Indicate order of items in a group. First, Second Third

Computer-based instruction that analyzes and interprets student responses, presenting new information to the learner modeled on their strengths and weaknesses as determined by previous answers is

Intelligent computer-assisted-instruction

Students with social competency disorders also typically have what issue?

Kinesics

What is one of the major drawbacks of the Callier Asuza test?

Not as much descriptive or diagnostic results as other tests

Phonemic awareness in reading is analogous to what mental construct in mathematics?

Number Sense

Nominal Numbers

Numbers that name things, zip codes, area codes

Special education teachers and general education teachers who share teaching roles in the same classroom at different times are providing a best practice known as

One Teach, One Observe

__________ are attainable regardless of ability or skill level

Open goals

What are Freud's formulated five stages of development?

Oral, anal, phallic, Latency and genital

Community Based instruction

Orientation and Mobility training -domestic care -vocational-career -Community-transportation, shopping, resturants recreation and Leisure-crafts games, parks, YMCA

Which of the following best describes the impact of the civil rights movement during the 1960s?

Parents and other advocates mandated that states provide appropriate facilities for the education of students with disabilities

Presenting the most effective form of instruction possible sometimes involves the help of students who are to help other students. What are these helpers called?

Peer aides.

Moderate intellectual disability

People with disability have fair communication skills, but cannot typically communicate on complex levels. They may have difficulty in social situations and problems with social cues and judgment. These people can care for themselves, but might need more instruction and support than the typical person. Many can live in independent situations, but some still need the support of a group home.

Signs of depression in a high schoool student would most typically include

Pervasive feelings of sadness

Overt aggression

Physically harming others are threatening to do so

General Stages of Language Development

Pre-Linguistic Stage 0-18 Months- Before Speech and Language Emerging Language Stage 1.5 - 2 Years-Speech and Language are Beginning Developing Language Stage 2-3 Years-Language is Still Developing

PA categories in Accommodations of Statewide tests

Presentation, Response, Setting, Timing/scheduling

Differentiated Instruction

Proactively planning and providing alterations to curriculum, instruction and assessment that recognize students' varying background knowledge, readiness, language, preferences in learning, and interests. Differentiated instruction is a process to approach teaching and learning for students of differing abilities in the same class. The intent of differentiating instruction is to maximize each student's growth and individual success by meeting each student where he or she is, and assisting in the learning process.

The index that evaluates the speed at which a child copies and / or scans visual information is known as what?

Processing Speed

Anal stage

Psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training. Ages 18 to 36 months

Culturally responsive strategies

Recognize families may differ in attitudes, beliefs, and expectations regarding their child's disabilities.

What can the result of frequent hospitalization be for a toddler?

Regression

A student has a math problem that says to "circle 5 diamonds." Which level of mathematical understanding is being evaluated by this problem?

Semi-concrete

Which of the following types of development is defined as the skills a child uses to interact with the environment?

Sensory-motor development

In a lesson on the sophistication of writing, what is a topic that the teacher would discuss?

Sentence length

At what age do babies turn their heads and I stored sources of human voices to respond?

Six months of age

SDI

Specially designed instruction

What should the proximity of the teacher and teacher's aide desks be?

Spread out so they have adequate control of the students on both sides of the room

Which assessment is used to measure intelligence?

Stanford-Binet

What is a standardized student score?

Stanine

Healthy self concept

Strong, positive sense of self efficacy & confidence.

Morphology

Structure of words

Children with processing disorders can find what helpful for completing assignments?

Task analysis

Authentic assessments

Task identified and performed in settings that involve real world application of knowledge and skills. Emphasizes performances measures.

Positive behavior supports

Techniques to promote appropriate behavior & maintain the attention of students with disabilities; resources to establish and maintain consistent stds of classroom & individual behavior & daily routines.

ABLLS (acronym for what?)

The Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills

Which law guarantees that children learn in the "least restrictive environment"?

The Individuals with Disabilities Act, also known as Public Law 105-17

SLD Specific Learning Disability

The conditions in this group affect a child's ability to read, write, listen, speak, reason or do math

Pennsylvania Assn. for Retarded Children v.Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC) 1971

The exclusion of children with mental retardation from public schools. it was agreed that educational placement decisions must include a process of parental participation and a means to resolve disputes.

Associated intellectual disability

The most common syndromes associated with intellectual disability are autism, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

What is transition planning?

The purpose is to facilitate the student's move from school to post-school activities.

Phonetics and Phonology

The sound system of language

cerebral Palsy

The word "cerebral" refers to the brain's cerebrum, which is the part of the brain that regulates motor function. "Palsy" describes the paralysis of voluntary movement in certain parts of the body.

Lawrence Colberg's cognitive developmental theory

Theory of moral development based upon an expanding the concept of morality Piaget included in his theory of cognitive development.

Severe intellectual disability

These people can only communicate on the most basic levels. They cannot perform all self-care activities independently and need daily supervision and support. Most people in this category cannot successfully live an independent life and will need to live in a group home setting.

Antecedent/setting event strategies

Things we can change to prevent behavior.

Visual impairment, including blindness

This condition includes both partial sight and blindness. If eyewear can correct a vision problem, then it doesn't qualify.

Word Wall

This display of high frequency words in a list of pocket chart for children to refer to

What is Flexible grouping based on?

This group is based on learning needs, strengths, and preferences

The categorical self

This is a concrete view of oneself usually related to observably opposite characteristics. Example: I'm shorter than daddy.

At what age do children acquire vocabularies between 900 And 1000 words?

Three years old

RTI Tiers

Tier 1: screening all students to support the needs of all students and prevent problems before they occur Tier 2: designed to have additional instruction to help at-risk students to attain expected grade-level skills when they fall behind in Tier 1, progress monitoring Tier 3: instruction is customized for the individual child, provides more intensive instruction and sustained support

___________ is a chromosomal disorder that affects development of females.

Turner syndrome

At what age do children acquire a vocab 150 to 300 words?

Two years old

A behavioral checklist that is particularly useful for students with poor verbal skills

Vineland Teacher Survey Checklists

Baseline

a students present level of performance on a particular skill established using a students median (middle) score across 3 probes on instructional level material.

A four-tear-old preschooler demonstrates repetitive motor behaviors such as hand flapping and spinning. These behaviors interfere with the classroom routine and the child's ability to play. The special education teacher observes the preschooler and records that these behaviors consistently occur when he is asked to transition from one activity to another. In relationship to the identified behaviors, the transition times can best be described as:

antecedents

Removing a student from a distressing situation before inappropriate behavior occurs

antiseptic bouncing

whole language approach

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues. Help children create meaning from their readings.

To provide effective social skills instruction to elementary school students with disabilities, teachers should ensure that role-playing and practice activities:

are age appropriate and relevant to the students' lives.

Most children who stutter

are fluent when reading aloud with someone else

PEI (Prevention and Early Intervening)

are programs that move to a "help first" system in order to engage individuals before the development of serious mental illness or serious emotional disturbance or to alleviate the need for additional or extended mental health

A 12-year-old student with a learning disability has a health impairment that requires her to take certain medications on a strict schedule. Early in her seventh-grade year, the student informs her special education teacher that she will be away for the summer visiting relatives. The most appropriate step for the student's IEP team to take to promote her physical well-being during her trip would be to:

arrange for the school nurse to teach her medical self-management skills and monitor her use of them during the school year.

A special educator co-teaches in a first grade classroom. One of the students has a pragmatic language disorder and receives services from an SLT within the classroom twice a week. The student would likely benefit most from these services if the teachers use which of the following strategies?

arranging for the SLT to support the student during circle time and cooperative group times.

A kindergarten teacher is planning an activity in which the students will be sorting blocks of various shapes and colors into containers. A five-year-old with cerebral palsy is able to discriminate shapes and colors, but her motor control problems will prevent her from physically manipulating the blocks. Which of the following would be the teacher's best approach in this situation?

arranging for the student to participate using a different mode, such as using gestures or verbal prompts to indicate where a peer buddy should put the blocks

thematic approach

arranging the curriculum around specific themes

An IFSP team is developing a transition plan for a three-year-old child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) who will be entering public preschool. The special education teacher who serves as the service coordinator wants to engage the parents as collaborative partners in the process. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate and effective for the teacher to use in beginning to accomplish this goal?

asking the parents to provide information to help team members understand the family's concerns, resources, and priorities.

A kindergarten student with developmental delays is having difficulty recognizing the letters of the alphabet. The special education teacher guides the student in using play dough or pipe cleaners to form a target letter while repeating the letter's name. The activity best demonstrates the teacher's understanding that beginning readers learn to recognize letters primarily by:

attending to the distinguishing features of a letter, such as curved or straight lines.

A special education teacher wishes to minimize bias when administering achievement assessments to elementary school students from culturally diverse backgrounds. To achieve this goal, the teacher should use which of the following types of assessment instruments?

authentic

A child with fragile X syndrome will most likely show a developmental profile of social and emotional development that is most similar to children with which of the following disabilities?

autism spectrum disorder

John B Watson

behaviorist movement Given the situation, to tell what the human being will do; given the man in action, to be able to say why he is reacting in that way

A 13-year-old-eighth-grade student with cerebral palsy has expressed a strong interest in gaining independence in her life. The student says she wants to start by taking a lead role in making decisions at her upcoming annual IEP meeting. The student's team could best help the student prepare for this role by suggesting she first:

complete a self-inventory of her strengths, weaknesses, learning needs, and goals.

The primary purpose of the Pennsylvania Child Find system is to:

conduct screenings and other activities to identify children who may need special education and related services.

A fourth-grade student with dysgraphia is likely to have most difficulty with which of the following tasks?

forming letters on paper using a writing instrument

Assessment in literacy

graphing student's weekly performance in sight word recognition and fluency (visual representation of each student's progress & facilitate planning differentiated instruction).

A child with Down Syndrome is at higher risk than typical children for developing which of the following health problems?

heart defects

Latency

how long between command given to behavior to occur

A young child exposed to high levels of lead is most likely to develop which of the following conditions as a result?

impaired cognitive skills

Elementary students with moderate intellectual disabilities typically benefit most from an educational approach that:

integrates a functional curriculum with hands-on community-based learning.

Spina Bifida

is a birth defect in which part of the spine does not form normally, leaving an opening in the back. Pressure relief is essential being in the wheelchair

Dyscalculia

is a brain-based condition that makes it hard to make sense of numbers and math concepts. Some kids with dyscalculia can't grasp basic number concepts. They work hard to learn and memorize basic number facts. They may know what to do in math class but don't understand why they're doing it. In other words, they miss the logic behind it.

social and emotional development

is a child's ability to understand the feelings of others, control his or her own feelings and behaviors, get along with other children, and build relationships with adults. •In order for children to develop the basic skills they need such as cooperation, following directions, demonstrating self-control and paying attention, they must have social-emotional skills.

FERPA (Buckley Amendment) 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act

is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education record

Alfred Bandura

looked at observational learning in forming our personality. Children can be rewarded when they are good. Finds motivation in learning.

Semantics

meaning of words

Parental Education

most relevant factor to child well-being over race/ethnicity in regards to fostering a child's education

Which of the following types of words would be most typical in the vocabulary of a child in the earliest stage of first-language acquisition?

nouns for common objects like ball and cookie

Multi-disciplinary team

obtain consultations from different disciplines, but evals. are carried out with little interference from other areas, the school should not put child in a placement without referencing the child's current IEP

Acculturation

occurs when the "weaker" of two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture

cardinal number

one, two, three. indicate a quantity.

