Peds Exam 1

Children have a total of __________ primary (deciduous) teeth that they begin to lose when they are school age.

ANS: 20 twenty

Primary (deciduous) teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. By adulthood the child will have __________ permanent teeth.

ANS: 32 thirty-two

In assessing adolescents using Tanner staging, sexual maturity is rated using _________ distinct stages. (Your answer should appear as a number.)

ANS: 5 Tanner stages of adolescent sexual development describe five distinct stages of sexual maturity rating. There are separate rating scales for males and females, but both use five stages.

Which activity is most appropriate for developing fine motor skills in the school-age child? a. Drawing b. Singing c. Soccer d. Swimming

ANS: A Feedback A Activities such as drawing, building models, and playing a musical instrument increase the school-age child's fine motor skills. B Singing is an appropriate activity for the school-age child, but it does not increase fine motor skills. C The school-age child needs to participate in group activities to increase both gross motor skills and social skills, but group activities do not increase fine motor skills. D Swimming is an activity that also increases gross motor skills.

Which is appropriate play for a 6-month-old infant? a. Pat-a-cake, peek-a-boo b. Ball rolling, hide-and-seek game c. Bright rattles and tactile toys d. Push and pull toys

ANS: A Feedback A Six-month-old children enjoy playing pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo. B Nine-month-old infants enjoy rolling a ball and playing hide-and-seek games. C Four-month-old infants enjoy bright rattles and tactile toys. D Twelve-month-old infants enjoy playing with push and pull toys.

You are working as the triage nurse in a pediatric emergency room. You receive a telephone call from the mother of an adolescent whose front tooth was completely knocked out of his mouth while he was playing soccer. The mother is seeking advice. Which is the appropriate response? Select all that apply. a. Rinse the tooth in lukewarm tap water. b. Place the tooth in saline, milk, or water. c. Scrub the tooth with a disinfectant, such as mouth wash. d. Bring the child to the emergency room within the next hour for the best prognosis.

ANS: A, B Feedback Correct Rinse the tooth in lukewarm tap water—this is a correct response. Place the tooth in saline, milk, or water—this is a correct response. Incorrect The tooth should not be scrubbed, and cleaning agents and disinfectants should be avoided. The prognosis is best if the injury is treated within 30 minutes.

Peer victimization is becoming a significant problem for school-age children and adolescents in the United States. Parents should be educated regarding signs that a child is being bullied. These might include (select all that apply) a. The child spends an inordinate amount of time in the nurse's office. b. Belongings frequently go missing or are damaged. c. The child wants to be driven to school. d. School performance improves. e. The child freely talks about his day.

ANS: A, B, C Feedback Correct Signs that may indicate a child is being bullied are similar to signs of other types of stress and include nonspecific illness or complaints, withdrawal, depression, school refusal, and decreased school performance. Children express fear of going to school or riding the school bus. Very often, children will not talk about what is happening to them. Incorrect These are not indications of bullying.

Which demonstrates the school-age child's developing logic in the stage of concrete operations? Select all that apply. a. The school-age child is able to recognize that 1 lb of feathers is equal to 1 lb of metal. b. The school-age child is able to recognize that he can be a son, brother, or nephew at the same time. c. The school-age child understands the principles of adding, subtracting, and reversibility. d. The school-age child has thinking that is characterized by egocentrism, animism, and centration

ANS: A, B, C Feedback Correct The school-age child understands that the properties of objects do not change when their order, form, or appearance does. Conservation occurs in the concrete operations stage. Comprehension of class inclusion occurs as the school-age child's logic increases. The child begins to understand that a person can be in more than one class at the same time. This is characteristic of concrete thinking and logical reasoning. The school-age child is able to understand principles of adding and subtracting, as well as the process of reversibility, which occurs in the stage of concrete operations. Incorrect This type of thinking occurs in the intuitive thought stage, not the concrete operations stage of development.

Which play patterns does a 3-year-old child typically display? Select all that apply. a. Imaginary play b. Parallel play c. Cooperative play d. Structured play e. Associative play

ANS: A, B, C, E Feedback Correct Children between ages 3 and 5 years enjoy parallel and associative play. Children learn to share and cooperate as they play in small groups. Play is often imitative, dramatic, and creative. Imaginary friends are common around age 3 years. Incorrect Structured play is typical of school-age children.

A nurse has completed a teaching session for parents about "baby-proofing" the home. Which statements made by the parents indicate an understanding of the teaching? Select all that apply. a. "We will put plastic fillers in all electrical plugs." b. "We will place poisonous substances in a high cupboard." c. "We will place a gate at the top and bottom of stairways." d. "We will keep our household hot water heater at 130 degrees." e. "We will remove front knobs from the stove."

ANS: A, C, E Feedback Correct By the time babies reach 6 months of age, they begin to become much more active, curious, and mobile. Putting plastic fillers on all electrical plugs can prevent an electrical shock. Putting gates at the top and bottom of stairways will prevent falls. Removing front knobs form the stove can prevent burns. Incorrect Poisonous substances should be stored in a locked cabinet not in a cabinet that children can reach when they begin to climb. The household hot water heater should be turned down to 120 degrees or less.

Motor vehicle injuries are a significant threat to young children. Knowing this, the nurse plans a teaching session with a toddler's parents on car safety. Which will she teach? Select all that apply. a. Secure in a rear-facing, upright car safety seat. b. Place the car safety seat in the rear seat, behind the driver's seat. c. Harness safety straps should fit snugly. d. Place the car safety seat in the front passenger seat equipped with an airbag. e. After the age of 2 years, toddlers can be placed in a forward-facing car seat.

ANS: A, C, E Feedback Correct Toddlers should be secured in a rear-facing, upright, approved car safety seat. Harness straps should be adjusted to provide a snug fit. Incorrect The car safety seat should be placed in the middle of the rear seat. Children younger than 13 years should not ride in a front passenger seat that is equipped with an airbag.

An important consideration for the school nurse who is planning a class on bicycle safety is a. Most bicycle injuries involve collision with an automobile. b. Head injuries are the major causes of bicycle-related fatalities. c. Children should wear bicycle helmets if they ride on paved streets. d. Children should not ride double unless the bicycle has an extra-large seat.

ANS: B Feedback A Although motor vehicle collisions do cause injuries to bicyclists, most injuries result from falls. B The most important aspect of bicycle safety is to encourage the rider to use a protective helmet. Head injuries are the major cause of bicycle-related fatalities. C The child should always wear a properly fitted helmet approved by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. D Children should not ride double.

Which statement made by a mother is consistent with a developmental delay? a. "I have noticed that my 9-month-old infant responds consistently to the sound of his name." b. "I have noticed that my 12-month-old child does not get herself to a sitting position or pull to stand." c. "I am so happy when my 1 1/2-month-old infant smiles at me." d. "My 5-month-old infant is not rolling over in both directions yet."

ANS: B Feedback A An infant who responds to his name at 9 months of age is demonstrating abilities to both hear and interpret sound. B Critical developmental milestones for gross motor development in a 12-month-old include standing briefly without support, getting to a sitting position, and pulling to stand. If a 12-month-old child does not perform these activities, it may be indicative of a developmental delay. C A social smile is present by 2 months of age. D Rolling over in both directions is not a critical milestone for gross motor development until the child reaches 6 months of age.

Which behavior by parents or teachers will best assist the child in negotiating the developmental task of industry? a. Identifying failures immediately and asking the child's peers for feedback b. Structuring the environment so that the child can master tasks c. Completing homework for children who are having difficulty in completing assignments d. Decreasing expectations to eliminate potential failures

ANS: B Feedback A Asking peers for feedback reinforces the child's feelings of failure. B The task of the caring teacher or parent is to identify areas in which a child is competent and to build on successful experiences to foster feelings of mastery and success. Structuring the environment to enhance self-confidence and to provide the opportunity to solve increasingly more complex problems will promote a sense of mastery. C When teachers or parents complete children's homework for them, it sends the message that you do not trust them to do a good job. Providing assistance and suggestions and praising their best efforts are more appropriate. D Decreasing expectations to eliminate failures will not promote a sense of achievement or mastery.

Which statement is correct about toilet training? a. Bladder training is usually accomplished before bowel training. b. Wanting to please the parent helps motivate the child to use the toilet. c. Watching older siblings use the toilet confuses the child. d. Children must be forced to sit on the toilet when first learning.

ANS: B Feedback A Bowel training precedes bladder training. B Voluntary control of the anal and urethral sphincters is achieved some time after the child is walking. The child must be able to recognize the urge to let go and to hold on. The child must want to please the parent by holding on rather than pleasing himself or herself by letting go. C Watching older siblings provides role modeling and facilitates imitation for the toddler. D The child should be introduced to the potty chair or toilet in a nonthreatening manner.

Which statement by a mother indicates that her 5-month-old infant is ready for solid food? a. "When I give my baby solid foods, she has difficulty getting it to the back of her throat to swallow." b. "She has just started to sit up without any support." c. "I am surprised that she weighs only 11 pounds. I expected her to have gained some weight." d. "I find that she really has to be encouraged to eat."

ANS: B Feedback A Children who are ready to manage solid foods are able to move food to the back of their throats to swallow. This child's extrusion reflex may still be present. B Sitting is a sign that the child is ready to begin with solid foods. C Infants who weigh less than 13 pounds and demonstrate a lack of interest in eating are not ready to be started on solid foods. D Infants who are difficult feeders and do not demonstrate an interest in solid foods are not ready to be started on them.

Which statement, made by a 4-year-old child's father, is true about the care of the preschooler's teeth? a. "Because the 'baby teeth' are not permanent, they are not important to the child." b. "My son can be encouraged to brush his teeth after I have thoroughly cleaned his teeth." c. "My son's 'permanent teeth' will begin to come in at 4 to 5 years of age." d. "Fluoride supplements can be discontinued when my son's 'permanent teeth' erupt."

ANS: B Feedback A Deciduous teeth are important because they maintain spacing and play an important role in the growth and development of the jaws and face and in speech development. B Toddlers and preschoolers lack the manual dexterity to remove plaque adequately, so parents must assume this responsibility. C Secondary teeth erupt at approximately 6 years of age. D If the family does not live in an area where fluoride is included in the water supply, fluoride supplements should be continued.