IDT Team

parents, teachers, specialists, psych., administrators, and sometimes children

During which stage of spelling development do children use letter names and sounds in increasingly refined ways, representing all sounds in the words they spell?

phonetic spelling

Concept Definition Map

prompt students to take key term, concept or reading selection and uncover its component ideas

The primary purpose of specially designed instruction (SDI) for a student with disabilities is to...

provide necessary supports for the student to make progress in the general education curriculum

Which of the following adaptations to the physical environment in a fifth-grade classroom would best support the learning needs of students with ADHD?

providing individual study spaces that are free of distractions where students can work as needed

A third-grade student with a physical disability has difficulty manipulating objects. The student's teacher often has students work in small groups, using manipulatives to solve mathematics problems. Which of the following instructional strategies would most effectively promote the student's participation in these learning activities?

providing the student and his group with adapted versions of the manipulatives used by other groups in the class

An IEP team has determined that a first-grade student with fine-motor deficits will receive instruction in the general education classroom with supplementary aids and services. Which of the following provisions included i the IEP would likely best address the student's motor deficits?

providing the student multiple accommodations for physically performing tasks involving fine-motor skills

Which of the following strategies by a special education teacher in an elementary school has the greatest potential for promoting positive attitudes toward students with disabilities by general education teachers?

providing the teachers with training on working with students with disabilities and strategies for meeting students' specific needs

Behavioral Disorders

refers to patterns of behavior that depart significantly from expectations of others

Chapter 14

regulations of IDEA specific to PA.

A five-year old with Down syndrome and associated language delays uses a speech-generating communication device that supplies the spoken word and/or related sound when she touches a picture on the screen. Which of the following is the most important benefit of this intervention for the child's future learning?

supporting her acquisition of vocabulary and concepts

A special education teacher and a general education teacher co-teach in an inclusion kindergarten class. The teachers are planning a field trip to the local zoo. They are aware that a student with ASD has difficulty with extreme changes in routine and that going on a field trip is likely to be challenging for her, Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in helping prevent the student from having a crisis during the field trip?

talking with the student on the days leading up to the trip about the zoo and what the class will see and do there

Which of the following behavior patterns in an 8th grade student most clearly indicates a delay in the area of social-emotional development?

tantruming,, tearing papers, or blaming others when frustrated

Engaged time-on-task, questioning and formative evaluation are considered to be ___________, while performance criteria is a vital part of instructional design, but it is not. It is an instructional objective.

teacher effectiveness variable

Avoiding legal & ethical problems

teachers: be consistent, follow written policies and procedures, retain objectivity and act reasonably, document and report facts only, eschew discrimination of all students, exercise due process

Reading assessments for an eight-year-old student with Down syndrome indicate that he demonstrates strength in sight-word recognition and can read simple books that contain familiar words. The student can also identify each letter of the alphabet and the most common sounds associated with each letter. However, he has not learned to use phonics to decode words, and his general comprehension of language, both written and spoken, lags behind that of his peers. Based on these assessment results, which of the following modifications would likely be the most appropriate for the special education teacher to recommend for promoting the student's reading development?

teaching reading skills to the student in standard sequence, but modifying the pace of instruction by embedding additional structured guidance and repeated practice in lessons

morphology

the forms of words prefixes, suffixes, endings

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Functional Relations

the variable maintaining the given behavior

Congential, degenerative, and birth injuries are not included under the legal definition of....

traumatic brain injuries

Jean Piaget

was a constructivist which means he believed that kids learn by manipulating, modifying, and otherwise working with concepts They construct their own learning rather than just being told something

Individualized Education Plan IEP

was established by the IDEA to help ensure every child's access to a Free Appropriate Public Education. This is a written document, developed by a team, which draws upon existing evaluation information in order to meet a student's unique educational needs. must include information regarding a student's present levels of educational performance, annual goals and benchmarking objectives, services and supplementary aids to be received, and a detailed explanation of instances where a student is not participating in the general classroom and why.

Section 508 (VRA)

websites have to be accessible for all

A fourth-grade student with a specific learning disability and ADHD is a struggling reader. The student has limited understanding of what she reads primarily due to poor working memory and weak decoding and vocabulary skills. Literacy instruction for the student should focus first in improving her skills in which of the following areas?

word recognition

PA Code of Professional Practice and Conduct for Educators

www.pacode.com/secure/data/022/chapter235/chap235toc.html

The IEP has two general purposes:

(1) to establish measurable annual goals for the child; and (2) to state the special education and related services and supplementary aids and services that the public agency will provide to, or on behalf of, the child

Piagets Cognitive Developlement

*The sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2 *The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7 *The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11 *The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood.

Emotionally disturbed children

- behaviors that others may consider excessive or inappropriate under factors of frequency, intensity, duration and context -2-3% of school aged population

Causes of ID in babies and young children: Prescription drugs, substance abuse, social drugs, diseases

- drugs taken during pregnancy effecting development causing intellectual disabilities -includes: fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal rubella, german measles, etc.

Continuum of alternative placements

- includes, but is not limited to, instruction in regular classes, special classes, special schools, instruction in hospitals and institutions, and instruction in the home

Consequences of poverty

- risk of academic failure due to lack of access to nutrition, healthcare, dental, vision, and access to educational resources

Compulsory Attendance laws

-1842- no child under 15 can be employed without proof of school attendance 3/12 months -1852- mandatory attendance for children 8-14 for at least 3 months per year, 6 weeks must be consecutive -1873- cut off at 12 years old, must attend 20 weeks per year

IDEA reauthorizations

-1997 (Public law 108-446): provides more access to gen. ed. curriculum and extended collaboration opportunities -2001 NCLB- reauthorized ESEA to stress accountability of schools -2004- IDEA reauthorization aligns better with NCLB- IDEIA- identifying schools in need of special education, high quality teachers

Pre-k school funding trials

-1998- Abbott vs. Burke- New Jersey, school funding to establish full day preschool to disadvantaged school districts -2000- Hoke County vs. State- North Carolina, funding for pre-k children at risk -2003- Montoy vs. State- Kansas, found state school funding system unconstitutional, included a comprehensive preschool program

Fetal Development of Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch

-22-24 weeks- responds to sound changes with movement, hearing on the inside (mothers heartbeat) and outside -chemosensation- development of taste and smell through ingestion of amniotic fluids -researchers have found fetal movement when mothers take hot baths (sensing temp.) -movement with touch (sensed at 14 weeks)

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Triangles

-3-person relationship systems, smallest stable systems, triangles tolerate more tension -always 2 insiders and 1 outsider -roles change when whoever is most uncomfortable maneuvers for change -2 parents focused only on a child's problems can result in a child's rebellion, depression, or illness

Reflexes

-Babinski- stroke of foot--> toes fan out and curl up -Moro/Startling- extended head and limbs -Rooting- searching for nipple or sucking -indicates normal brain functioning

Reporting Abuse

-State and federal laws mandate educators to report suspected child maltreatment, allowing school administration to determine if the report is unlawful -educators should not ask leading questions, be prepared with basic info, and get as many FACTS as possible

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Background

-a central assumption is that human relationship systems are regulated by an emotional system that developed over billions of years of evolution -sees family as a unit -human behavior is influenced by an emotional system

Scaffolding

-aim is to prevent excessive frustration -giving only as much guidance as needed on how to complete a task until the child can complete the task on their own

IDEA 2004 Reauthorization -becomes IDEIA (improvement act)

-aligns with NCLB, identifying schools in need of special education, ensuring reasonable discipline while protecting special needs students defining high quality teachers, reducing paperwork, increasing cooperation to decrease litigation -emphasizes reading, early intervention, and research-based instruction

Prenatal Brain Development

-begins forming 18 days after conception -sequence of structures forming in the brain are believed to be connected to processes such as breathing and digestions (developed first-needed at birth) -all neurons and brain cells are produced by the end of the second trimester -cellular overproduction and death are normal

Progress monitoring

-can be related to evaluation methods -comparing results to baseline to identify progress made using interventions -can be checklists/inventories for behavior, running records, etc.

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operations- Stage 3 (usually begins around 7yrs)

-can recognize that property remains the same despite difference in appearance (same amount of pennies, arranged in different rows)

Professional development collaboration & resources

-caregivers and teachers working together to develop systematic plans in order to give children meaningful experiences and routines -professional literature, colleagues, professional associations (NEA, NSTA, CEC), professional dev. activities

Causes of ID in babies and young children: Environmental, nutritional, and metabolic influences

-caused by malnutrition, temperature control, lack of hygiene, lack of cognitive stimulation, etc. -causes harm to intellectual development, can cause deprivation syndromes

Achievement gaps associated with SES and ethnic status

-children from less educated and more impoverished families are found to begin school with lower levels of basic skills in language, reading, and math

Impacts of Blindness

-cognitive development- more difficulty determining characteristics of things, defining concepts and organizing them into more abstract levels, typically acquiring object permanence a year later than normal -emotional/social- more dependent on adults, may not readily develop self-concepts due to a feeling of separation from the world -language dev.- typically learning from imitating others, initiates their understanding of symbolic meanings

Constructivist/Interactivist orientations to child cognitive development

-constructivism state that young children build their comprehension and knowledge of reality through their experiences with the environment and interactions with family, peers, older children, teachers and media -children manipulate concrete objects and learn abstract concepts forming hypotheses regarding the world through testing by interacting with people, things, and their own thinking

Cooperating with Collegues

-coordinated team meetings with a purpose (forums, new ed. methods) -peer review- teachers observe and critique each other -mentoring programs- new teachers match with veteran teacher for perspective and advice -scheduling tests to not overwhelm students -getting a general idea of structure and content

Social and cultural contexts of EC learning

-cultures individually and characteristically organize and view child development and behavior -teachers must comprehend how cultural settings influence the child's developing abilities -teachers must form their viewpoints from multiple perspectives to make decisions regarding development and education

Premack Principle

-derived from behaviorism or learning theory -encouraging a child to engage in a behavior less desirable by making a behavior more desirable or rewarding to the child contingent upon demonstrating the less desirable behavior -based off of the idea that people are more likely to repeat any behavior that receives a reward or reinforcement immediately after it occurs

Cultural influence

-direct impact on learning -teachers should relate curriculum or content to culture so that the information presented is relevant to the students life experiences, facilitating learning

Reporting child abuse

-do not ask leading questions -get as many facts as possible -be prepared with basic information on child

Alignment of preschool and elementary standards

-downward mapping-taking objectives/standards for older children and simplifying them for younger children, not effective -it is recommended that early learning standards come from research-based and practice based evidence on children from diverse backgrounds at specific ages and developmental stages -based off of sequences, processes, variations and long-term outcomes of early learning

Rodriguez vs. San Antonio 1973

-education ruled not a basic constitutional right, trial was taken to supreme court of the state of Texas where plaintiffs won the case -the beginning of shifting legal strategy from equity to adequacy in education

EHA amendments (Public law 99-457) 1986

-extends special education to preschoolers with disabilities ages 3-5 years old, services to infants and toddlers are at state discretion

Disordered behavior

-externalizers- aggressive, disruptive, acting out -internalizers- withdrawn, anxious, depressed -4 dimensions: conduct, personality, immaturity, socialized delinquency -some researchers include pervasive developmental disorders and learning disorders

IEP Goals and Objectives for preschoolers (3-5yrs)

-goals are more global, describing a skill for the child to acquire or a task to master

Separation between preschool and elementary education

-have long been separate in their infrastructures, traditions, values, and funding sources -current increase in state-funded prekindergarten due to accountability laws mandating 3rd grade standardized testing, this puts more pressure on k-2 teachers -funding is also being given to child-care and Head Start programs that meet state requirements

Play

-helps develop self-regulation and impulse control, planning, cooperating and collaborating with others -cognitively, emotionally, and socially benefits children

Modern History and the foundations of Early Childhood Education (ECE)

-historical sources say guidelines originally followed missionary programs -new programs such as Pestalozzi, Froebel, and Montessori emphasized individual and group learning

Visual impairments in babies and young children

-historically it has been thought that children with visual impairments developed more slowly, however, they are developmentally normal -tend to utter first words earlier (logical development when relying on hearing)

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Individual Development and Behavior

-incorporates Walter Roman's findings -people develop similar significant traits in common with others growing up in the same sibling position -oldest are leaders, youngest follow -positions are not considered better or worse, but complementary -oldest siblings who are not comfortable in the leadership position often "hand off" this position to a younger sibling willing to assume the role

Perceptual Development

-informs cognitive development -turning head when hearing sound, getting excited when seeing favorite food -perceiving differences and similarities and having the cognitive ability to classify -important to emotional and social development of young children, seeing facial expressions and learning to interpret them

Normative vs. Dynamic Physical Development

-large to small muscle growth -top to bottom- holding head up before walking -inner to outer- near trunk out to hands and feet

Physical moment children engage in

-locomotor- helps develop gross motor skills -non-locomotor- helps develop coordination and balance -manipulative- helps develop hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills

Good Start, Grow Smart Legislation 2002

-mandates early learning standards for language, literacy and math -some states have applied the standards comprehensively across developmental and learning domains, others concentrate on the legally mandated areas, especially literacy

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Nuclear Family Emotional System (4 patterns)

-marital conflict -dysfunction in 1 spouse -impairment of 1 or more children -emotional distance

Teaching numeracy skills

-math tends to be missing from prekindergarten due to teachers missing preparation, skills and self-confidence to give this area more attention -research indicates that preschool children knowledge of numbers and numerical sequences strongly predicts their mathematical success in higher grades

Causes of ID in babies and young children: Chromosomal Abnormalities

-missing parts, chromosomal deletions, defects, errors, extra chromosomes cause a variety of different disabilities -Includes: Cri du chat syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader willi syndrome, down syndrome

Accountability of teachers to promote learning and well-being

-modeling self-regulation skills -hearing and acknowledging children's emotions -establishing and applying clear and reasonable limits for children's behavior (may include children in the process) -supplying guidance for conflict and resolution, problem solving skills

Education for all Handicap Children Act (EHA) (Public law 94-142) 1975

-motivated by Public law 93-112 to educate all students with disabilities -all children receive FAPE in LRE and procedural safeguards that mandate due process

Assessing Learning Process and Achievement

-must be reliable and valid -not to be used for tracking, labeling, or other practices detrimental to children -should be purposeful, strategic, and continual -used for instructional planning to improve instruction and learning

Cellular development in Brain pre and post natal

-myelinization- mylen (sheath of fatty tissue) develops around neural cells to protect and facilitate transmission of neural impulses -synaptogenesis- process of neurons establishing synapses or connections to communicate with each other

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Preoperational- Stage 2 (2-7yrs)

-not yet able to perform/reverse operations or use logical thought processes -egocentrism-predicts that everyone sees from their perspective -learns to represent with symbols and language -can classify objects -known for describing inanimate objects to display animate features or actions -often believe that everything that occurs in their external environment is due to their actions

Causes of ID in babies and young children: Genetic or inherited metabolic disorders/abnormalties and syndromes affecting the nervous system

-parents may be carriers of traits causing several different intellectual disabilities

Premature or preterm birth effects

-physicians find it impossible to predict the effects in long-term based on gestational age and birth weight -some may be predicted, some grow up showing no effects at all

Children's approaches to learning

-positive learning related behaviors: attention, initiative, persistence- develop better language skills later -addition of self-regulation-demonstrates greater reading and math skills in higher grades

Socialization (definition & 6 types)

-process of learning written and unwritten rules within a community -reverse-deviation from acceptable behavior patterns -developmental- process of learning social skills -primary- learning attitudes, values, actions of a culture -secondary- learning behaviors required in a small group culture -anticipatory- practice and preparing to join a group -resocialization- discarding old, learning new behavior as a life transition

ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) 2009

-qualifies more conditions as disabilities -includes: physical or mental impairments limiting 1 or more life activities, such as immune system functioning, normal cell growth, brain and neurological, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, digestive, bowel, bladder functions -impairments include: physical conditions, mental illness, ADHD and record of impairment (ex. cancer in remission) -reasonable accommodations- adaptions or modifications enabling those with disabilities to have equal opportunities

ADA 2009 changes

-qualifies more conditions as disabiltities -physical and mental impairments and conditions that substantially limit 1 or more life activities including: immune system functioning, normal cell growth, brain, neurological, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, digestive, bowel, bladder functions -physical, mental illness, conditions, ADHD, record of impairment (ex. cancer in remission) -reasonable accommodations enabling a person with disabilities to have equal opportunities

Intervention and preschool Special Education services for children with special needs of U.S. Military Families

-receives funding through Specialized Training of Military Families (STOMP) -STOMP is composed of parents with special needs children, who have been trained to work with other parents of special needs children, staff members are comprised of spouses of military personnel -U.S. Dept. of Defense and office of Dept. of Defense of Education Activity (DoDEA) provide comprehensive guidance for families under IDEA

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990

-requires access for all people with disabilities to public buildings, facilities, transportation, and communication -does not cover educational services

Promoting pre literacy skills

-research finds that young children's vocabulary knowledge and other spoken language elements significantly predict their later reading comprehension -research has found strong evidence that phonological awareness, alphabetic knowledge, and print awareness in young children can significantly predict their reading and writing proficiency when they are older

Promoting and predicting academic success

-research says that showing younger children self-regulation skills are predictive of their later skills in focused attention, planning, problem solving, decision making, and metacognition, contributing to the learners success

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor- Stage 1 (0-2yrs)

-response to information through the senses -object permanence (8-9months)- realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

Attachment styles: Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby

-secure-show normal attachment, sad when mom leaves, happy when she comes back, hesitant to strangers when alone, friendly with strangers when mother is present, mother is a safe base for environmental exploring -insecure/avoidant- no separation anxiety/stranger anxiety, little interest on reunions with mother, comforted equally by mother and strangers -insecure/resistant-show exaggerated separation anxiety, fear of strangers, resistance upon returning mother -insecure/disorganized- seem dazed and confused, responses are inconsistent

Causes of ID in babies and young children: Infections

-several infections can be passed from mother to baby pre and post natal causing intellectual disabilities, blindness, deafness, heart defects, etc. -including: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), Congenital Rubella, German Measles, Meningitis, HIV, AIDS, etc.

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Societal Regression Symptoms

-societies reflect the same interactional patterns observed within families on a larger level, going through progressive and regressive periods

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2001 -reauthorization of Elem. and Secondary Ed. Act (ESEA)

-stressed accountability of schools needing improvements and teacher quality -school performance data taken from standardized tests -testing includes all students with disabilities -NCLB gives teachers and admin. better research info., schools more resources through the use of federal funds

Parent/teacher conferences

-teachers should create a flexible plan, use a positive approach (handling anything negative in a "we can fix it" manner)

Controlling physical and psychological conditions in the learning environment

-teachers should organize the environment and create orderly schedules and routines, giving students stability and structure -gives predictability in learning situations to create and maintain and optimally positive psychological, emotional, and social learning climate

Standards Adverse Affects upon teaching practices

-too much whole class and group lecturing, teaching separate objectives in a fragmented or unconnected manner, forcing teacher to adhere to rigid schedules with tight paces -schools sacrifice important experiences such as problem-solving, peer collaboration, emotional and social development, physical and outdoor activities, arts activities, and rich play activities

Social Skills & ineptitude

-tools used to interact and communicate with others, verbal and non-verbal, from problem solving skills to body language -ineptitude-lack of social skills, may be considered disrespectful

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal Operations- Stage 4 (around 11yrs)

-understands abstract operations, using arithmetic and grammar logically

Eligibility for Services under IDEA

-uses qualitative and quantitative criteria -qualitative criteria include: atypical development or behaviors from established norms -quantitative criteria include: difference between chronological age and performance level, performance on a norm-referenced test

6 Principals of IDEA

1. FAPE 2. Appropriate Evaluations 3. IEP 4. LRE 5. Parental and Student Participation 6. Procedural Due Process

IDEA (6 principles)

1. FAPE- publicly funded ed. cannot exclude any student because of disability 2. Due process- family and students with disabilities rights protection 3. parent participation is encouraged 4. fair and unbiased assessment 5. LRE- where the student and other students can learn and succeed 6. IEP- information related to students with disabilities and families must be kept confidential

What are the components of IEP

1. Strengths and weaknesses. Does it reflect your input regarding the skills he does well and the skills he needs, as well as what you want him to know and do? 2. Correct diagnosis. Does it contain an accurate, comprehensive definition of her diagnosis, expressed clearly so that you understand how and what areas of learning are affected? 3. Current performance indicators. Does it present a clear, valid picture of his present level of performance in such a way that it can be used as a benchmark to measure future progress? 4. Valid interventions. Are you convinced that the treatment programs recommended are research-based and effective for his particular learning needs? 5. Realistic, measurable goals. Are the annual goals set for her meaningful and attainable; will objective measures be used to determine if the goals have been achieved? 6. Short-term objectives. Do the short-term (interim) objectives leading up to the annual goal specifically describe how progress will be measured, and is there a timetable and mechanism for regularly reporting progress, or lack thereof, to you? 7. Social considerations. Does the IEP provide a program for your child that allows maximum involvement with his peer group, in compliance with the law's Least Restrictive Environment mandate?

Prenatal Development (3 principles)

1. cephalocaudal- head to tail development 2. development from basic to specialized body organs and systems 3. development in order of importance-organs most important to survival

ECE teachers considerations for making decisions in areas of knowledge

1. child development and learning-predictions on what children can and cannot do, how they behave at certain ages 2. the individual child- knowing the specific and unique needs of children 3. cultural and societal contexts in which children live- understanding what makes sense to the children, how they use language, show respect, and informs how to teach

Activity-based intervention

1. child directed 2. embeds intervention across various activities 3. utilizes naturally and logically occurring antecedents and consequences 4. focus on developing functional skills

Scaffolding in ECE

1. needs vary among students 2. varied forms include: modeling, providing cues, giving a hint, modifying/adapting learning materials 3. teachers can model directly or plan on peer/buddy modeling (pairing)

IDEA Requirements (6 principles)

1. publicly funded ed. cannot exclude any student due to disability 2. rights of students and parents are protected by due process procedures 3. parents are encouraged to participate in their children's education 4. assessment of all students should be fair and unbiased 5. all students must receive FAPE in LRE in order for success of all students 6. information regarding students with disabilities and their families must be kept confidential

IDEA 6 principles

1. publicly funded education cannot exclude students with disabilities 2. due process protects rights of students and families 3. parental participation encouraged 4. assessment must be fair and unbiased 5. FAPE and LRE 6. information regarding students with disabilities must be kept confidential

Oberti Test (Oberti vs. Board of Ed.) -3 considerations for determining placement

1. steps taken by school to include child in gen. ed. 2. comparison of what a child receives in gen. ed. vs. in a segregated classroom 3. possible negative effects on others in the classroom

A student has a physical movement disability. He hears and sees well, and he has normal cognitive abilities. Which class should he be in?

A full-time, general education placement with physical therapy services

Communicating with parents and adjusting teaching styles are things teachers can do to what?

Act as advocates

Accommodations

Adaptations to a task that do not change what is assessed and do not alter the difficulty level of the math- or reading-related components. Each accommodation is based on the specific needs of the student. Occasionally, an accommodation is implemented on a group basis.

A large pencil is an example of what?

Adapted common tool

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA)

Addressed the inequality of educational opportunity for underprivileged children. This landmark legislation provided resources to help ensure that disadvantaged students had access to quality education.