A mother of a 2-month-old infant tells the nurse, "My child doesn't sleep as much as his older brother did at the same age." What is the best response for the nurse? a. "Have you tried to feed the baby more often?" b. "Infant sleep patterns vary widely, with some infants sleeping only 2 to 3 hours at a time." c. "It is helpful to keep a record of your baby's eating, waking, sleeping, and elimination patterns and to come back in a week to discuss them." d. "This infant is difficult. It is important for you to identify what is bothering the baby."

ANS: B Feedback A Infants typically do not need more caloric intake to improve sleep behaviors. B Newborn infants may sleep as much as 17 to 20 hours per day. Sleep patterns vary widely, with some infants sleeping only 2 to 3 hours at a time. C Keeping intake, output, waking, and sleeping data is not typically helpful to discuss differences among infants' behaviors. D Just because an infant may not sleep as much as a sibling did does not justify labeling the child as being difficult. Identifying an infant as difficult without identifying helpful actions is not a therapeutic response for a parent concerned about sleep.

Which expected outcome is developmentally appropriate for a hospitalized 4-year-old child? a. The child will be dressed and fed by the parents. b. The child will independently ask for play materials or other personal needs. c. The child will be able to verbalize an understanding of the reason for the hospitalization. d. The child will have a parent stay in the room at all times.

ANS: B Feedback A Parents need to foster appropriate developmental behavior in the 4-year-old child. Dressing and feeding the child do not encourage independent behavior. B Erikson identifies initiative as a developmental task for the preschool child. Initiating play activities and asking for play materials or assistance with personal needs demonstrates developmental appropriateness. C A 4-year-old child cannot be expected to cognitively understand the reason for hospitalization. Expecting the child to verbalize an understanding for hospitalization is an inappropriate outcome. D Parents staying with the child throughout a hospitalization is an inappropriate outcome. Although children benefit from parental involvement, parents may not have the support structure to stay in the room with the child at all times.

Which statement is the most appropriate advice to give parents of a 16-year-old who is rebellious? a. "You need to be stricter so that your teen stops trying to test the limits." b. "You need to collaborate with your daughter and set limits that are perceived as being reasonable." c. "Increasing your teen's involvement with her peers will improve her self-esteem." d. "Allow your teenager to choose the type of discipline that is used in your home."

ANS: B Feedback A Setting stricter limits typically does not decrease rebelliousness or decrease testing of parental limits. B Allowing teenagers to choose between realistic options and offering consistent and structured discipline typically enhances cooperation and decreases rebelliousness. Structure helps adolescents to feel more secure and assists them in the decision-making process. C Increasing peer involvement does not typically increase self-esteem. D Allowing teenagers to choose the method of discipline is not realistic and typically does not reduce rebelliousness.

Many adolescents decide to follow a vegetarian diet during their teen years. The nurse can advise the adolescent and his or her parents that a. This diet will not meet the nutritional requirements of growing teens. b. A vegetarian diet is healthy for this population. c. An adolescent on a vegetarian diet is less likely to eat high-fat or low-nutrient foods. d. A vegetarian diet requires little extra meal planning.

ANS: B Feedback A Several dietary organizations have suggested that a vegetarian diet, if correctly followed, is healthy for this population. B A vegetarian diet is healthy for this population, and the low-fat aspect of the diet can prevent future cardiovascular problems. C As with any adolescent, nurses need to advise teens who follow a vegetarian eating plan to avoid low-nutrient, high-fat foods. D The nurse can assist with planning food choices that will provide sufficient calories and necessary nutrients. The focus is on obtaining enough calories for growth and energy from a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and soymilk.

A nurse is assessing an older school-age child recently admitted to the hospital. Which assessment indicates that the child is in an appropriate stage of cognitive development? a. The child's addition and subtraction ability b. The child's ability to classify c. The child's vocabulary d. The child's play activity

ANS: B Feedback A Subtraction and addition are appropriate cognitive activities for the young school-age child. B The ability to classify things from simple to complex and the ability to identify differences and similarities are cognitive skills of the older school-age child; this demonstrates use of classification and logical thought processes. C Vocabulary is not as valid an assessment of cognitive ability as is the child's ability to classify. D Play activity is not as valid an assessment of cognitive function as is the child's ability to classify.

Which statement by a mother of a toddler indicates a correct understanding of the use of discipline? a. "I always include explanations and morals when I am disciplining my toddler." b. "I always try to be consistent when disciplining the children, and I correct my children at the time they are misbehaving." c. "I believe that discipline should be done by only one family member." d. "My rule of thumb is no more than one spanking a day."

ANS: B Feedback A The toddler's cognitive level of development precludes the use of explanations and morals as a part of discipline. B Consistent and immediate discipline for toddlers is the most effective approach. Unless disciplined immediately, the toddler will have difficulty connecting the discipline with the behavior. C Discipline for the toddler should be immediate; therefore the family member caring for the child should provide discipline to the toddler when it is necessary. D Discipline is required for unacceptable behavior, and the one-spanking-a-day rule contradicts the concept of a consistent response to inappropriate behavior. In addition, spanking is an inappropriate method of disciplining a child.

Which is an appropriate disciplinary intervention for the school-age child? a. Using time-out periods b. Using a consequence that is consistent with the inappropriate behavior c. Using physical punishment d. Using lengthy dialog about inappropriate behavior

ANS: B Feedback A Time-out periods are more appropriate for younger children. B A consequence that is related to the inappropriate behavior is the recommended discipline. C Physical intervention is an inappropriate form of discipline. It does not connect the discipline with the child's inappropriate behavior. D Lengthy discussions typically are not helpful.

The mother of a 14-month-old child is concerned because the child's appetite has decreased. The best response for the nurse to make to the mother is a. "It is important for your toddler to eat three meals a day and nothing in between." b. "It is not unusual for toddlers to eat less." c. "Be sure to increase your child's milk consumption, which will improve nutrition." d. "Giving your child a multivitamin supplement daily will increase your toddler's appetite."

ANS: B Feedback A Toddlers need small, frequent meals. Nutritious selection throughout the day, rather than quantity, is more important with this age-group. B Physiologically, growth slows and appetite decreases during the toddler period. C Milk consumption should not exceed 16 to 24 oz daily. Juice should be limited to 4 to 6 oz per day. Increasing the amount of milk will only further decrease solid food intake. D Supplemental vitamins are important for all children, but they do not increase appetite.

Which child is most likely to be frightened by hospitalization? a. A 4-month-old infant admitted with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis b. A 2-year-old toddler admitted for cystic fibrosis c. A 9-year-old child hospitalized with a fractured femur d. A 15-year-old adolescent admitted for abdominal pain

ANS: B Feedback A Young infants are not as likely to be as frightened as toddlers by hospitalization because they are not as aware of the environment. B Toddlers are most likely to be frightened by hospitalization because their thought processes are egocentric, magical, and illogical. They feel very threatened by unfamiliar people and strange environments. C The 9-year-old child's cognitive ability is sufficient enough for the child to understand the reason for hospitalization. D The 15-year-old adolescent has the cognitive ability to interpret the reason for hospitalization.

A nurse is planning care for a hospitalized toddler in the preoperational thinking stage. Which characteristics should the nurse expect in this stage? Select all that apply. a. Concrete thinking b. Egocentrism c. Animism d. Magical thought e. Ability to reason

ANS: B, C, D Feedback Correct The characteristics of preoperational thinking that occur for the toddler include egocentrism (views everything in relation to self), animism (believes that inert objects are alive), and magical thought (believes that thinking something causes that event). Incorrect Concrete thinking is seen in school-age children, and ability to reason is seen with adolescents.

The prevalence of obesity in the United States has risen dramatically in both adults and children. The increase in the number of overweight children is addressed in Healthy People 2020. Strategies designed to approach this issue include (select all that apply) a. Decreased calcium and iron intake b. Increased fiber and whole grain intake c. Decreased use of sugar and sodium d. Increase fruit and vegetable intake e. Decrease the use of solid fats

ANS: B, C, D, E Feedback Correct Along with these recommendations, children at risk for being overweight should be screened beginning at age 2 years. Children with a family history of dyslipidemia or early cardiovascular disease development, children whose body mass index percentile exceeds the definition for overweight, and children who have high blood pressure should have a fasting lipid screen. Incorrect The nurse should instruct parents that calcium and iron intake should be increased as part of this strategy.

Which strategies can a nurse teach to parents of a child experiencing uncomplicated school refusal? Select all that apply. a. The child should be allowed to stay home until the anxiety about going to school is resolved. b. Parents should be empathetic yet firm in their insistence that the child attends school. c. A modified school attendance may be necessary. d. Parents need to pick the child up at school whenever the child wants to come home. e. Parents need to communicate with the teachers about the situation.

ANS: B, C, E Feedback Correct In uncomplicated cases of school refusal, the parent needs to return the child to school as soon as possible. If symptoms are severe, a limited period of part-time or modified school attendance may be necessary. For example, part of the day may be spent in the counselor's or school nurse's office, with assignments obtained from the teacher. Parents should be empathetic yet firm and consistent in their insistence that the child attend school. Incorrect Parents should not pick the child up at school once the child is there. The principal and teacher should be told about the situation so that they can cooperate with the treatment plan.

Parents of a teenager ask the nurse what signs they should look for if their child is in a gang. The nurse should include which signs when answering? Select all that apply. a. Plans to try out for the debate team at school b. Skipping classes to go to the mall c. Hanging out with friends they have had since childhood d. Unexplained source of money e. Fear of the police

ANS: B, D, E Feedback Correct Signs of gang involvement include skipping classes, unexplained sources of money, and fear of the police. Associating with new friends while ignoring old friends is also a sign. A change in attitude toward participating in activities is another sign of gang involvement. Incorrect Plans to try out for the debate team at school are not a sign of gang involvement. Hanging out with friends he or she has had since childhood is not a sign of gang involvement.

Which milestone is developmentally appropriate for a 2-month-old infant? a. Pulled to a sitting position, head lag is absent. b. Pulled to a sitting position, the infant is able to support the head when the trunk is lifted. c. The infant can lift his or her head from the prone position and briefly hold the head erect. d. In the prone position, the infant is fully able to support and hold the head in a straight line.

ANS: C Feedback A A 2-month-old infant's neck muscles are stronger than those of a newborn; however, head lag is present when pulled to a sitting position. B A 2-month-old infant continues to have some head lag when pulled to a sitting position. C A 2-month-old infant is able to briefly hold the head erect when in a prone position. If a parent were holding the infant against the parent's shoulder, the infant would be able to lift his or her head briefly. D It is not until 4 months of age that the infant can easily lift his or her head and hold it steadily erect when in the prone position.

Why do peer relationships become more important during adolescence? a. Adolescents dislike their parents. b. Adolescents no longer need parental control. c. They provide adolescents with a feeling of belonging. d. They promote a sense of individuality in adolescents.

ANS: C Feedback A During adolescence, the parent/child relationship changes from one of protection-dependency to one of mutual affection and quality. B Parents continue to play an important role in the personal and health-related decisions. C The peer group serves as a strong support to teenagers, providing them with a sense of belonging and a sense of strength and power. D The peer group forms the transitional world between dependence and autonomy.

The nurse is explaining Tanner staging to an adolescent and her mother. Which statement best describes Tanner staging? a. Predictable stages of puberty that are based on chronologic age b. Staging of puberty based on the initiation of menarche and nocturnal emissions c. Predictable stages of puberty that are based on primary and secondary sexual characteristics d. Staging of puberty based on the initiation of primary sexual characteristics

ANS: C Feedback A Tanner stages are not based on chronologic age. The age at which an adolescent enters puberty is variable. B The puberty stage in girls begins with breast development. Puberty stage in boys begins with genital enlargement. C Tanner sexual-maturing ratings are based on the development of stages of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. D Primary sexual characteristics are not the basis of Tanner staging.

The nurse is planning a teaching session for a young child and her parents. According to Piaget's theory, the period of cognitive development in which the child is able to distinguish between concepts related to fact and fantasy, such as human beings are incapable of flying like birds, is the _______ period of cognitive development. a. Sensorimotor b. Formal operations c. Concrete operations d. Preoperational

ANS: C Feedback A The sensorimotor stage occurs in infancy and is a period of reflexive behavior. During this period, the infant's world becomes more permanent and organized. The stage ends with the infant demonstrating some evidence of reasoning. B Formal operations is a period in development in which new ideas are created through previous thoughts. Analytic reason and abstract thought emerge in this period. C Concrete operations is the period of cognitive development in which children's thinking is shifted from egocentric to being able to see another's point of view. They develop the ability to distinguish fact from fantasy. D The preoperational stage is a period of egocentrism in which the child's judgments are illogical and dominated by magical thinking and animism.

According to Piaget, the 6-month-old infant is in what stage of the sensorimotor phase? a. Use of reflexes b. Primary circular reactions c. Secondary circular reactions d. Coordination of secondary schemata

ANS: C Feedback A The use of reflexes is primarily during the first month of life. B Primary circular reaction stage marks the replacement of reflexes with voluntary acts. The infant is in this stage from age 1 month to 4 months. C Infants are usually in the secondary circular reaction stage from age 4 months to 8 months. This stage is characterized by a continuation of the primary circular reaction because of the response that results. Shaking is performed to hear the noise of the rattle, not just for shaking. D The fourth sensorimotor stage is coordination of secondary schemata. This is a transitional stage in which increasing motor skills enable greater exploration of the environment.

Which comments indicate that the mother of a toddler needs further teaching about dental care? a. "We use well water so I give my toddler fluoride supplements." b. "My toddler brushes his teeth with my help." c. "My child will not need a dental checkup until his permanent teeth come in." d. "I use a small nylon bristle brush for my toddler's teeth."

ANS: C Feedback A Toddlers need fluoride supplements when they use a water supply that is not fluorinated. B Toddlers need supervision with dental care. The parent should finish brushing areas not reached by the child. C Children should first see the dentist 6 months after the first primary tooth erupts and no later than age 30 months. D A small nylon bristle brush works best for cleaning toddlers' teeth.

What should the nurse evaluate before administering the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II)? Select all that apply. a. The child's height and weight b. The parent's ability to comprehend the results c. The child's mood d. The parent-child interaction e. The child's chronologic age

ANS: C, E Feedback Correct: The results of the screening test are valid if the child acted in a normal and expected manner. The child's chronologic age in years, months, and days must be calculated in order to draw the age line. This is necessary in order to perform an accurate DDST-II. Reliability and validity of the test can be altered if the child is not feeling well or is under the influence of medications. Incorrect: The child's height and weight are not relevant to the DDST-II screening process. The parent's ability to understand the results of the screening is not relevant to the validity of the test. The parent-child interaction is not significantly relevant to the test results.

What is helpful to tell a mother who is concerned about preventing sleep problems in her 2-year-old child? a. Have the child always sleep in a quiet, darkened room. b. Provide high-carbohydrate snacks before bedtime. c. Communicate with the child's daytime caretaker about eliminating the afternoon nap. d. Use a nightlight in the child's room.

ANS: D Feedback A A dark, quiet room may be scary to a preschooler. B High-carbohydrate snacks increase energy and do not promote relaxation. C Most 2-year-olds take one nap each day. Many give up the habit by age 3 years. Insufficient rest during the day can lead to irritability and difficulty sleeping at night. D The preschooler has a great imagination. Sounds and shadows can have a negative effect on sleeping behavior. Nightlights provide the child with the ability to visualize the environment and decrease the fear felt in a dark room.

In girls, the initial indication of puberty is a. Menarche b. Growth spurt c. Growth of pubic hair d. Breast development

ANS: D Feedback A The usual sequence of secondary sexual characteristic development in girls is breast changes, rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair, appearance of axillary hair, menstruation, and abrupt deceleration of linear growth. B The usual sequence of secondary sexual characteristic development in girls is breast changes, rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair, appearance of axillary hair, menstruation, and abrupt deceleration of linear growth. C The usual sequence of secondary sexual characteristic development in girls is breast changes, rapid increase in height and weight, growth of pubic hair, appearance of axillary hair, menstruation, and abrupt deceleration of linear growth. D In most girls, the initial indication of puberty is the appearance of breast buds, an event known as thelarche.

A 17-month-old child is expected to be in what stage according to Piaget? a. Trust b. Preoperations c. Secondary circular reaction d. Sensorimotor period

ANS: D Feedback A Trust is Erikson's first stage. B Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. C Secondary circular reactions last from approximately ages 4 to 8 months. D The 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions. Learning in this stage occurs mainly by trial and error.

You are preparing immunizations for a 12-month-old child who is immunocompromised. Which immunizations cannot be given? Select all that apply. a. DTaP b. HepA c. IPV d. Varicella e. MMR

ANS: D, E Feedback Correct: Children who are immunologically compromised should not receive live viral vaccines. Varicella is a live vaccine and should not be given except in special circumstances. MMR is a live vaccine and should not be given to immunologically compromised children. Incorrect: DTaP, HepA, and IPV can be given safely.

Parents are often concerned about their toddler's interest in and curiosity about gender differences. Sex play and masturbation are common among toddlers. Is this statement true or false?

ANS: T Nurses can reassure parents that self-exploration and exploration of another toddler's body is normal behavior during early childhood. Parents should respect the child's curiosity as normal and not judge them as being "bad."

The use of electronic or digital media for communication has had a negative effect on the language development of adolescents. Is this statement true or false?

ANS: T Text messaging, instant messaging, blogs, and Twitter all contribute to abbreviated communication techniques, which eliminate not only grammar and sentence construction, but also word development (e.g., using ur, for you are).

A nurse is planning a class for school-age children on obesity. Which percentile does the body mass index (BMI) need to exceed for a child to be assessed as obese?

ANS: 95 95th When intake of food exceeds expenditure, the excess is stored as fat. Obesity is an excessive accumulation of fat in the body and is assessed in children as a BMI that exceeds the 95th percentile for age.

Adolescent sexuality refers to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the teen's sexual identity. The most recent research (2009) indicates that 46% of all adolescents have been involved in some kind of sexual activity. The only complete protection from pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is ____________.

ANS: abstinence Adolescents should be encouraged that there is nothing wrong with abstaining from sexual activity. Adolescents who engage in sexual activity at a young age are more likely to participate in other high-risk behaviors such as alcohol and drug use. Adolescents who demonstrate high self-esteem are more likely to delay sexual intercourse.

The nurse has just assisted in the delivery of a female infant to first-time parents. The infant is suctioned, dried, and placed skin-to-skin on her mother's chest. This allows for significant interaction between mother and baby and is known as _____________.

ANS: attachment Parent-infant attachment is one of the most important aspects of infant psychosocial development. Initiated immediately after birth, attachment is strengthened by many mutually satisfying interactions between parents and their infant during the first few months of life. Attachment is a sense of belonging or connection with each other.

A type of play that allows children to act out roles and experiences that may have happened to them, that they fear may happen, or that they have observed in others is known as ______ play.

ANS: dramatic This type of play can be spontaneous or guided and often includes medical or nursing equipment. It is especially valuable for children who have had or will have multiple procedures or hospitalizations.

Adolescents' eyes and ears are fully developed and, with the exception of minor infections, the sensory system remains quite healthy during this period of development. The mother of a 12-year-old complains to the nurse that she is concerned that her daughter frequently needs changes to her corrective lenses. This is a condition known as ___________.

ANS: myopia Myopia (nearsightedness) occurs in early adolescence, between the ages of 11 and 13 and is a normal part of adolescent development

A disturbance in the flow and time patterning of speech is known as ____________.

ANS: stuttering stammering During the preschool years, children often have experiences they want to share but had difficulty putting the words together. Children at this stage commonly repeat whole words or phrases and interject "um" into their speech. This may be more frequent during times of excitement or when formulating long and complex sentences. Parents can help their child by focusing on the idea that the child is expressing not on how the child is speaking. Parents should not complete the child's sentences or draw attention to the child's speech.

The nurse advises the mother of a 3-month-old exclusively breastfed infant to a. Start giving the infant a vitamin D supplement. b. Start using an infant feeder and add rice cereal to the formula. c. Start feeding the infant rice cereal with a spoon at the evening feeding. d. Continue breastfeeding without any supplements.