What board was created by the IDEA to ensure that all standards are being met for learning disabled children?

Advisory board

Fragile x Syndrome

Affected individuals usually have delayed development of speech and language by age 2 have mild to moderate intellectual disability may also have anxiety and hyperactive behavior such as fidgeting or impulsive actions. They may have attention deficit disorder (ADD), which includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and difficulty focusing on specific tasks have features of autism spectrum disorders that affect communication and social interaction. Seizures occur in about 15 percent of males and about 5 percent of female

What is the best time to present cooperative learning activities?

After a lesson

Pseudorealistic stage

Ages 11 to 13 reflecting their ability to reason

The scribble stage

Ages 2 to 4 make uncontrollable scribbles

The pre-schematics stage

Ages 4-6 develop a visual schema

The schematics stage

Ages 7 to 9 drawings are more reflecting physical proportions and colors

Drawling realism stage

Ages 9 to 11 drawings increasingly become representational

Instrumental aggression

Aggressive behavior with younger preschoolers. Example: shout hit or kick

Which of the following legislative acts guarantees the civil rights of a student with disabilities to access public buildings and facilities within them?

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act. After 1990 must be accessible for all. Not just wheelchairs, but telecommunication, transportation, etc. Universal design helps all of us.

Optimal learning environment

Applying principles of UDL to evaluate, modify, and adapt the classroom setting, curricula, instruction, materials, and equipment

Viktor Lowenfeld's theory name

Art education therapy/ Developmental stages

The inability to clearly create individual speech sounds and / or correctly combine sounds to create words is known as what language development difficulty?

Articulation disorder

Which of the following disabilities is characterized primarily by impairments in social perception, interactions, and nonverbal communication, but no significant cognitive delays?

Asperger Syndrome

What does the acronym, "AD", frequently used in Special Education, stand for?

Attachment disorder

According to Bandura, what are the conditions necessary for effective modeling?

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Roles of families/caregivers

Attitudes & beliefs of adults play key role in children's socioemotional development (i.e. receiving positive reinforcement & affection for efforts or successes leads to healthy self concept).

Projection

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.

There are several factors that might inhibit the success of a child with blindness and low vision within the regular education classroom. These factors include all but which of the following?

Avoiding placing children with blindness and low vision in classrooms with other children who have sight disabilities

Front

Back

Intervention / alternative behaviors

Based on the functional analysis, alternative behaviors will be identified to replace the ones to be modified. This will allow the student to meet the needs by responding to the function of that behavior. Replace challenging beh. with a more positive and prosocial behavior.

What does BICS stand for?

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills.

Direct instruction method

Behavioral method of teaching

A teacher who rewards good behavior with gold stars is using which theory?

Behaviorism.

Constance Kamii

Believes in basing early childhood education goals and objectives upon scientific theory of children's cognitive social and moral development.

Which of the following men might we have to thank for the advancement of learning regarding mental illness?

Benjamin Rush

Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development

Between 2 to 6 years old children use objects to represent other things.

Concrete operational stage

Between ages 6 to 7 years old Have the ability to think logically

Second developmental period

Between ages of six and 18 months infants are able to coordinate their attention visually with other people relative to things and events enabling communication with adults.

What age are children entitled to early intervention under IDEA?

Birth to 2

Sensorimotor period of cognitive development

Birth to one month old. Infants learn to comprehend their environment through their inborn reflexes such as the sucking reflex.

brain growth

Brains attain 55 percent of adult size by 2 years and 90 percent by 6 years

At what age do toddlers usually understand and follow simple directions?

By 12 months

Sexual Abuse

CAPTA definition: employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of a child to engage in, assist in any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct

Based on Modification, what is an example of a technique that might be employed to meet a student's need?

Change the format and/or content of lesson material to be more comprehensive and adaptable in order to meet a wider range of abilities

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Child's birth order relative to other children and families is associated with corresponding influences on the child's personality and behaviors

birth to 2 years

Children grow up to 4 times their newborn weight and 2/3 their newborn length/height.

speech and language development

Children say their first words between 12 and 18 months of age. They begin to use complex sentences by the age of 4 to 4 1/2 years. By the time they start kindergarten, children know most of the fundamentals of their language, so that they are able to converse easily with someone who speaks as they do (that is, in their dialect). As with other aspects of development, language acquisition is not predictable. One child may say her first word at 10 months, another at 20 months. One child may use complex sentences at 5 1/2 years, another at 3 years.

Deafness

Children with a diagnosis of deafness have a severe hearing impairment. They aren't able to process language through hearing.

Intellectual disability

Children with this type of disability have below-average intellectual ability. They may also have poor communication, self-care and social skills. Down syndrome is one example of an intellectual disability.

The inner self

Childs private feelings desires and thoughts

Gaskin settlement

Class action lawsuit leading to more inclusion in PA (Lou Brown)

In the typical sequence of cognitive development, which of the following abilities would an individual generally acquire first?

Classification

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

Curriculum based measurement (CBM)

Comprises systematic way for determining student progress in the scope & sequence of classroom expectations. Use of probes, scoring and graphing to est. then compare actual student growth. Use of standardized guidelines and procedures using repeated measures or probes to est. baseline and subsequent achievement. Used by IEP team to monitor progress on ongoing basis, determine effective instruction,and improve motivation by using progress graphs.

Schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

A test that correlates with a measure that has already been proven valid is what type of validity?

Concurrent Validity

Pennsylvania Child Find

Conducts screenings and other activities to identify children who may need special education and related services statewide, comprehensive, coordinated multi-disciplinary system of Early Intervention Services for infants and toddlers with disabilities. ... Under IDEA, states must ensure that children with disabilities are eligible for special education services by age three.

Public Law 94-142: The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

Congress intended that all children with disabilities would "have a right to education, and to establish a process by which State and local educational agencies may be held accountable for providing educational services for all handicapped children." Initially, the law focused on ensuring that children with disabilities had access to an education and due process of law. Congress included an elaborate system of legal checks and balances called "procedural safeguards" that are designed to protect the rights of children and their parents.

How should teachers address student behavior?

Consistently

Under what political structure is special education formed?

Cooperative federalism

What duty is generally NOT designated to a teacher, but the paraprofessional?

Create bulletin boards

____________ are used for groups or individuals, and allow teachers to adjust instruction strategies.

Curriculum-based assessments

Which of the following is true regarding transitions for students with special needs at age three?

Decisions regarding the child's services and family supports should be made with the child's family/caregivers.

________ is a mental disorder is most commonly found among all disabilities

Depression

According to PA's Code of Professional Practice and Conduct for Educators, the primary responsibility of special education teachers is to...

Develop students' educational potential.

The remembered self

Develops with long-term memory including Autobiographical memories and things adult told them.

Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities

Disorders of attention • Reading difficulties • Poor motor abilities • Written language difficulties • Oral language difficulties • Social skills deficits • Psychological process deficits • Quantitative disorders • Information processing problems

A 10th grade English language learner with an orthopedic impairment recently arrived in the US. His work on class assignments meets expectations, but he is reluctant to respond to oral questions from teachers during class. He readily interacts with other students during cooperative learning activities but appears visibly uncomfortable when a teacher attempts to interact with him. Which of the following questions should a teacher 1st consider when determining how to best support this students learning?

Do teaching practices differ in his home culture from those in the US?

An IEP team is reviewing a recently drafted IEP of a middle school student with ASD and an associated intellectual disability. Which of the following questions would be the most important for the IEP team to focus on during this review?

Does the IEP provide a detailed outline of what the student needs in order to access and make progress in the general education curriculum?

Under what federal program was an IEP for a learning disabled child first introduced?

EHA

The Age 3 & 5 Transition in PA

Early intervention services do not terminate at a child's 3rd birthday or 5th birthday. Rather, programming continues until the end of the school year in which the child turns 3. agencies responsible for early intervention and the intermediate units must meet prior to April 2 to identify all children who will turn three during the upcoming school year Changes in programs or services during the transition year must be based on educational recommendations, not administrative or funding considerations. Services and family supports should be made with the family Pennsylvania's policy is intended to allow the child "to start and finish the transition year in the same environment."

What assessment looks at the work that a child completes in class?

Educational Assessment

In 1970, Congress enacted the Education of the Handicapped Act (P.L. 91-230)

Efforts to encourage states to develop educational programs for individuals with disabilities.

__________ is defined as a condition exhibiting one or more of the stated characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

Emotional disturbance

Of the following categories of disability, which classifies a student who has a general mood of depression?

Emotional disturbance.

IDEA 2004

Enhances accountability for programs serving students with disabilities. Aligns with NCLB, appropriately identifying students needing special education. Ensures reasonable discipline while protecting special needs students by defining highly qualified teachers.

Strategy for mobility & independence

Ensure student is able to move about classroom freely; ensure student is able to reach needed materials & supplies from wheelchair (wide aisles, shelves of appropriate height & depth to promote independent functioning).

Edouard Seguin most contributed to developments in the history of special education by...

Establishing a system for educating youth with intellectual disabilities

To help with reading comprehension, what is an example of examining the text before reading?

Examining charts and illustrations

A graduate student from a local university contacts a special education teacher at a high school and requests to review the educational records of 9th and 10th grade students with ASD as part of a class assignment. In this situation, it would be most appropriate for the special education teacher to respond to the graduate student's request in which way?

Explaining to the graduate student that records are confidential and access requires written permission from each student's parents/guardians

Which of the following is NOT a teacher function in the model for the delivery of a teacher-led instruction of a daily lesson?

Expressing affection.

FERPA

Family educational rights and privacy act of 1974 is a federal law which restricts the disclosure of academic records (aka Buckley Amendment)

Which of these is an example of a perinatal cause of mental retardation?

Fetal anoxia

At what age do children use many descriptive words and understand common antonyms like heavy metal long short?

Five years old

In order to meet the needs of individual students what is the best grouping method?

Flexible

Literacy Intervention Approaches

For struggling reader, give lots of experience with books they can read & want to read. Controlled readability level & age appropriate narratives which are well written & compelling. Involve child in documenting own progress to motivate visible evidence of increasing proficiency.

Family communication & relationships

Form productive, collaborative relationships with families of all students, promoting effective communication. Cultural background & beliefs influence attitudes & expectations for children.

____________ is used to facilitate positive interdependence, interactive information processing, individual and group accountability, and practicing appropriate social skills

Formal grouping

Positive & inclusive learning environment

Fostering students and addressing needs in the cognitive, behavioral, language, physical, and social domains.

According to special needs experts, there are how many levels of family participation in special education and related services?

Four

Murray Bowen: Family SystemsTheory

Four basic family relationship patterns. Marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment of one or more children, emotional distance. Also family projection process.

At what age do children know the names of animals familiar to them?

Four years old

Froebel's Theory

Frederich Froebel created The original concept and practice of kindergarten.

FAPE

Free appropriate public education. Subset of IDEA.

What visual element is found to help the learning disabled with the comprehension of long reading texts?

Frequent use of color

genital stage

Freud's stage of psychosexual development when adult sexuality is prominent.

FBA

Functional behavioral assessment

reaching developmental milestones and expectations for their age.

Functional development

In the Individual Learning Expectations (ILE) model, students are evaluated in which of the following ways?

Graded based on improvement

Physical Development

Gross( arms and Legs) and Fine Motor (finger and toes)Development

4-6 years

Growth slows more, gains of 5-7 pounds and 2.5 inches gained

________ are the issues that arise because of the disability

Handicaps

Early childhood comprehensive systems

Have the ability to further methods that can decrease socioeconomically related to healthcare inequalities in early childhood.

Howard Gardner

He created the theory of Multiple Intelligences. In the classroom we can engage multiple intelligences by singing educational songs, allowing students to work through concepts verbally, through art, through writing, with partners, and through movement.