ANS: A Feedback A Breast milk does not provide an adequate amount of dietary vitamin D. Infants who are exclusively breastfed need vitamin D supplements to prevent rickets. B An infant feeder is an inappropriate method of providing the infant with caloric intake. Solid foods are not recommended for a 3-month-old infant. C Rice cereal and other solid foods are contraindicated in a 3-month-old infant. Solid feedings do not typically begin before 4 to 6 months of age. D Because breast milk is not an adequate source of fluoride, infants need to be given a fluoride supplement in addition to a vitamin D supplement.

The ability to mentally understand that 1 + 3 = 4 and 4 - 1 = 3 occurs in which stage of cognitive development? a. Concrete operations b. Formal operations c. Intuitive thought d. Preoperations

ANS: A Feedback A By 7 to 8 years of age, the child is able to retrace a process (reversibility) and has the skills necessary for solving mathematical problems. This stage is called concrete operations. B The formal operations stage deals with abstract reasoning and does not occur until adolescence. C Thinking in the intuitive stage is based on immediate perceptions. A child in this stage often solves problems by random guessing. D In preoperational thinking, the child is usually able to add 1 + 3 = 4 but is unable to retrace the process.

In terms of fine motor development, what should the 7-month-old infant be able to do? a. Transfer objects from one hand to the other. b. Use thumb and index finger in crude pincer grasp. c. Hold crayon and make a mark on paper. d. Release cubes into a cup.

ANS: A Feedback A By age 7 months, infants can transfer objects from one hand to the other, crossing the midline. B The crude pincer grasp is apparent at approximately age 9 months. C The child can scribble spontaneously at age 15 months. D At age 12 months, the child can release cubes into a cup.

An 8-year-old girl tells the nurse that she has cancer because God is punishing her for "being bad." She shares her concern that if she dies, she will go to hell. The nurse should interpret this as being a. A belief common at this age b. A belief that forms the basis for most religions c. Suggestive of excessive family pressure d. Suggestive of a failure to develop a conscience

ANS: A Feedback A Children at this age may view illness or injury as a punishment for a real or imagined mystique. B The belief in divine punishment is common at this age. C The belief in divine punishment is common at this age. D The belief in divine punishment is common at this age.

According to Piaget, the adolescent is in the fourth stage of cognitive development, or period of what? a. Formal operations b. Concrete operations c. Conventional thought d. Postconventional thought

ANS: A Feedback A Cognitive thinking culminates with capacity for abstract thinking. This stage, the period of formal operations, is Piaget's fourth and last stage. B Concrete operations usually develops between ages 7 and 11 years. C Conventional and postconventional thought refer to Kohlberg's stages of moral development. D Conventional and postconventional thought refer to Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

In terms of gross motor development, what would the nurse expect a 5-month-old infant to do? a. Roll from abdomen to back. b. Roll from back to abdomen. c. Sit erect without support. d. Move from prone to sitting position.

ANS: A Feedback A Rolling from abdomen to back is developmentally appropriate for a 5-month-old infant. B The ability to roll from back to abdomen usually occurs at 6 months old. C Sitting erect without support is a developmental milestone usually achieved by 8 months. D The 10-month-old infant can usually move from a prone to a sitting position.

Which statement best describes development in infants and children? a. Development, a predictable and orderly process, occurs at varying rates within normal limits. b. Development is primarily related to the growth in the number and size of cells. c. Development occurs in a proximodistal direction with fine muscle development occurring first. d. Development is more easily and accurately measured than growth.

ANS: A Feedback A Development, a continuous and orderly process, provides the basis for increases in the child's function and complexity of behavior. The increases in rate of function and complexity can vary normally within limits for each child. B An increase in the number and size of cells is a definition for growth. C Development proceeds in a proximodistal direction with fine muscle organization occurring as a result of large muscle organization. D Development is a more complex process that is affected by many factors; therefore, it is less easily and accurately measured. Growth is a predictable process with standard measurement methods.

A school nurse is teaching a health class for 5th grade children. The nurse plans to include which statement to best describe growth in the early school-age period? a. Boys grow faster than girls. b. Puberty occurs earlier in boys than in girls. c. Puberty occurs at the same age for all races and ethnicities. d. It is a period of rapid physical growth.

ANS: A Feedback A During the school-age developmental period, boys are approximately 1 inch taller and 2 pounds heavier than girls. B Puberty occurs 1 1/2 to 2 years later in boys, which is developmentally later than puberty in girls (not unusual in 9- or 10-year-old girls). C Puberty occurs approximately 1 year earlier in African-American girls than in white girls. D Physical growth is slow and steady during the school-age years.

The theorist who viewed developmental progression as a lifelong series of conflicts that need resolution is a. Erikson b. Freud c. Kohlberg d. Piaget

ANS: A Feedback A Erik Erikson viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and cultural factors. Each conflict must be resolved for the child to progress emotionally, with unsuccessful resolution leaving the child emotionally disabled. B Sigmund Freud proposed a psychosexual theory of development. He proposed that certain parts of the body assume psychological significance as foci of sexual energy. The foci shift as the individual moves through the different stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) of development. C Lawrence Kohlberg described moral development as having three levels (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional). His theory closely parallels Piaget's. D Jean Piaget's cognitive theory interprets how children learn and think and how this thinking progresses and differs from adult thinking. Stages of his theory include sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.

The most fatal type of burn in the toddler age-group is a. Flame burn from playing with matches b. Scald burn from high-temperature tap water c. Hot object burn from cigarettes or irons d. Electric burn from electrical outlets

ANS: A Feedback A Flame burns from matches and lighters represent one of the most fatal types of burns in the toddler age-group. B These are all significant causes of burn injury. The child should be protected from these causes by reducing the temperature on the hot water heater in the home, keeping objects such as cigarettes and irons away from children, and placing protective guards over electric outlets when not in use. C These are all significant causes of burn injury. The child should be protected from these causes by reducing the temperature on the hot water heater in the home, keeping objects such as cigarettes and irons away from children, and placing protective guards over electric outlets when not in use. D These are all significant causes of burn injury. The child should be protected from these causes by reducing the temperature on the hot water heater in the home, keeping objects such as cigarettes and irons away from children, and placing protective guards over electric outlets when not in use.

A 14-year-old male seems to be always eating, although his weight is appropriate for his height. The best explanation for this is that a. This is normal because of increase in body mass. b. This is abnormal and suggestive of future obesity. c. His caloric intake would have to be excessive. d. He is substituting food for unfilled needs

ANS: A Feedback A In adolescence, nutritional needs are closely related to the increase in body mass. The peak requirements occur in the years of maximal growth. The caloric and protein requirements are higher than at almost any other time of life. B This describes the expected eating pattern for young adolescents; as long as weight and height are appropriate, obesity is not a concern. C This describes the expected eating pattern for young adolescents; as long as weight and height are appropriate, obesity is not a concern. D This describes the expected eating pattern for young adolescents; as long as weight and height are appropriate, obesity is not a concern.

The environment, both physical and psychosocial, is a significant determinate of growth and development outcomes before and after birth. Nurses can assist parents in preventing environmental injury for their 2-year-old toddler by teaching them to avoid the most common sources of exposure. This anticipatory guidance includes teaching related to a. Avoiding sun exposure, secondhand smoke, and lead b. Socioeconomic status, primarily poverty c. Maternal smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy d. The passing of environmental toxins through breast milk

ANS: A Feedback A Lead can be present in the home and in toys made overseas. Environmental injury can also be the result of mercury, pesticides (flea and tick collars), radon, and exposure to the sun and secondhand smoke. It is important for the nurse to provide health teaching related to these factors. B The nurse is unable to influence socioeconomic status. C It is too late for the nurse to instruct the mother regarding smoking or alcohol intake during pregnancy. This should have been included in prenatal teaching. D It is unlikely that a 2-year-old child will still be breastfeeding.

Which toy is the most developmentally appropriate for an 18- to 24-month-old child? a. A push-and-pull toy b. Nesting blocks c. A bicycle with training wheels d. A computer

ANS: A Feedback A Push-and-pull toys encourage large muscle activity and are appropriate for toddlers. B Nesting blocks are more appropriate for a 12- to 15-month-old child. C A bicycle with training wheels is appropriate for a preschool or young school-age child. D A computer can be appropriate as early as the preschool years.

A 9-year-old girl often comes to the school nurse complaining of stomach pains. Her teacher says she is completing her schoolwork satisfactorily, but lately she has been somewhat aggressive and stubborn in the classroom. The school nurse should recognize this as a. Signs of stress b. Developmental delay c. Physical problem causing emotional stress d. Lack of adjustment to school environment

ANS: A Feedback A Signs of stress include stomach pains or headache, sleep problems, bedwetting, changes in eating habits, aggressive or stubborn behavior, reluctance to participate, or regression to early behaviors. B This child is exhibiting signs of stress. C This child is exhibiting signs of stress. D This child is exhibiting signs of stress.

A nurse is teaching adolescent boys about pubertal changes. The first sign of pubertal change seen with boys is a. Testicular enlargement b. Facial hair c. Scrotal enlargement d. Voice deepens

ANS: A Feedback A The first sign of pubertal changes in boys is testicular enlargement in response to testosterone secretion, which usually occurs in Tanner stage 2. Slight pubic hair is present and the smooth skin texture of the scrotum is somewhat altered. B During Tanner stages 4 and 5, facial hair appears at the corners of the upper lip and chin. C As testosterone secretion increases, the penis, testes, and scrotum enlarge. D During Tanner stages 4 and 5, rising levels of testosterone cause the voice to deepen.

The parent of 16-month-old Chris asks, "What is the best way to keep Chris from getting into our medicines at home?" The nurse should advise that a. "All medicines should be locked away securely." b. "The medicines should be placed in high cabinets." c. "Chris just needs to be taught not to touch medicines." d. "Medicines should not be kept in the homes of small children."