The Mental Health Continuum

Healthy: Normal Functioning REACTING: Common & Reversible Distress INJURED: Significant Functional Impairment ILL: Clinical Disorder. Severe & Persistent Functional Impairment.

HIPAA

Heath insurance portability and accountability act; privacy & security rules.

Abraham H. Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization)

Board of Education v. Rowley 1982

High Court held that public schools are not required by law to provide sign language interpreters to deaf students who are otherwise receiving an equal and adequate education.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

High Courts banned segregation in schools

Which seating arrangement is best for handing out material and collaboration?

Horseshoe

When asked to put away a favorite toy a seven-year-old student with an intellectual disability throws himself on the floor screaming and crying. Which of the following questions should be the special education teacher's primary consideration when determining how to respond in this situation?

How can I bring about the desired behavior while maintaining the student's dignity?

Part of teaching effectively is knowing the difference between self-concept and self-esteem. If self-esteem is how one feels about oneself, then self-concept must be what?

How one thinks about oneself

Overcoming potential barriers

How to adapt physical environ. to provide optimal learning opportunities, promote independence and self advocacy, foster students' active engagement in educational environments to ensure academic success.

What determines the services for students with health problems in some schools?

IHP (Individualized health plans)

The Flynn Effect is associated with which assessment?

IQ

Mild intellectual disability

IQ 50 to 70 Slower than typical in all developmental areas No unusual physical characteristics Able to learn practical life skills Attains reading and math skills up to grade levels 3 to 6 Able to blend in socially Functions in daily life Ex A person who can read, but has difficulty comprehending what he or she reads represents one example of someone with mild intellectual disability.

Semiphonetic

Indicated that spellers write only some of the letters in a word.

Developmental Delay

Indicates failure to achieve given milestones by average age at which such milestones are achieved (i.e. sitting up alone, walking).

According to Part C of the IDEA, which of the following instruments is used to document and guide early intervention services for infants and toddlers with developmental delays?

Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)

IFSP

Individual family service plans. A written plan for the provision of appropriate Early Intervention services to an eligible infant, toddler or young child, including services to enable the family to enhance their child's development. It is based on and responsive to the evaluation. The IFSP/IEP identifies the child's unique strengths and needs and the familys concerns and priorities for their child.The plan includes outcomes/goals, specially designed instruction and the supports and services necessary to support the child's learning and development.The IFSP/IEP also includes a written plan for transitions as the child approaches age three and kindergarten.

IEP

Individualized education program. To be eligible, must affect your academic performance and must be listed in 1 of 13 IDEA disability categories.A written plan for the provision of appropriate early intervention services to an eligible young child, including services to enable the family to enhance their child's development. It is based on and responsive to the evaluation. The IEP identifies the child's educational levels, learning strengths and needs, annual goals and objectives, specially designed instruction and the special education and related services necessary to support the child's learning and development.

The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which required all public schools, which received federal funding to provide equal opportunities for education to disabled children was eventually revised and renamed what?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

First oral stage

Infants from birth to age 18 months focus of pleasure is on the mouth as they suck to nurse.

What are the three basic types of grouping strategies?

Informal, Formal, and Base

Relational aggression

Involves emotional/social harm. Example: rejecting another from a group of friends or spreading rumors

In which of the following ways does the agreement reached in Gaskin v. Pennsylvania Department of Education most directly relate to the mandates of the IDEA?

It clarifies the meaning and execution in Pennsylvania schools of the IDEA requirement that students with disabilities be educated with students without disabilities to the maximum extent possible.

Is collaborative heterogeneous or homogeneous learning better for special needs students?

It depends on the class

Why would a Constructivist approach to teaching benefit the learning disabled?

It implements information they already know

SDI - Specially Designed Instruction

It is anything specific and unique to your child-determined by their areas of need, to help them access their education. It is based on the evaluations done on your child, to determine their areas of need Accommodations and Modifications

One way of incorporating as many learning styles and multiple intelligences as possible is to utilize Bernice McCarthy's 4MAT Curriculum Development Model, which does what?

It proposes a series of activities based on the questions why, what, how, and If I do use this, what possibilities will it create?

Benjamin Bloom

It's a hierarchy of intellectual behaviors. The lowest level is remembering facts. The highest level is using that knowledge to create something new

An IEP team is determining an appropriate special education placement for a student with an emotional disturbance. If placement in general education classrooms wth a consultant special education teacher and a 1:1 aide would not provide suficient support, the next level of support for the team to consider would be...

Itinerant

What reading program can be used to greatly help students who have vision disabilities in a classroom?

JAWS.

Universal Screening

Key feature to RtII. All students to be assessed early & often to allow the identification of students who are at risk for not mtg grade level academic & behavioral stds & benchmarks. All students screened 3-5 times throughout school year.

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development. Tryay.

Input Hypothesis

L2s learn through exposure to language that is just beyond their level of comprehension.

Gaskin v. PDE

LRE and school districts to offer a full continuum of support services allowing disabled children to be educated in regular classrooms.

Which of the following is NOT an environmental factor that could impact a student's academic development and achievement?

Lack of reinforcement with regard to learning and the importance of school performance

The theories and philosophies of Maria Montessori most strongly influenced which of the following approaches to special education?

Learning activities should be adjusted to each child's unique abilities, skills, and interests.

Maria Montessori

Learning styles should be adjusted to each child's unique abilities, skills and interests.

LRE

Least restrictive environment. This provision guarantees a student's right to be educated in the setting most like that of peers w/o disabilities in which the student can be successful with appropriate supports provided.

A special education teacher would be best advised to refer families/caregivers seeking information about services and programs for individuals with intellectual disabilities to which of the following groups

Local chapter of The Arc

All of the following describe characteristics of self-expressive learners EXCEPT

Logical

Who developed the direct instruction model of effective classroom instruction?

Madeline Hunter

Learned Helplessness

Many students with language impairments and learning disabilities struggle significantly in school setting due to failing academic performance Other symptoms of learned helplessness include: •Lack of motivation/task initiation •Poor critical thinking abilities •Reluctance to make independent choices •Low self-esteem •Depression •Blaming a disability: "I act like this because I have

Of the following, which is an element of the SCREAM theory that must be included when teachers are instructing, in order for it to be effective?

Maximized engagement

If two parties involved in the education of the student are unable to reach an agreement, what service is offered to come up with a reasonable answer?

Mediation

Functional living skills

Medical self management, food prep, use of assistive technology, adaptive skills. Evidence based methods; CBI

A high school student with a specific learning disability will be receiving SDI within general education classes. The student's special education teacher could best ensure effective implementation of the student's IEP by taking which of the following actions?

Meeting regularly with the general education teachers to discuss the students progress and suggest changes in instructional strategies as needed

Which type of spina bifida is characterized by a sac that protrudes through a hole in the vertabrae?

Meningocele

Hostile aggression

Middle preschoolers are getting even for wrongs for injuries they feel others have done to them.

Cerebral palsy might affect one or more areas of the body. The type of cerebral palsy that affects only one arm or one leg is called

Monoplegia

What kind of developmental theory encourages multiple intelligences and varying styles of learning in a single environment?

Montessori's educational model

Multi-Tiered System of Supports

More comprehensive strategy that is interchangeable with RtII ###addresses academic as well as the social, emotional, and behavioral development of children from early childhood to graduation.

Neglect

Most commonly reported; physical tends to be episodic vs. neglect involves inattention to the child's basic needs, educators should look for consistencies

When a fifth-grade student with ADHD reads, he often loses his place, skips lines, and omits words. The student would most likely benefit from which of the following uses of assistive technology?

Moving a large index card from left o right under each line of text as he reads

Behavior

Must be observable and measurable (by duration, intensity, latency, frequency)

____________ are a type of neuromotor impairment referring to a group of defects involving a malformation of the brain, spinal cord, and/or vertebrae.

Neural tube defects

NCLB

No child left behind act requires states to implement accountability systems covering public schools & students; based on specific stds

Zero rejection / Child find

No matter what the disability, must be supported in school (can't be kicked out because of it). CF sends social worker to find all the kids with disibilities. Subset of IDEA.

Of the following scales of measurement, which is considered the naming or identification tool?

Nominal

The grade norms of selected students is used to create which of the following?

Norm samples

Inclusion

Placement in programs to meet a child's needs. vFocused first on placing children with disabilities in the classroom and then offering special services. Requires instruction and assessment be provided to these ind. in the classroom.

504 plan

Plan for accomodations & modifications not required by law. It does not necessarily affect academic performance (ie Physical disability in wheelchair)

What must functional curriculum address for special needs students?

Play, social skill development, and sensory integration

Carla and Henry are three year olds engaged in functional play, what might they be doing?

Playing in the block area building simple small projects

What is an area of difficulty for a student with a nonverbal learning disorder?

Poor sense of spatial awareness

Fine motor delay srategies

Prompting child to choose play activities that incorporate needed self help skills such as zippering. Evidence based methods.

Which of the following would be an appropriate program modification for a student with difficulties in memory processing?

Provide the student with an assignment book to write down assignments

Locus of control

Psychologist Julian rotter created this term which refers to the place where we attribute Causes for outcomes we experience either externally or internally.

Carl Rogers

Realize ones full potential

A special education teacher is meeting with the parents of an 8th grade student who has an IEP for other health impairments. The parents confide that they have recently lost their jobs and can no longer afford the student's medications. Which of the following steps would be most appropriate for the special education teacher to take in this situation?

Referring the student's family to the school social worker for assistance in identifying community resources and assistance available to the family

RtII Response to Instruction/Intervention

Refers to the practice of providing effective instruction and intervention across three tiers to all students. Students can move throughout tiers. Assessment, progress monitoring, and data-driven decision making are all components of successful implementation. The hope is to reduce the number of students being referred to Special Ed and to provide research and evidence-based, high quality instruction in all tiers.

A team that includes personnel from several community agencies will be facilitating the transition of a high school student with cerebral palsy from school to independent living. Which of the following conditions is most critical to effective communication and collaboration between the student, agency personnel, special education staff, and others on the team?

Regular opportunities for the team to meet, discuss ideas, and develop relationships

RtII

Response to instruction & intervention. 3 tiers of instructional design. Tier 1 use of research based strategies for instruction that cover comp. core of academic req. Tier2 supplemental instruction to students demonstrating difficulties with curriculum Tier 3 Students displaying continued deficits in progress considered for additional more extreme intervention or referral to sp.ed.

What is the name of the period of intervention schools must take to evaluate a child suspected of learning disabilities?

Response to intervention.

All of the Autism Spectrum Disorders are thought to be neurological in origin except which of the following?

Rett Syndrome

What ambience cue is useful in creating a stress-free teaching environment?

Scent

Including diverse families in a disabled child's education might do what?

Scheduling home visits that accomodate the family's work schedule, initiating other forms of communication with families if a telephone is not present within the home, and providing materials that are in a format that the family can understand and access

Greg has a learning disability, but the only school in the area equipped to handle it is a private school. Who will pay for Greg to attend the private school?

School board.

Children who are verbal, but limited would benefit from which strategy?

Skits and plays

considers the skills a child has that allows him / her to interact with other individuals.

Social-emotional development

ESSA-Every Student Succeeds Act 2015 (Obama)

States must still test students in the same grades but will now have flexibility in how and when they administer those tests. For example, a single annual assessment can be broken down into a series of smaller tests. There's also an emphasis on finding different kinds of tests that more accurately measure what students are learning. Re authorization of the old ESEA

What is the process in which a teacher makes a plan to coincide with the student's IEP?

Strategy Instruction

The SCREAM Variables should be included as a teacher delivers instruction to her class. What does SCREAM stand for?