ANS: A Feedback A The major reason for poisoning in the home is improper storage. Toddlers can climb, unlatch cabinets, and obtain access to high-security places. For medications, only a locked cabinet is safe. B Toddlers can climb by using furniture. High places are not a deterrent to an exploring toddler. C Toddlers are not able to generalize as dangerous all of the different forms of medications that may be available in the home. D This is not feasible. Many parents require medications for chronic illnesses. Parents must be taught safe storage for their home and when they visit other homes

The nurse is performing a routine assessment on a 14-month-old infant and notes that the anterior fontanel is closed. This should be interpreted as a(n) a. Normal finding b. Questionable finding—infant should be rechecked in 1 month c. Abnormal finding—indicates need for immediate referral to practitioner d. Abnormal finding—indicates need for developmental assessment

ANS: A Feedback A This is a normal finding. The anterior fontanel closes between ages 12 and 18 months. The posterior fontanel closes between 2 and 3 months of age. B Because the anterior fontanel normally closes between ages 12 and 18 months, this is a normal finding, and no further intervention is required. C Because the anterior fontanel normally closes between ages 12 and 18 months, this is a normal finding, and no further intervention is required. D Because the anterior fontanel normally closes between ages 12 and 18 months, this is a normal finding, and no further intervention is required.

A 3-month-old infant born at 38 weeks of gestation will hold a rattle if it is put in her hands, but she will not voluntarily grasp it. The nurse should interpret this as a. Normal development b. Significant developmental lag c. Slightly delayed development as a result of prematurity d. Suggestive of a neurologic disorder such as cerebral palsy

ANS: A Feedback A This is indicative of normal development. Reflexive grasping occurs during the first 2 to 3 months and then gradually becomes voluntary. B The infant is expected to be able to perform this task by age 3 months. If the child's age is corrected because of being 2 weeks preterm, the child is at the midpoint of the range for this developmental task. C The infant is expected to be able to perform this task by age 3 months. If the child's age is corrected because of being 2 weeks preterm, the child is at the midpoint of the range for this developmental task. D The child is age-appropriate. No evidence of neurologic dysfunction is present.

The nurse is assessing parental knowledge of temper tantrums. Which are true statements about temper tantrums? Select all that apply. a. Temper tantrums are a common response to anger and frustration in toddlers. b. Temper tantrums often include screaming, kicking, throwing things, and head banging. c. Parents can effectively manage temper tantrums by giving in to the child's demands. d. Children having temper tantrums should be safely isolated and ignored. e. Parents can learn to anticipate times when tantrums are more likely to occur.

ANS: A, B, D, E Feedback Correct Temper tantrums are a common response to anger and frustration in toddlers. They occur more often when toddlers are tired, hungry, bored, or excessively stimulated. A nap before fatigue or a snack if mealtime is delayed will be helpful in alleviating the times when tantrums are most likely to occur. Tantrums may include screaming, kicking, throwing things, biting themselves, or banging their head. Effective management of tantrums includes safely isolating and ignoring the child. Incorrect The child should learn that nothing is gained by having a temper tantrum. Giving in to the child's demands only increases the behavior.

Hearing seems to be relatively acute, even at birth, as shown by reflexive generalized reaction to noise. All newborns should undergo hearing screening at birth, before hospital discharge. In addition, assessment for hearing deficits should take place at every well-baby visit. Risk factors for hearing loss include (select all that apply) a. Structural abnormalities of the ear b. Family history of hearing loss c. Alcohol or drug use by the mother during pregnancy d. Gestational diabetes e. Trauma

ANS: A, B, E Feedback Correct Structural abnormalities of the ear, a family history of hearing loss, and trauma are risk factors for hearing loss. Other risk factors include persistent otitis media and developmental delay. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that infants who demonstrate hearing loss be eligible for early intervention and specialized hearing and language services. Incorrect Prenatal alcohol or drug intake and gestational diabetes are not risk factors for hearing loss in the infant.

The most common cause of death in the adolescent age-group involves a. Drownings b. Firearms c. Drug overdoses d. Motor vehicles

ANS: D Feedback A Drownings are major concerns in adolescence but do not cause the majority of deaths. B Firearms are major concerns in adolescence but do not cause the majority of deaths. C Drug overdoses are major concerns in adolescence but do not cause the majority of deaths. D Risk taking behaviors play a major role in the high incidence of motor vehicle injuries and death among teenagers i.e. alcohol use, failure to wear a seatbelt, and inexperience.

Which interventions are appropriate for preventing childhood obesity? Select all that apply. a. Establish consistent times for meals and snacks. b. Eliminate all snacks. Eat three nutritious meals a day. c. Teach the family and child how to select foods and prepare foods. d. Encourage schools to provide snack machines with popcorn, cookies, and diet soda. e. Limit computer and television time.

ANS: A, C, E Feedback Correct Preventing obesity includes encouraging families to establish consistent times for meals and snacks and discouraging between-meal eating. Parents and children also need to be taught how to select and prepare healthful foods. Because snacks are an important aspect in childhood nutrition, nutritious snacks should be identified. School-age children usually require a healthful snack after school and in the evening. A child who spends time with social media has less interest in physical activity and going outdoors. Incorrect Snacks are an important aspect in childhood nutrition. Nutritious snacks should be identified, not eliminated. Healthy snack options include fruit, popcorn, nuts, and yogurt, not cookies and diet soda. In schools with snack machines, children may use their lunch money to purchase high-calorie snacks versus a nutritious lunch.

Injuries claim many lives during adolescence. Which factors contribute to early adolescents engaging in risk-taking behaviors? Select all that apply. a. Peer pressure b. A desire to master their environment c. Engagement in the process of separation from their parents d. A belief that they are invulnerable e. Impulsivity

ANS: A, D, E Feedback Correct Peer pressure (including impressing peers) is a factor contributing to adolescent injuries. During early to middle adolescence, children feel that they are exempt from the consequences of risk-taking behaviors; they believe that negative consequences only happen to others. Feelings of invulnerability ("It can't happen to me") are evident in adolescence. Impulsivity places adolescents in unsafe situations. Incorrect Mastering the environment is the task of young school-age children. Emancipation is a major issue for the older adolescent. The process is accomplished as the teenager gains an education or vocational training

The nurse is teaching parents of a toddler about language development. Which statement best identifies the characteristics of language development in a toddler? a. Language development skills slow during the toddler period. b. The toddler understands more than he can express. c. Most of the toddler's speech is not easily understood. d. The toddler's vocabulary contains approximately 600 words.

ANS: B Feedback A Although language development varies in relationship to physical activity, language skills are rapidly accelerating by 15 to 24 months of age. B The toddler's ability to understand language (receptive language) exceeds the child's ability to speak it (expressive language). C By 2 years of age, 60% to 70% of the toddler's speech is understandable. D The toddler's vocabulary contains approximately 300 or more words.

The mother of a 10-month-old infant tells the nurse that her infant "really likes cow's milk." What is the nurse's best response to this mother? a. "Milk is good for him." b. "It is best to wait until he is a year old before giving him cow's milk." c. "Limit cow's milk to his bedtime bottle." d. "Mix his cereal with cow's milk and give him formula in a bottle."

ANS: B Feedback A Although milk is a good source of calcium and protein for children after the first year of life, it is not the best source of nutrients for children younger than 1 year old. B It is best to wait until the infant is at least 1 year old before giving him cow's milk because of the risk of allergies and intestinal problems. Cow's milk protein intolerance is the most common food allergy during infancy. C Bedtime bottles of formula or milk are contraindicated because of their high sugar content, which leads to dental decay in primary teeth. D Cereal can be mixed with formula.

Approximately how much would a newborn who weighed 7 pounds 6 ounces at birth weigh at 1 year of age? a. 14 3/4 lb b. 22 1/8 lb c. 29 1/2 lb d. Unable to estimate weigh at 1 year

ANS: B Feedback A An infant doubles birth weight by 6 months of age. B An infant triples birth weight by 1 year of age. C An infant quadruples birth weight by 2 years of age. D Weight at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years of age can be estimated from the birth weight.

A 17-year-old tells the nurse that he is not having sex because it would make his parents very angry. This response indicates that the adolescent has a developmental lag in which area? a. Cognitive development b. Moral development c. Psychosocial development d. Psychosexual development

ANS: B Feedback A Cognitive development is related to moral development, but it is not the pivotal point in determining right and wrong behaviors. B The appropriate moral development for a 17-year-old would include evidence that the teenager has internalized a value system and does not depend on parents to determine right and wrong behaviors. Adolescents who remain concrete thinkers may never advance beyond conformity to please others and avoid punishment. C Identity formation is the psychosocial development task. Energy is focused within the adolescent, who exhibits behavior that is self-absorbed and egocentric. D Although a task during adolescence is the development of a sexual identity, the teenager's dependence on the parents' sanctioning of right or wrong behavior is more appropriately related to moral development.

Which is assessed with Tanner staging? a. Hormone levels b. Secondary sex characteristics c. Response to growth hormone secretion tests d. Hyperthyroidism

ANS: B Feedback A Hormone levels are assessed by their concentration in the blood. B Tanner stages are used to assess staging of secondary sex characteristics at puberty. C Growth hormone secretion tests are not associated with Tanner staging. D Tanner stages are not associated with hyperthyroidism.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of adolescence is to develop a. Intimacy b. Identity c. Initiative d. Independence

ANS: B Feedback A Intimacy is the developmental stage for early adulthood. B Traditional psychosocial theory holds that the developmental crises of adolescence lead to the formation of a sense of identity. C Initiative is the developmental stage for early childhood. D Independence is not one of Erikson's developmental stages.

What predisposes the adolescent to feel an increased need for sleep? a. An inadequate diet b. Rapid physical growth c. Decreased activity that contributes to a feeling of fatigue d. The lack of ambition typical of this age-group

ANS: B Feedback A Rapid physical growth, the tendency toward overexertion, and the overall increased activity of this age contributes to fatigue. B During growth spurts, the need for sleep is increased. C Rapid physical growth, the tendency toward overexertion, and the overall increased activity of this age contributes to fatigue. D Rapid physical growth, the tendency toward overexertion, and the overall increased activity of this age contributes to fatigue.

A preschool aged child will be receiving immunizations. Which statement identifies an appropriate level of language development for a 4-year-old child? a. The child has a vocabulary of 300 words and uses simple sentences. b. The child uses correct grammar in sentences. c. The child is able to pronounce consonants clearly. d. The child uses language to express abstract thought.

ANS: B Feedback A Simple sentences and a 300-word vocabulary are appropriate for a 2-year-old child. B The 4-year-old child is able to use correct grammar in sentence structure. C The 4-year-old child typically has difficulty in pronouncing consonants. D The use of language to express abstract thought is developmentally appropriate for the adolescent

Which developmental assessment instrument is appropriate to assess a 5-year-old child? a. Brazelton Behavioral Scale b. Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II) c. Dubowitz Scale d. New Ballard Scale

ANS: B Feedback A The Brazelton Behavioral Scale is used for newborn assessment. B The DDST-II is used for infants and children between birth and 6 years of age. C The Dubowitz Scale is used for estimation of gestational age. D The New Ballard Scale is used for newborn screening.