Structure, Clarity, Redundancy, Enthusiasm, Appropriate Rate, Maximized Engagement

Which of the following 12 year olds is most likely demonstrating atypical cognitive development?

Student who spends time playing with her puppy every morning and cannot understand why she gets to school late

What is the name given to the final assessment of the special needs child before the program begins?

Summative assessment

A teacher plans to teach her students to take risks. What is she planning for her class?

Supportive behavior

An environment values effort, nurtures skills of independence, and supports and celebrates success

Suppotive classroom environment

A special education teacher co-teaches in a culturally diverse second-grade class that includes several students with disabilities. The teacher notices that two students who come from the same cultural background have particular difficulty paying attention during extended listening tasks, such as teacher read-alouds. The teacher wonders if the students have undiagnosed attention disorders.Which of the following should be the teacher's first consideration when reflecting on this situation?

Teacher-led activities may not be compatible with the students' personal and culturally influenced learning preferences.

LEA - language reading approach

Teaches beginning reading that I connect with students personal life experiences with written/printed words.

Basal Reading Approach

Teaching smaller to larger reading subscales in systematic rigid sequence

Co-teaching

Team teaching, evidence based methods for consultation & collaboration with general education teachers as students with disabilities participate in gen ed curriculum and strategies working with paraeducators.

ESEA

The '''Elementary and Secondary Education Act''' ('''ESEA''') was passed as a part of President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s "[[War on Poverty]]" and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by Congress. The act is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education, while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum. It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards and accountability. In addition, the bill aims to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. Funds are authorized for professional development, instructional materials, for resources to support educational programs, and for parental involvement promotion. The act was originally authorized through 1970; however, the government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. The current reauthorization of ESEA is the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Interviews, observations, informal assessments, and norm-referenced tests make up which of the following?

The Four Pillars of Assessment, established by Dr. Ellie Kazemi

Mr. Carey believes his student, Ben is having behavioral problems. Of the following, which would not be a behavior rating scale used to confirm or refute?

The Kaufman Test is used to measure educational achievement

________ is based on the theory that students will learn better if they can hear their own voice along with the voice of someone else reading the same material at the same time.

The Neurological Impress Method

Why did the State of Massachusetts pass the nation's first compulsory education law?

The State wanted to civilize the children of poor immigrants

Zone of proximal development

The area between the level of independent performance and the level of assisted performance.

Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Babies develop this around 8 to 9 months old

magical thinking

The belief of young children that events occur because of their thoughts or wishes.

Comprehensive Individual Evaluation

The purpose of a comprehensive assessment and evaluation is to accurately identify a student's patterns of strengths and needs

Of the following, who must determine the learning style of the student?

The school

A fourth-grade student receives special education services due to a specific learning disability in mathematics. The student's special education teacher is scaffolding instruction to help her complete several addition problems involving decimals. first, the teacher recites aloud each step for completing an addition problem while the student listens and watches the teacher complete the problem. Next the student recites the same steps aloud as she and the teacher complete a second addition problem together. Which of the following approaches would be most appropriate for the student and the teacher to use to complete a third addition problem?

The student quietly says the steps to herself as she completes the problem, and the teacher helps as needed.

Personal narratives

The way that young children later experiences to others by telling stories of what happened.

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Bush)

To ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments. The law was meant to eradicate achievement gaps. The law required states to test students on math and English every year in the third through eighth grades, and then again once in high school. It also required at least one science test in elementary, middle and high school.

Inappropriate treatment of students

U.S. Children bureau- more than 53% of reports alleging maltreatment come from professionals

Instructional strategy for communication

Use research validated techniques to foster comm. development of students with disabilities. (incorporate student's sign lang. signs into classroom lessons & activities).

Which of the following strategies by a special education teacher would best facilitate effective communication during conferences with secondary students with disabilities and their parents/guardians?

Using straightforward language that is free of educational jargon

____________ refers to the tasks a child is capable of learning given conversation and collaboration with others and states that children can learn more among groups of peers with differing levels of ability than they could alone or with groups of the same ability level.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

An IEP team meeting is being held for a 12-year old student with spina bifida. The team is discussing strategies for helping the student meet his IEP goals in the area of independent living skills. Which of the following questions would be most important for the team to consider when determining how the student's service providers can best collaborate with his family in the regard?

What aspects of the students' home life would offer natural opportunities for him to improve his independent living skills

Antecedents

What happens Before a behavior occurs (stimulus) fast triggers. Short term prevention for behavior. Can be verbal or non verbal

Instruction for ELL students with disabilities

When delivering instruction consider sociocultural characteristics such as educational background and demographics, cultural comm. & learning styles.

Which family structure is MOST affected by a child's learning disabilities?

When there are two siblings

Scaffold (scaffolding)

When you ___________ a student, you give them support to complete a task that they can't quite do on their own. For example, at first, students need to be walked through every step of long division. Gradually the scaffolding can be reduced. Maybe they just need a couple of reminders at tricky spots. Eventually the scaffolding can be removed because the student can complete the task on their own.

An IEP team has determined that an elementary school student with ASD would benefit from using an electronic communication board. Which of the following questions would be most important for the team to ask when considering how to incorporate this type of assistive technology into the student's IEP?

Which of the student's annual goals will the device enable him to meet?

Down Syndrome

a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities including short stature and a broad facial profile. It arises from a defect involving chromosome 21, usually an extra copy (trisomy-21). Complications include: Heart defects Leukemia Infectious diseases Sleep apnea Dementia. Obesity. may also be associated with other health conditions, including gastrointestinal blockage, thyroid problems, early menopause, seizures, ear infections, hearing loss, skin problems such as psoriasis, skeletal problems and poor vision.

Which of the following is a required component of a toddler's IFSP?

a statement of the family's resources, priorities, and concerns relating to the child's development

Least Restrictive Environment LRE

a student is guaranteed placement in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) possible. Therefore, an IEP team must explore a number of alternatives for enabling a student to participate in the general education classroom. These may include: classroom modifications, supplemental aids and services, alternative instructional methods, etc. ****IEP team needs to be guided primarily by the frequency, duration, and intensity of the identified services needed by the student

Instructional technology for students with physical and health difficulties include which of the following?

adapative equipment and assistive technology

A second grader with ASD has been attending a general education class for several weeks. The student has spent most of her time with a particular paraeducator in a private area of the classroom working on activities designed to prepare her for inclusion in the class. Although the general education teacher is aware that the student's IEP specifies that she be included with her peers, the teacher has made little effort to involve her in class activities. The special education teacher decides to speak with the general education teacher about including the student more in class activities. The special education teacher also plans to spend more time in the classroom, facilitating the student's class participation and modeling ways to engage her productively with peers. The special education teacher's actions in this situation best demonstrate her understanding of how to:

advocate for the needs and rights of individual students with disabilities.

Phonological Awareness Continuum Model

alliteration and Rhyming words in segmenting sentences syllables blending onsets and rimes Phonemes

accomodation

allow a student to complete the same tasks as their typical peers but with some variation in time, format, setting, and/or presentation. The purpose of an accommodation is to provide a student with equal access to learning and an equal opportunity to show what he knows and what he can do.

Under IDEA guidelines, what qualifies as specific learning disabilities?

brain injury, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia

Which of the following activities develops skills that are prerequisites for decoding words when reading?

breaking a spoken word into individual sounds

In typical physical development, which of the following fine-motor skills do children usually develop last?

buttoning large buttons

An RtII team is working with a bilingual assessor to conduct an evaluation of a young ELL. Preliminary assessment results indicate that the student may have a mild intellectual disability. In which of the following ways could the team best confirm that this finding is unrelated to second-language acquisition issues?

by meeting with the student's parents/guardians and an interpreter to inquire about the student's behavior and abilities outside of school

Emotional Disturbance

can have a number of mental disorders. They include anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.

functional behavior assessment (FBA)

can help figure out the cause of problem behaviors

Absence Seizure Disorder/ Epilepsy

causes a short period of "blanking out" or staring into space. Like other kinds of seizures, they are caused by brief abnormal electrical activity in a person's brain. • is a generalized onset seizure, which means it begins in both sides of the brain at the same time. •An older term is petit mal seizures. • usually affect only a person's awareness of what is going on at that time, with immediate recovery. Fragile x syndrome

Identifying the least restricive environment (LRE) for a student with a hearing disability includes considering all but which of the following?

child's visual acuity

Oberti Test

considerations for determining placement: 1. steps taken by school to include child in general ed. 2. comparison of what child receives in general ed. vs. in the segregated environment 3. possible negative effects inclusion would have on others in the classroom

Speech or language impairment

covers a number of communication problems. Those include stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment or voice impairment.

Other Health Impairment

covers conditions that limit a child's strength, energy or alertness. One example is an attention issue like ADHD

During the upcoming school year, a general education fourth-grade class will include a student with a mild intellectual disability. The fourth-grade teacher wants to structure the learning environment in a way that will support the student's learning, and he confers with the special education teacher. The special education teacher's best advice would be that the fourth-grade teacher:

create a predictable environment and explicitly teach the student classroom procedures.

A second-grade student with ADHD has difficulty remaining seated and staying on task for mathematics work. Although the student demonstrates competence in adding and subtracting two-digit numbers, he performs poorly on worksheets with rows or columns of two-digit addition and subtraction problems. The student tends to skip around and usually leaves several problems blank. Which of the following teacher strategies is likely to be most effective in helping the student successfully complete mathematics worksheets?

cutting or photocopying worksheets into small sets of problems and having the student complete one set at a time, providing positive reinforcement as he completes each set

Video Modeling with ASD

demonstrate that videos depicting exemplary behaviors can be effective in helping children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders develop social skills and daily living skill

A four-year-old child was referred to the multidisciplinary team for an evaluation to determine if he meets the criteria for ASD. Which of the following reflects the best practice in communicating the evaluation results to the parents?

describing the child's behavior using concrete observable examples across settings

A special education teacher works in an eighth-grade classroom in which there are two students with high-functioning ASD. Both students have difficulty transitioning between activities within the classroom or to different settings such as music class and the cafeteria. Which of the following strategies would likely be the most effective for the teacher to try first to facilitate more successful transitions for these students?

developing a visual schedule for the students that shows the activities for the day in the order that they will occur

An early childhood special education teacher is planning to conduct weekly home visits to observe a ten-month-old child who has Down syndrome. Which of the following data collection tools would be the most appropriate for the teacher to use in this situation?

developmental checklist

Diagnostic Assessment

distinct form of measurement. Its purpose is to ascertain, prior to instruction, each student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills.

The parents of a student with a physical disability are unable to attend an IEP team meeting for their child. During the meeting, the IEP team recommends modifications to the student's transportation services and mobility supports. In this situation, the IEP team's next responsibility would be to:

document the IEP modifications and their reasons for reasons for recommending them and send this information to the parents.

Students with ________ may experience problems with motor coordination and/or sensitivity to sensory input.

dyspraxia

Alternative skills training

educational interventions (what skills does the student need, how can we teach, what info might impact the behavior and motivation)

An IFSP is being developed for a two-year-old child with developmental delays. Which of the following would be an important principle to follow to ensure the effectiveness of the IFSP?

embedding supports and services within the child's and family's typical routines

A special education teacher is providing reading intervention for a group of first-grade students who are struggling readers. Prior to having students read a new book, the teacher guides the students in making predictions about the story by previewing the book's cover, title, pictures, and other features. This strategy is likely to support the students' comprehension of the book primarily by:

encouraging their active engagement with the text.

A special education teacher works with several middle school students who have emotional disturbance and specific learning disabilities in written expression. These students are often so concerned with spelling and mechanics when writing that they have difficulty developing coherent ideas. Which of the following activities is likely to be most effective in supporting these students' writing development?

engaging in daily, ungraded free writing on topics of their own choice

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Public Law 93-112) 1973

ensures individuals with disabilities equal access and federally financed programs to promote participation, child must have a physical/mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity to be eligible for a free, appropriate, public education (FAPE)

A kindergartner with a spinal cord injury uses a manual communication board. The student points to pictures or words on the communication board to indicate her wants and needs, express her feelings, and otherwise communicate with others. When the student transitions to first grade, which of the following would be the most important preparation to take regarding the communication board?

ensuring that the words and pictures the communication board displays are relevant to her needs in the new situation

A sixth-grade student with TBI participates in informal craft classes at a community center once a week after school. The student enjoys the activity very much but always becomes angry and throws materials when her family comes to pick her up. Her family members tell the special education teacher that they want to encourage her to participate in this activity, but are concerned about her inappropriate behavior. The special education teacher's best advice in this situation would be to suggest that the family:

establish a routine together for ending the activity and use this routine every time they come to pick her up.

A fifth grader with a specific learning disability and ADHD receives services in a general education classroom. Although the fifth-grade teacher has implemented all the modifications in the student's IEP, she has not made the expected academic or behavioral progress. The fifth-grade teacher has now asked the IEP team to consider whether the student would benefit from receiving some of her services in an alternate setting. The IEP team's best initial response in this situation would be to :

evaluate whether adjustments to the student's classroom instruction might lead to greater success.

Free Appropriate Public Education

every child with a disability is entitled to a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). The IDEA emphasizes special education and related services, which should be designed to meet a child's "unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living."

Students who have experienced a traumatic brain injury may complain that tasks are at too low a level because they lack an understanding of their current cognitive limitations. This is an example of a problem with which aspect of cognition?

executive system

As specified in the individual health plan of a student with a physical disability, a special education teacher is using antecedent prompts to help the student learn to feed himself. Which of the following procedures should the special education teacher follow when using antecedent prompts?

fading the prompts over the course of instruction

A new middle school special education teacher will be working with an experienced paraeducator who will assist in providing services to students in the special education program. Which of the following steps would be most effective for the teacher to take first as he prepares for his initial meeting with the paraeducator?

familiarizing himself with the defined roles and expectations for paraeducators in his district.

Dr. Murray Bowen's Family Systems Theory: Unresolved Attachment

family systems patterns become habitual, children leaving the home and coming back, unconsciously acting the same way they did before they left

Receptive communication

following instructions given by another person or complying with request. There is no talking by the listener. Ability to comprehend or understand language.

Before the beginning of the new school year, a fourth-grade teacher sends a letter to the students in her upcoming class. She provides some personal information, including why she enjoys teaching; tells about a few of her recent summer experiences; writes that she is looking forward to learning about their summer activities; and includes a list of classroom supplies the students will need. The greatest benefit of sending a letter such as this is that it provides a way for the teacher to:

foster positive rapport with students.

Origins of IDEA

foundations were made in 1975 (Public law94-142), 1986 (Public Law 99-457), and provisions for expansion in 1990 resulted in EHA being renamed IDEA

Eric Erickson

founded 9 stages in each stage of life we have a psychosocial dilemma

A second-grade student with a specific learning disability can identify the sounds associated with the individual letters of the alphabet but has difficulty applying this knowledge to decoding words in a text. When reading aloud, she often omits letters, syllables, and word endings. Which of the following teacher strategies is likely to be most effective in addressing the student's difficulty?

giving the student repeated guided practice in blending the sounds of letters in written words

Multiple disabilities

has more than one condition covered by IDEA. Having multiple issues creates educational needs that can't be met in a program for any one condition.

Deaf-blindness

have both hearing and visual impairments. Their communication and other needs are so great that programs for the deaf or blind can't meet them.

A fourth-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics has just failed a mathematics quiz. When the student shows the quiz to his special education teacher, she sees that he has made the same error repeatedly, as illustrated bu the following example: 239 + 446 = 6715. The special education teacher arranges to meet later that afternoon with the student's fourth-grade teacher. The special education teacher's best recommendation regarding an instructional accommodation for the student would be to suggest that the fourth-grade teacher:

have the student solve problems that reinforce the concept of place value.

Pragmatic Language disorder (SLT) Social Communication Disorder

have trouble using spoken language in socially appropriate ways. They tend to do OK with the mechanics of speaking—pronouncing words and constructing sentences. But they struggle to hold conversations.

A sixth-grade student with a significant intellectual disability is about to begin receiving instruction to promote her participation in leisure activities. The best first step for the special education teacher to take when initiating instruction would be to:

help the student identify activities that are of personal interest to her.

A new fourth-grade teacher's class includes a student with ADHD. The special education teacher is meeting with the teacher to review the student's Section 504 Plan. The special education teacher's primary goal should be to:

help the teacher understand the accommodations specified for the student.

A fifth-grade student with a specific learning disability in reading comprehension is struggling with textbook reading assignments. His special education teacher wants to scaffold his comprehension by [promoting his ability to recognize the structure of a text. The teacher could best address this goal by:

helping him create graphic organizers that represent how key concepts in a text are related and organized

An 11-year-old student with Down syndrome and an associated mild intellectual disability attends a general education sixth-grade class full time with a special education teacher providing consultation support. The sixth-grade teacher notices that the student has trouble transitioning between lessons. For example, the student often mixes up the books and papers he is putting away with those the he is taking out. The sixth-grade teacher asks the special education how best to address this issue. Which of the following strategies would likely be most helpful for the special education teacher to suggest?

helping the student color-code his materials to provide visual cues that will support his ability to make transitions independently

A highly creative student who is gifted attends an eighth-grade English language arts class where students have weekly writing assignments. The student also has a learning disability in written expression that makes it difficult for her to organize information, and her writing, though colorful and engaging, often lacks coherence. The English language arts teacher wants to increase the student's awareness of both her writing strengths and areas in which she needs to improve. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for this purpose?

holding regular individual conferences with the student to analyze her writing assignments

Jerome Bruner

idea of spiral curriculum at work Elementary students can't design roads and bridges but they can begin to learn about the physics of how the slope of a ramp effects the speed of a ball rolling down that ramp. Each year they can revsit and build on their previous learning.

Administering a universal screening to all kindergarten students three times during the school year is done primarily for which of the following purposes?

identifying those students who may be at risk and in need of additional behavioral and instructional support

Phonemic Awareness

in which listeners are able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can differentiate meaning

alphabetic principal

in written English, words are composed of patterns of letters that represent the sound of spoken English Words

A child initiates an interaction with a teacher, and the teacher uses that opportunity to elicit the best possible communication from the child. This is an example of

incidental teaching model

A special education teacher would like to assess a third-grade student's reading ability in the area of decoding, vocabulary, and fluency. Which of the following types of assessments should the teacher use to collect this diagnostic information?

informal reading inventory

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood. IT includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.

ADA (Amercian Disabilities Act)

is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. The purpose of the law is to make sure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act

is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. This ensures that the child with a disability has equal access to an education. The child may receive accommodations and modifications. This does not require a public school to provide an (IEP) that is designed to meet a child's unique needs and provide the child with educational benefit

Fetal alcohol syndrome

is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. *causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems vary from child to child, but defects are irreversible*

Dysgraphia

is a condition that causes trouble with written expression and is a brain-based issue. It's not the result of a child being lazy

Autism ASD

is a developmental disability. It covers a wide range of symptoms and skills, but mainly affects a child's social and communication skills. It can also impact behavior. ASD are visual learners.

Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) Chart

is a direct observation tool that can be used to collect information about the events that are occurring within a student's environment. "A" refers to the antecedent, or the event or activity that immediately precedes a problem behavior. The "B" refers to observed behavior, and "C" refers to the consequence, or the event that immediately follows a response.

Muscular Dystrophy

is a group of inherited diseases in which the muscles that control movement (called voluntary muscles) progressively weaken. In some forms of this disease, the heart and other organs are also affected

Responsive Instruction

is a multi-tiered system of support through which teams make instructional decisions based on data, in order to provide differentiated classroom instruction and the necessary academic, behavioral, and student wellness supports for all students across all schools.

Culturally Responsive Teaching

is a pedagogy that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning

Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)

is a plan for special services for young children with developmental delays. An ____ only applies to children from birth to three years of age. Once a child turns 3 years old, an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is put into place.

behavior intervention plan

is a plan that's based on the FBA. A BIP can help to replace problem behaviors with more positive ones

Dyslexia

is a specific learning disability in reading. Kids with dyslexia have trouble reading accurately and fluently. They may also have trouble with reading comprehension, spelling and writing.

Responsive Classroom approach

is a way of teaching that emphasizes social, emotional, and academic growth in a strong and safe school community. Developed by classroom teachers, the approach consists of practical strategies for helping children build academic and social-emotional competencies day in and day out.

Modification

is an alteration in one or more of those elements for on any given assignment. Modifications are changes in what students are expected to learn, based on their individual abilities. Ex include use of alternate books, pass/no pass option, reworded questions in simpler language, daily feedback to student.

UDL Universal Design for Learning

is an educational framework based on research in the learning sciences, including cognitive neuroscience, that guides the development of flexible learning environments that can accommodate individual learning differences.

Traumatic brain injury

is caused by an accident or some kind of physical force.

replacement behavior

is the behavior you want to replace an unwanted target behavior. Focusing on the problem behavior may just reinforce the behavior, especially if the consequence (reinforcer) is attention

B.F. Skinner

is the heart of behaviorism It's the idea that praise and rewards positively reinforce a behavior and encourage kids to continue with it. Punishments discourage students from a behavior. Beyond following rules, there are learning actions we can reinforce

Individualized Transition Plan ITP

is the section of the Individual Education Plan (IEP) that outlines transition goals and services for the student. is the template for mapping out long-term adult outcomes from which annual goals and objectives are defined. •Develop a plan 5 to 7 years before graduation

Non-contingent reinforcement

is the use of positive reinforcement that is not related to the occurrence of a target behavior. It involves delivering reinforcement on a fixed-time schedule independent of whether the individual exhibits the target behavior during the interval. ex. stopping by a students desk every 5 minutes, giving extra snack for no reason

comprehensive assessment and evaluation

is to accurately identify a student's patterns of strengths and needs.

summative evaluation

is to make a judgment about a final product or about the quality of performance at the end of an instructional unit or course.

Expressive communication

language expression through speech but it also includes gestures, sign language, use of communication board, speech generating device and other forms of expression.

Aphasia

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.

A five-year-old who has been receiving preschool early intervention services will be transitioning to kindergarten. Which of the following strategies by the child's preschool IEP team and kindergarten IEP team would be likely to contribute the most to a successful transition for the child?

maintaining ongoing contact with the child's family before and after her entry into kindergarten

Trans-Disciplinary teams

making every effort to working together as a team, most familiar with the child's skills across domains, a collaborative effort, over-sees child in play

When a four-year-old with ASD who is nonverbal wants something, she will grab an adult's hand and shove it toward the desired object. One of the child's communication goals is that she will request objects she wants. Which of the following would be the special education teacher's best initial strategy for helping the child achieve this goal?

making picture cards of the child's favorite objects and prompting her to present a card to the teacher when she wants a specific object

A seventh-grade student with a specific learning disability in reading comprehension attends general education classes and receives support from a special education teacher in a resource room three hours a week. The student reads slowly and often struggles to complete class reading assignments in the allotted time. The student's special education teacher wants to teach her how to skim a content-area text for important ideas and begins by giving her a basic explanation of skimming. Which of the following steps would be most appropriate for the teacher to take next?

modeling for the student the process of skimming using a sample content-area text

The increase in the number of individuals receiving services due to other health impairments is probably due to which of the following?

more students being identified as having ADHD

Orthopedic impairment

no matter what the cause, is considered an orthopedic impairment. One example is cerebral palsy. This condition is caused by damage to areas of the brain that control the body.