Which is the preferred site for administration of the Hib vaccine to an infant? a. Deltoid b. Anterolateral thigh c. Upper, outer aspect of the arm d. Dorsal gluteal region

ANS: B Feedback A The deltoid muscle is not used for infants. B The anterolateral thigh is the preferred site for intramuscular administration of vaccines for infants. C Subcutaneous injections can be given in the upper arm. The HIB vaccine is given by the intramuscular route. D The dorsal gluteal site is never used for vaccines.

Which behavior suggests appropriate psychosocial development in the adolescent? a. The adolescent seeks validation for socially acceptable behavior from older adults. b. The adolescent is self-absorbed and self-centered and has sudden mood swings. c. Adolescents move from peers and enjoy spending time with family members. d. Conformity with the peer group increases in late adolescence.

ANS: B Feedback A The peer group validates acceptable behavior during adolescence. B During adolescence, energy is focused within. Adolescents concentrate on themselves in an effort to determine who they are or who they will be. Adolescents are likely to be impulsive and impatient. Parents often describe their teenager as being "self-centered or lazy." C Adolescents move from family and enjoy spending time with peers. Adolescents also spend time alone; they need this time to think and concentrate on themselves. D Conformity becomes less important in late adolescence.

A mother asks when toilet training is most appropriately initiated. What is the nurse's best response? a. "When your child is 12 to 18 months of age." b. "When your child exhibits signs of physical and psychological readiness." c. "When your child has been walking for 9 months." d. "When your child is able to sit on the 'potty' for 10 to 15 minutes."

ANS: B Feedback A Toilet training is not arbitrarily started at 12 to 18 months of age. The child needs to demonstrate signs of bowel or bladder control before attempting toilet training. The average toddler is not ready until 18 to 24 months of age. Waiting until 24 to 30 months of age makes the task easier; toddlers are less negative, more willing to control their sphincters, and want to please their parents. B Neurologic development is completed at approximately 18 months of age. Parents need to know that both physical and psychological readiness are necessary for toilet training to be successful. C One of the physical signs of readiness for toilet training is that the child has been walking for 1 year. D The ability to sit on the "potty" for 10 to 15 minutes may demonstrate parental control rather than being a sign of developmental readiness for toilet training.

Tattoos have become increasingly popular among mainstream adolescents. Like clothing and hairstyles, tattoos serve to define one's identity. It is important for nurses to caution adolescents on the health risks of obtaining a tattoo. These include (select all that apply) a. Amateur tattoos are difficult to remove. b. Tattoos pose a risk for bloodborne and skin infections. c. Health care professionals must be notified of the existence of a tattoo before a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. d. Tattoo dyes may cause allergic reactions. e. Tattoo parlors are well regulated.

ANS: B, C, D Feedback Correct Tattoos carry the risk for contracting bloodborne diseases such as hepatitis B and HIV. Infection, allergic reaction to the dye, scarring, or keloid formation can occur. Should an MRI ever be required, it is important to notify the health care professionals, because the dyes can contain iron and other metals. Incorrect Amateur tattoos are easily removed; however, studio tattoos made with red and green dye are extremely difficult to remove. Very little regulation exists in the tattoo industry; therefore, the cleanliness of each tattoo parlor varies. Teens should be counseled to avoid making an impulsive decision to get a tattoo.

Which children are at greater risk for not receiving immunizations? a. Children who attend licensed daycare programs b. Children entering school c. Children who are home schooled d. Young adults entering college

ANS: C Feedback A All states require immunizations for children in daycare programs. B All states require immunizations for children entering school. C Home-schooled children are at risk for being underimmunized and need to be monitored. D Most colleges require a record of immunizations as part of a health history.

Which statement is the most accurate about moral development in the 9-year-old school-age child? a. Right and wrong are based on physical consequences of behavior. b. The child obeys parents because of fear of punishment. c. The school-age child conforms to rules to please others. d. Parents are the determiners of right and wrong for the school-age child.

ANS: C Feedback A Children 4 to 7 years of age base right and wrong on consequences. B Consequences are the most important consideration for the child between 4 and 7 years of age. C The 7- to 12-year-old child bases right and wrong on a good-boy or good-girl orientation in which the child conforms to rules to please others and avoid disapproval. D Parents determine right and wrong for the child younger than 4 years of age.

A mother tells the nurse that she is discontinuing breastfeeding her 5-month-old infant. The nurse should recommend that the infant be given a. Skim milk b. Whole cow's milk c. Commercial iron-fortified formula d. Commercial formula without iron

ANS: C Feedback A Cow's milk should not be used in children younger than 12 months. B Cow's milk should not be used in children younger than 12 months. C For children younger than 1 year, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of breast milk. If breastfeeding has been discontinued, then iron-fortified commercial formula should be used. D Maternal iron stores are almost depleted by this age; the iron-fortified formula will help prevent the development of iron-deficiency anemia.

Which factor has the greatest influence on child growth and development? a. Culture b. Environment c. Genetics d. Nutrition

ANS: C Feedback A Culture is a significant factor that influences how children grow toward adulthood. Culture influences both growth and development but does not eliminate inborn genetic influences. B Environment has a significant role in determining growth and development both before and after birth. The environment can influence how and to which extent genetic traits are manifested, but environmental factors cannot eliminate the effect of genetics. C Genetic factors (heredity) determine each individual's growth and developmental rate. Although factors such as environment, culture, nutrition, and family can influence genetic traits, they do not eliminate the effect of the genetic endowment, which is permanent. D Nutrition is critical for growth and plays a significant role throughout childhood.

What is the primary purpose of a transitional object? a. It helps the parents deal with the guilt they feel when they leave the child. b. It keeps the child quiet at bedtime. c. It is effective in decreasing anxiety in the toddler. d. It decreases negativism and tantrums in the toddler.

ANS: C Feedback A Decreased parental guilt (distress) is an indirect benefit of a transitional object. B A transitional object may be part of a bedtime ritual, but it may not keep the child quiet at bedtime. C Decreasing anxiety, particularly separation anxiety, is the function of a transitional object; it provides comfort to the toddler in stressful situations and helps make the transition from dependence to autonomy. D A transitional object does not significantly affect negativity and tantrums, but it can comfort a child after tantrums.

At what age is an infant first expected to locate an object hidden from view? a. 4 months of age b. 6 months of age c. 9 months of age d. 20 months of age

ANS: C Feedback A Four-month-old infants are not cognitively capable of searching out objects hidden from their view. Infants at this developmental level do not pursue hidden objects. B Six-month-old infants have not developed the ability to perceive objects as permanent and do not search out objects hidden from their view. C By 9 months of age, an infant will actively search for an object that is out of sight. D Twenty-month-old infants actively pursue objects not in their view and are capable of recalling the location of an object not in their view. They first look for hidden objects around age 9 months.

In general, the earliest age at which puberty begins is ____ years in girls and _____ years in boys. a. 13; 13 b. 11; 11 c. 10; 12 d. 12; 10

ANS: C Feedback A Girls and boys do not usually begin puberty at the same age; girls usually begin earlier than boys. B Girls and boys do not usually begin puberty at the same age; girls usually begin earlier than boys. C Puberty signals the beginning of the development of secondary sex characteristics. This begins in girls earlier than in boys. Usually, there is a 2-year difference in the age at onset. D Girls and boys do not usually begin puberty at the same age; girls usually begin earlier than boys.

Frequent developmental assessments are important for which reason? a. Stable developmental periods during infancy provide an opportunity to identify any delays or deficits. b. Infants need stimulation specific to the stage of development. c. Critical periods of development occur during childhood. d. Child development is unpredictable and needs monitoring.

ANS: C Feedback A Infancy is a dynamic time of development that requires frequent evaluations to assess appropriate developmental progress. B Infants in a nurturing environment will develop appropriately and will not necessarily need stimulation specific to their developmental stage. C Critical periods are blocks of time during which children are ready to master specific developmental tasks. The earlier those delays in development are discovered and intervention initiated, the less dramatic their effect will be. D Normal growth and development is orderly and proceeds in a predictable pattern based on each individual's abilities and potentials.

Which statement by the nurse is most appropriate to a 15-year-old whose friend has mentioned suicide? a. "Tell your friend to come to the clinic immediately." b. "You need to gather details about your friend's suicide plan." c. "Your friend's threat needs to be taken seriously, and immediate help for your friend is important." d. "If your friend mentions suicide a second time, you will want to get your friend some help."

ANS: C Feedback A Instructing a 15-year-old to tell a friend to come to the clinic immediately provides the teen with limited information and does not address the concern. B It is important to determine whether a person threatening suicide has a plan of action; however, the best information for the 15-year-old to have is that all threats of suicide should be taken seriously and immediate help is important. C Suicide is the third most common cause of death among American adolescents. A suicide threat from an adolescent serves as a dramatic message to others and should be taken seriously. Adolescents at risk should be targeted for supportive guidance and counseling before a crisis occurs. D It is imperative that help is provided immediately for a teenager who is talking about suicide. Waiting until the teen discusses it a second time may be too late.

The parents of a newborn infant state, "We will probably not have our baby immunized because we are concerned about the risk of our child being injured." What is the nurse's best response? a. "It is your decision." b. "Have you talked with your parents about this? They can probably help you think about this decision." c. "The risks of not immunizing your baby are greater than the risks from the immunizations." d. "You are making a mistake."

ANS: C Feedback A It is the parents' decision not to immunize the child; however, the nurse has a responsibility to inform parents about the risks to infants who are not immunized. B Grandparents can be supportive but are not the primary decision makers for the infant. C Although immunizations have been documented to have a negative effect in a small number of cases, an unimmunized infant is at greater risk for development of complications from childhood diseases than from the vaccines. D Telling parents that they are making a mistake is an inappropriate response.