National Association for Ed. of Young Children (NAEYC): Section 1 Ethical Responsibilities

not to harm children, provide positive environments for cognitive stimulation, no discrimination, protecting information, making individualized education adaptions, collaborate with family/specialists, familiarity of risk factors for neglect/abuse, being aware of situations/practices endangering a child's safety, health, well-being

A child with an ________ may not always qualify for special education and related services. Students qualify to receive services only if their disability affects their academic performance.

orthopedic impairment

Atypical Human growth

patterns of development that are a diagnostic challenge in the preschool years. Delayed or inappropriate use of language often is the most prominent symptom, and it frequently is accompanied by unusual social interaction patterns, odd behaviors, or limited play skills.

A fifth-grade student with a specific learning disability and ADHD has just finished reading a short story written at her grade level. The student has significant difficulty retelling the story and answering the literal comprehension questions about it. However, when her social education teacher reads the text aloud to her, she can accurately retell the story and answer both literal and inferential comprehension questions about it. The students reading difficulties are most likely caused by limited skills in which of the following areas?

phonics and word analysis

An individual with an orthopedic impairment who uses a wheelchair, an individual with a traumatic brain injury which resulted from a car accident, and an individual who has diabetes might all be considered as having _________ disabilties.

physical or health

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

A fourth-grade student with a specific learning disability is unable to perceive the difference between the outline of a square and the outline of a rectangle in his mathematics textbook. Which of the following activities would most effectively help the student distinguish between these shapes?

placing a piece of red paper in the shape of a square over a piece of blue paper in the shape of a rectangle

A third-grade student with dyscalculia is likely to have the most difficulty with which of the following tasks?

playing a game involving quantity and place value

A special education teacher and a general education teacher co-teach a kindergarten class that includes several students with disabilities. The teachers are designing a mathematics learning center to give students practice with shapes and patterns. The general education teacher wants to use some materials in the center that the special education teacher feels may not be very accessible to the students with disabilities. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for the special education teacher to use to promote communication and collaboration between the teachers?

pointing out specific aspects of the materials that might be challenging for the students with disabilities and suggesting possible alternative materials.

A second-grade student is referred for a comprehensive individual evaluation because of an inability to recall letters of the alphabet in sequential order an an inability to make letter-sound associations. When selecting assessment instruments to include in this student's evaluation, the team should first consider an assessment instrument's ability to:

produce data relevant to the student's educational needs.

Before a first-grade student who is nonspeaking is taught how to use an AAC device such as a graphic communication board or a voice output communication aid (VOCA), the student should first have the ability to:

produce intentional communication and understand the meaning of symbols.

Resources for Professional Development

professional literature, colleagues, associations (NEA, NSTA, CEC), professional dev. activities

Inter-disciplinary Team

professionals from different disciplines working together to assess and manage problems by actively participating.

A special education teacher works with a group of third-grade students with disabilities who are struggling readers. After the group reads a book about a boy who writes interesting words on slips of paper and puts them in a box, the teacher provides each student with a box and slips of paper. The teacher encourages students to collect their own interesting words like the boy did in the story and then share words from their boxes with the group. The primary rationale for using this strategy is that this type of activity:

promotes students' word awareness.

Due Process Rights

provides a formal way to resolve disputes with the school. If the situation isn't resolved easily, you also may need an attorney or advocate. provides protection for children and families, ensuring IFSP/IEP is being followed

IDEA 1997 Reauthorization (Public Law 108-446)

provides more access to general education curriculum and extends collaboration opportunities for teachers, families and professionals

latency stage

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious. Puberty.

Erik Erickson

psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. 8 stages of development 1. trust vs. mistrust; 2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt; 3. initiative vs. guilt; 4. industry vs. inferiority; 5. identity vs. role confusion; 6. intimacy vs. isolation; 7. generatively vs. stagnation; 8. integrity vs. despair

A special education teacher is working with a small group of kindergarten students that includes two students with developmental delays. The teacher is working on developing oral language skills that support literacy development. which of the following teacher strategies would best address this goal?

reading aloud a familiar nursery rhyme and asking students for rhyming words to replace words in the nursery rhyme

Visual Communication Device VCD

real objects for his visual schedule, as the objects appear to give him more information as to where he's going and what's coming up next, as well as to help him remain more focused during the transition

Supplementary aids and services

refer to specially designed instruction, adaptations, modifications and accommodations.

Hearing impairment

refers to a hearing loss not covered by the definition of deafness. This type of loss can change or fluctuate over time. Remember that being hard of hearing is not the same thing as having auditory processing disorder.

Formative evaluation

refers to any form of assessment, such as quizzes, tests, essays, projects, interviews, or presentations, in which the goal is to give students feedback about their work while it is in progress, to help students correct errors or missteps, or to improve the work along the way to the final product.

Principal of Universal Design

refers to broad-spectrum ideas meant to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible to older people, people without disabilities, and people with disabilities.

Criterion-referenced testing

refers to evaluating students against an absolute standard of achievement, rather than evaluating them in comparison with the performance of other students

Authentic assessment

refers to the evaluation of students' work on activities that students engage in that approximate realistic or real-life tasks and performances, rather than answering traditional paper-and-pencil tests

The development of learned helplessness with learning disabilities is most closely linked to :

repeated academic failure.

IDEIA Part B: ages 3-21 Part C: ages birth-2

required that students progress toward their performance goals be reported yearly instead of every 2 years required that SwD participate in the academic assessment mandated for each state under NCLB

Appropriate Evaluation

requires that schools conduct "appropriate evaluations"of students who are suspected of having a disability. An appropriate evaluation must be implemented by a team of knowledgeable and trained evaluators, must utilize sound evaluation materials and procedures, and must be administered on a non-discriminatory basis.

Informal Assessments

running records

In typical childhood motor development, which of the following abilities generally emerges first?

running smoothly in one direction.

Lev Vygotsky

says to determine their Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This means the skills that are just a little bit beyond their reach. When you are working with a small reading group, don't pick books that kids can read perfectly. Pick ones that are just a little bit challenging, that students will need some support to read. ***Scaffolding

A child is able to identify individual words in spoken sentences. According to the continuum of phonological awareness, which of the following skills is the child most likely to develop?

segmenting spoken words into syllables

Mr. Jackson maintains high expectations for the academic success of his students, and his students consistently make significant progress. This is an example of what principle?

self-fulfilling prophecy

The skills a child possesses to independently take care of him / herself are referred to as

self-help development

high probability requests

sequence is an intervention in which a set of simple requests for which the child is usually willing to complete is delivered immediately prior to a request that typically would result in challenging behavior by the child. *give me five, touch your nose, clap your hands before asking him to take his book out

A fifth-grade student receives special education services due to a specific learning disability and ADHD. He is easily distracted, fidgets with school materials when seated at his desk, and disturbs classmates. The most effective way for the special education teacher to accommodate this student's learning and behavioral needs during classroom assessments would be to alter which of the following aspects?

setting

Benchmark Assessment

short tests that are given throughout the year that give teachers immediate feedback on how the students are meeting academic standards

A special education teacher is meeting for the first time with the parents of a third-grade student who has an IEP. The student's parents require the services of an interpreter, so the teacher arranges for one to be present. During the meeting the teacher makes a point of addressing his questions and responses to the interpreter and uses the time the interpreter is listening to the parents' responses and comments to take notes. Of the following, the most significant problem with the teacher's approach is:

shows a lack of respect for the parents by not speaking to them directly.

In ____________, the teacher cues the student to look at the task material, asks the student to complete the task, and prompts and praises through each step of the task.

simultaneous prompting

Albert Bandura

social-congnitive; personality comes from observing others and modeling ourselves after them

A person with _________ might have trouble grasping objects, speaking, and moving

spastic cerebral palsy

Parent Participation

state educational agencies and local school boards must ensure that the parents of a child with a disability are members of any group that makes decisions regarding the placement and LRE of that child. have the right to equal participation in this process, and are entitled to notification of a planned evaluation, access to planning and evaluation materials, and involvement in all meetings regarding their child's placement. Additionally, parents retain the right to refuse further evaluation of their child

Syntax

structure of sentences

precision requests

structures communication with the student in a concise, predictable, respectful format that preserves adult authority and increases the likelihood of student compliance -Please open your book and begin your assignment. reduce or eliminate the most common noncompliant behaviors -- arguing, negotiating, refusing, procrastinating, and making excuses.

What is the major characteristic of the Joplin Plan?

students from several grade levels are grouped according to ability

A special education teacher is working with several third-grade students with learning disabilities who have difficulty entering into the activity of others. For example, the students often watch classmates' games on the playground but do not take steps to participate. Which of the following would be the special education teacher's best initial strategy for helping these students learn how to join classmates' play activities?

teaching the students specific joining behaviors such as smiling and requesting and having them role-play the behaviors

Procedural Safeguards

the IDEA establishes procedural safeguards to help parents and students enforce their rights under federal law. The primary purpose of this requirement is twofold: safeguards protect parental access to information pertaining to placement and transition planning; and procedures are put in place to resolve disagreements between parents and schools regarding the placement of a student.

Centration (Piaget)

the act of focusing on one aspect of something. It is a key factor in the preoperational stage.

phonological articulation

the child's difficulty is at a phonemic level (in the mind). This "phonemic level" is sometimes referred to as "the linguistic level" or "a cognitive level". phonemic level is in charge of the brainwork that goes into organizing the speech sounds into patterns of sound contrasts.

articulation disorder

the child's difficulty is at a phonetic level. Speech Sound...That is, they have trouble making the individual speech sounds (even though there is nothing "wrong" with their articulators).

Members of a two-year-old child's IFSP team are in the process of identifying services and supports that the child will need to meet the goals specified in the IFSP. The team members can best ensure the selection of effective and appropriate services and supports for the child's plan by emphasizing which of the following factors in their deliberations?

the current strengths and skills exhibited by the child in various domains

An IEP team is developing an annual IEP for a five-year-old student with significant developmental delays. Which of the following factors would be most important for the team to take into account when creating goals for fostering the student's self-help skills?

the family's attitudes and understanding about the development of self-help skills

When determining the least restrictive environment (LRE) for a student with disabilities, the student's IEP should be guided primarily by which of the following factors?

the frequency, duration, and intensity of the identified services needed by the student.

Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia. 1972

the practice of suspending, expelling and excluding children with disabilities in public schools. The school district's primary defense was the high cost of educating children with disabilities.

Which of the following factors is likely to have the most significant impact on a preschooler's emerging literacy development?

the quality and variety of the child's oral vocabulary experiences

An elementary school student with a mild intellectual disability understands that the consonant s represents the sound /s/ and that the consonant h represents the sound /h/. However, the student has difficulty understanding that the consonant digraph sh represents the sound /sh/. The student's special education teacher would like to help promote the student's understanding of this concept. Which of the following activities would be most effective for this purpose?

the teacher says the sound /sh/, and the student repeats the sound while writing the letters s and h in sand.

Elementary school students with Asperger syndrome typically have the most difficulty with which of the following aspects of oral language development?

use of appropriate intonation and inflection.

A seventh-grade student receives special education services due to a learning disability in reading comprehension. When completing assigned readings in her social studies textbook, the student has significant difficulty identifying and organizing critical content to study. The student would likely benefit from instruction in which of the following strategies?

using the textbook headings and subheadings to create an outline of what she reads

A special education teacher is planning instruction for four-y rear-old child with language delays. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for promoting the child's expressive language development?

using toys and dress-up materials to engage her in pretend play

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

verbal praise

Which of the following is a guaranteed right of due process for parents/guardians of children with disabilities?

viewing their child's comprehensive educational records at any point during the school year.