A 2-month-old child has not received any immunizations. Which immunizations should the nurse give? a. DTaP, Hib, HepB, MCV, varicella b. DTaP, Hib, HepB, HPV, IPV, Rota c. DTaP, Hib, HepB, PCV, Rota d. DTaP, Hib, HepB, PCV, HepA

ANS: C Feedback A Meningococcal vaccine should be administered to children at 11 to 12 years of age. B Human papillomavirus vaccine is administered to adolescent girls only. C DTaP, Hib, HepB, PCV, IPV, and Rota are appropriate immunizations for an unimmunized 2-month-old child. D HepA is recommended for all children at 1 year of age.

A group of boys ages 9 and 10 years have formed a "boys-only" club that is open to neighborhood and school friends who have skateboards. This should be interpreted as a. Behavior that encourages bullying and sexism b. Behavior that reinforces poor peer relationships c. Characteristic of social development of this age d. Characteristic of children who later are at risk for membership in gangs

ANS: C Feedback A Peer-group identification and association are essential to a child's socialization. Poor relationships with peers and a lack of group identification can contribute to bullying. B Peer-group identification and association are essential to a child's socialization. Poor relationships with peers and a lack of group identification can contribute to bullying. C One of the outstanding characteristics of middle childhood is the creation of formalized groups or clubs. D A boys-only club does not have a direct correlation with later gang activity.

What does the nurse need to know when observing a chronically ill child at play? a. Play is not important to hospitalized children. b. Children need to have structured play periods. c. Children's play is a form of communication. d. Play is to be discouraged because it tires hospitalized children.

ANS: C Feedback A Play is important to all children in all environments. Play for children is a mechanism for mastering their environment. B Although children's play activities appear to be unorganized and at times chaotic, play has purpose and meaning. Imposing structure on play interferes with the tasks being worked on. C Play for all children is an activity woven with meaning and purpose. For chronically ill children, play can indicate their state of wellness and response to treatment. It is a way to express joy, fear, anxiety, and disappointments. D Children who have fewer energy reserves still require play. For these children, less-active play activities will be important.

The parents of a 14-year-old girl are concerned that their adolescent spends too much time looking in the mirror. Which statement is the most appropriate for the nurse to make? a. "Your teenager needs clearer and stricter limits about her behavior." b. "Your teenager needs more responsibility at home." c. "During adolescence this behavior is not unusual." d. "The behavior is abnormal and needs further investigation."

ANS: C Feedback A Stricter limits are not an appropriate response for a behavior that is part of normal development. B More responsibility at home is not an appropriate response for this situation. C Egocentric and narcissistic behavior is normal during this period of development. The teenager is seeking a personal identity. D The behavior is normal and needs no further investigation.

In providing anticipatory guidance to parents whose child will soon be entering kindergarten, which is a critical factor in preparing a child for kindergarten entry? a. The child's ability to sit still b. The child's sense of learned helplessness c. The parent's interactions and responsiveness to the child d. Attending a preschool program

ANS: C Feedback A The child's ability to sit still is important to learning; however, parental responsiveness and involvement are more important factors. B Learned helplessness is the result of a child feeling that he or she has no effect on the environment and that his or her actions do not matter. Parents who are actively involved in a supportive learning environment will demonstrate a more positive approach to learning. C Interactions between the parent and child are an important factor in the development of academic competence. Parental encouragement and support maximize a child's potential. D Preschool and daycare programs can supplement the developmental opportunities provided by parents at home, but they are not critical in preparing a child for entering kindergarten.

Which is a priority in counseling parents of a 6-month-old infant? a. Increased appetite from secondary growth spurt b. Encouraging the infant to smile c. Securing a developmentally safe environment for the infant d. Strategies to teach infants to sit up

ANS: C Feedback A The infant's appetite and growth velocity decrease in the second half of infancy. B Although a social smile should be present by 6 months of age, encouraging this is not of higher priority than ensuring environmental safety. C Safety is a primary concern as an infant becomes increasingly mobile. D Unless the infant has a neuromuscular deficit, strategies for teaching a normally developing infant to sit up are not necessary.

The parent of 2-week-old Sarah asks the nurse whether Sarah needs fluoride supplements, because she is exclusively breastfed. The nurse's best response is a. "She needs to begin taking them now." b. "They are not needed if you drink fluoridated water." c. "She may need to begin taking them at age 6 months." d. "She can have infant cereal mixed with fluoridated water instead of supplements."

ANS: C Feedback A The recommendation is to begin supplementation at 6 months. B The amount of water that is ingested and the amount of fluoride in the water are considered when supplementation is being considered. C Fluoride supplementation is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics beginning at age 6 months if the child is not drinking adequate amounts of fluoridated water. D The amount of water that is ingested and the amount of fluoride in the water are considered when supplementation is being considered.

Which assessment finding in a preschooler suggests the need for further investigation? a. The child is able to dress independently. b. The child rides a tricycle. c. The child has an imaginary friend. d. The child has a 2-lb weight gain in 12 months.

ANS: D Feedback A A preschool child should be able to dress independently. B A preschool child should be able to ride a tricycle. C Imaginary friends are common for preschoolers. D Preschool children gain an average of 5 pounds a year. A gain of only 2 pounds is less than half of the expected weight gain and should be investigated

When counseling parents and children about the importance of increased physical activity, the nurse can emphasize a. Anaerobic exercise should comprise a major component of the child's daily exercise. b. All children should be physically active for at least 2 hours per day. c. It is not necessary to participate in physical education classes at school if a student is taking part in other activities. d. Making exercise fun and a habitual activity.

ANS: D Feedback A Aerobic exercise should comprise a major component of children's daily exercise; however, physical activity should also include muscle and bone strengthening activities. B Children and adolescents should be physically active for at least 1 hour daily. C Encourage all student to participate fully in any physical education classes. D It is important to make exercise a fun and a habitual activity. Encourage parents to investigate their community's different activity programs. This includes recreation centers, parks, and the YMCA.

A school nurse is conducting a class on safety for a group of school-age children. Which statement indicates that the children may need further teaching? a. "My sister and I know two different ways to get out of the house." b. "I can dial 911 if there is a fire or a burglar in the house." c. "My mother has told us that if we have a fire, we have to meet at the neighbor's house." d. "If there is a fire I will have to go back in for my cat Fluffy because she will be scared."

ANS: D Feedback A All children should know two different escape routes from the house, in case one is blocked. B It is important for children to be taught how to call 911 in an emergency. C All families should have a predetermined meeting place away from the house. D Children should be taught never to return to a burning house, not even for a pet.

Which is the priority concern in developing a teaching plan for the parents of a 15-month-old child? a. Toilet training guidelines b. Guidelines for weaning children from bottles c. Instructions on preschool readiness d. Instructions on a home safety assessment

ANS: D Feedback A Although it is appropriate to give parents of a 15-month-old child toilet training guidelines, the child is not usually ready for toilet training, so it is not the priority teaching intervention. B Parents of a 15-month-old child should have been advised to beginning weaning from the breast or bottle at 6 to 12 months of age. C Educating a parent about preschool readiness is important and can occur later in the parents' educational process. The priority teaching intervention for the parents of a 15-month-old child is the importance of a safe environment. D Accidents are the major cause of death in children, including deaths caused by ingestion of poisonous materials. Home and environmental safety assessments are priorities in this age-group because of toddlers' increased motor skills and independence, which puts them at greater risk in an unsafe environment.

The mother of a 9-month-old infant is concerned because the infant cries when approached by an unknown shopper at the grocery store. What is the best response for the nurse to make to the mother? a. "You could consider leaving the infant more often with other people so he can adjust." b. "You might consider taking him to the doctor because he may be ill." c. "Have you noticed whether the baby is teething?" d. "This is a sign of stranger anxiety and demonstrates healthy attachment."

ANS: D Feedback A An infant who manifests stranger anxiety is showing a normal sign of healthy attachment. This behavior peaks at 7 to 9 months and is developmentally appropriate. The mother leaving the child more often will not change this developmental response to new strangers. B Assessing developmental needs is appropriate before taking an infant to a physician. C Pain from teething expressed by the infant's cries would not occur only when the mother left the room. D The nurse can reassure parents that healthy attachment is manifested by stranger anxiety in late infancy.

A mother asks the nurse, "When should I begin to clean my baby's teeth?" What is the best response for the nurse to make? a. "You can begin when all her baby teeth are in." b. "You can easily begin now. Just put some toothpaste on a gauze pad to clean the teeth." c. "I don't think you have to worry about that until she can handle a toothbrush." d. "You can begin as soon as your child has a tooth. The easiest way is to take cotton swabs or a face cloth and just wipe the teeth. Toothpaste is not necessary."

ANS: D Feedback A An infant's teeth need to be cleaned as soon as they erupt. Waiting until all the baby teeth are in is inappropriate and prolongs cleaning until 2 years of age. B Because toothpaste contains fluoride and infants will swallow the toothpaste, parents should avoid its use. C The infant's teeth need to be cleaned by the parent as soon as they erupt. Even when a child has the ability to hold a toothbrush, the parent should continue cleaning the child's teeth. D An infant's teeth need to be cleaned as soon as they erupt. Cleaning the teeth with cotton swabs or a face cloth is appropriate.

What is the best response a nurse can make to a 15-year-old girl who has verbalized a desire to have a baby? a. "Have you talked with your parents about this?" b. "Do you have plans to continue school?" c. "Will you be able to support the baby?" d. "Can you tell me how your life will be if you have an infant?"

ANS: D Feedback A Asking the teenager whether she has talked to her parents is not particularly helpful to the teen or the nurse and may terminate the communication. B A direct question about continuing school will not facilitate communication. Open-ended questions encourage communication. C Asking the teenager about how she will support the child will not facilitate communication. Open-ended questions encourage communication. D Having the teenager describe how the infant will affect her life will allow the teen to think more realistically. Her description will allow the nurse to assess the teen's perception and reality orientation.

The mother of a 10-month-old infant asks the nurse about beginning to wean her child from his bottle. Which statement by the mother suggests that the child is not ready to be weaned? a. "My son is frequently throwing his bottle down." b. "The baby takes a few ounces of formula from the bottle." c. "He is constantly chewing on the nipple. It concerns me." d. "He consistently is sucking."

ANS: D Feedback A Decreased interest in the bottle starts between 6 and 12 months. Throwing the bottle down is a sign of a decreased interest in the bottle. B When the child is taking more fluids from a cup and decreasing amounts from the bottle, the child is demonstrating a readiness for weaning. C Chewing on the nipple is another sign that the infant is ready to be weaned. D Consistent sucking is a sign that the child is not ready to be weaned.

What do parents of preschool children need to understand about discipline? a. Both parents and the child should agree on the method of discipline. b. Discipline should involve some physical restriction. c. The method of discipline should be consistent with the discipline methods of the child's peers. d. Discipline should include positive reinforcement of desired behaviors.

ANS: D Feedback A Discipline does not need to be agreed on by the child. Preschoolers feel secure with limits and appropriate, consistent discipline. Both parents should be in agreement so that the discipline is consistently applied. B Discipline does not necessarily need to include physical restriction. C Discipline does not need to be consistent with that of the child's peers. D Effective discipline strategies should involve a comprehensive approach that includes consideration of the parent-child relationship, reinforcement of desired behaviors, and consequences for negative behaviors.

The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the 5th grade. The nurse should recognize that a. Children in 5th grade are too young for sex education. b. Children should be discouraged from asking too many questions. c. Correct terminology should be reserved for children who are older. d. Sex can be presented as a normal part of growth and development.

ANS: D Feedback A Fifth graders are usually 10 to 11 years old. This age is not too young to speak about physiologic changes in their bodies. B They should be encouraged to ask questions. C Preadolescents need precise and concrete information. D When sexual information is presented to school-age children, sex should be treated as a normal part of growth and development.

Which immunizations should be used with caution in children with an allergy to eggs? a. HepB b. DTaP c. Hib d. MMR

ANS: D Feedback A HepB is safe for children with an egg allergy. B DTaP is safe for children with an egg allergy. C Hib is safe for children with an egg allergy. D Live measles vaccine is produced by using chick embryo cell culture, so there is a remote possibility of anaphylactic hypersensitivity in children with egg allergies. Most reactions are actually the result of other components in the vaccine.

The nurse is discussing with a parent group the importance of fluoride for healthy teeth. What should the nurse recommend? a. Use fluoridated mouth rinses in children older than 1 year. b. Brush teeth with fluoridated toothpaste unless fluoride content of water supply is adequate. c. Give fluoride supplements to breastfed infants beginning at age 1 month. d. Determine whether water supply is fluoridated.

ANS: D Feedback A It is difficult to teach this age-group to spit out the mouthwash. Swallowing fluoridated mouthwashes can contribute to fluorosis. B Fluoridated toothpaste is still indicated, but very small amounts are used. C Fluoride supplementation is not recommended until after age 6 months. D The decision about fluoride supplementation cannot be made until it is known whether the water supply contains fluoride and the amount.

Which comment is most developmentally typical of a 7-year-old boy? a. "I am a Power Ranger, so don't make me angry." b. "I don't know whether I like Mary or Joan better." c. "My mom is my favorite person in the world." d. "Jimmy is my best friend."

ANS: D Feedback A Magical thinking is developmentally appropriate for the preschooler. B Opposite-sex friendships are not typical for the 7-year-old child. C Seven-year-old children socialize with their peers, not their parents. D School-age children form friendships with peers of the same sex, those who live nearby, and other children who have toys that they enjoy.

A parent asks the nurse about negativism in toddlers. The most appropriate recommendation is to a. Punish the child b. Provide more attention c. Ask the child to not always say "no" d. Reduce the opportunities for a "no" answer

ANS: D Feedback A Negativism is not an indication of stubbornness or insolence and should not be punished. B The negativism is not a function of attention; the child is testing limits to gain an understanding of the world. C The toddler is too young for this approach. D The nurse should suggest to the parent that questions should be phrased with realistic choices rather than yes or no answers. This provides a sense of control for the toddler and reduces the opportunity for negativism.

Which behavior is not demonstrated in the 8-year-old child? a. Understands that his or her point of view is not the only one b. Enjoys telling riddles and silly jokes c. Understands that pouring liquid from a small to large container does not change the amount d. Engages in fantasy and magical thinking

ANS: D Feedback A School-age children enter the stage of concrete operations. They learn that their point of view is not the only one. B The school-age child has a sense of humor. The child's increased language mastery and increased logic allow for appreciation of plays on words, jokes, and incongruities. C The school-age child understands that properties of objects do not change when their order, form, or appearance does. D The preschool-age child engages in fantasy and magical thinking. The school-age child moves away from this type of thinking and becomes more skeptical and logical. Belief in Santa Claus or the Easter Bunny ends in this period of development.

Which statement made by a mother of a school-age boy indicates a need for further teaching? a. "My child is playing soccer this year." b. "He is always busy with his friends playing games. He is very active." c. "I limit his television watching to about 2 hours a day." d. "I am glad his coach is a good role model. He emphasizes the importance of winning in today's society. The kids really are disciplined."

ANS: D Feedback A Team sports such as soccer are appropriate for exercise and refinement of motor skills. B School-age children need to participate in physical activities, which contribute to their physical fitness skills and well-being. C Limiting television to 2 hours a day is an appropriate restriction. School-age children should be encouraged to participate in physical activities. D Team sports are important for the development of sportsmanship and teamwork and for exercise and refinement of motor skills. A coach who emphasizes winning and strict discipline is not appropriate for children in this age-group.

When planning care for adolescents, the nurse should a. Teach parents first, and they, in turn, will teach the teenager. b. Provide information for their long-term health needs because teenagers respond best to long-range planning. c. Maintain the parents' role by providing explanations for treatment and procedures to the parents only. d. Give information privately to adolescents about how they can manage the specific problems that they identify.

ANS: D Feedback A Teenagers are socially and cognitively at the developmental stage where the health care provider can teach them. B Teenagers are more interested in immediate health care needs than in long-term needs. C Teenagers are at the developmental level that allows them to receive explanations about health care directly from the nurse. D Problems that teenagers identify and are interested in are typically the problems that they are the most willing to address. Confidentiality is important to adolescents. Adolescents prefer to confer privately (without parents) with the nurse and health care provider.

In providing anticipatory guidance to parents, which parental behavior is the most important in fostering moral development? a. Telling the child what is right and wrong b. Vigilantly monitoring the child and her peers c. Weekly family meetings to discuss behavior d. Living as the parents say they believe

ANS: D Feedback A Telling the child what is right and wrong is not effective unless the child has experienced what she hears. Parents need to live according to the values they are teaching to their children. B Vigilant monitoring of the child and her peers is an inappropriate action for the parent to initiate. It does not foster moral development and reasoning in the child. C Weekly family meetings to discuss behaviors may or may not be helpful in the development of moral reasoning. D Parents living what they believe gives nonambivalent messages and fosters the child's moral development and reasoning.

Which statement concerning physiologic factors is true? a. The infant has a slower metabolic rate than an adult. b. An infant has an inability to digest protein and lactase. c. Infants have a slower circulatory response than adults do. d. The kidneys of an infant are less efficient in concentrating urine than an adult's kidneys.

ANS: D Feedback A The infant's metabolic rate is faster, not slower, than an adult's. B Although the newborn infant's gastrointestinal system is immature, it is capable of digesting protein and lactase, but the ability to digest and absorb fat does not reach adult levels until approximately 6 to 9 months of age. C Circulation is faster in infants than in adults. D The infant's kidneys are not as effective at concentrating urine compared with an adult's because of immaturity of the renal system and slower glomerular filtration rates. This puts the infant at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

The parents of a newborn say that their toddler "hates the baby...he suggested that we put him in the trash can so the trash truck could take him away." The nurse's best reply is a. "Let's see if we can figure out why he hates the new baby." b. "That's a strong statement to come from such a small boy." c. "Let's refer him to counseling to work this hatred out. It's not a normal response." d. "That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Let's look at ways to deal with this."

ANS: D Feedback A The toddler does not hate the infant. This is an expected response to the changes in routines and attention that affect the toddler. B This is a normal response. The toddler can be provided with a doll to care for and tend to the doll's needs at the same time the parent is performing similar care for the newborn. C The toddler does not hate the infant. This is an expected response to the changes in routines and attention that affect the toddler. D The arrival of a new infant represents a crisis for even the best-prepared toddler. Toddlers have their entire schedule and routines disrupted because of the new family member. The nurse should work with parents on ways to involve the toddler in the newborn's care and to help focus attention on the toddler.

A father tells the nurse that his daughter wants the same plate and cup used at every meal, even if they go to a restaurant. The nurse should explain that this is a. A sign the child is spoiled b. A way to exert unhealthy control c. Regression, common at this age d. Ritualism, common at this age

ANS: D Feedback A This is not indicative of a child who has unreasonable expectations, but rather normal development. B Toddlers use ritualistic behaviors to maintain necessary structure in their lives. C This is not regression, which is a retreat from a present pattern of functioning. D The child is exhibiting the ritualism that is characteristic at this age. Ritualism is the need to maintain the sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of comfort to the toddler. It will dictate certain principles in feeding practices, including rejecting a favorite food because it is served in a different container.

The number of hours spent sleeping decreases as the child grows older. Children ages 6 and 7 years require approximately 9 or 10 hours of sleep per night. Is this statement true or false?

ANS: F Children ages 6 and 7 actually need approximately 12 hours of sleep per night. Some children also continue to need an afternoon nap or quiet time to restore energy levels. The 12-year-old needs approximately 9 to 10 hours of sleep at night. Adequate sleep is important for school performance and physical growth. Inadequate sleep can cause irritability, inability to concentrate, and poor school performance.

The rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), now the third leading cause of death in infants, has increased despite international efforts and the Back to Sleep campaign. Is this statement true or false?

ANS: F This statement is incorrect. SIDS, which for a long time was the second leading cause of infant deaths, has decreased in part because of the Back to Sleep program. It is important for both hospital and clinic nurses to educate parents on safe sleep strategies for their infant.

Breastfeeding is the ideal method for providing nutrition to the human infant and is recommended by the American Heart Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the World Health Organization. Infants should be exclusively breastfed for a minimum of 4 months and preferably 6 months. Is this statement true or false?

ANS: T This statement is correct. Solid food should not be introduced until 4 to 6 months of age. Breastfeeding should accompany solid food introduction until 1 year of age.

____________________ is the leading cause of death in children of every age-group beyond 1 year of age.

ANS: Unintentional injury