PEDS MUSCULAR

The nurse teaches the parent of a young child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy about the disease and its management. Which statement by the parent indicates successful teaching? □ 1. "My son will probably be unable to walk independently by the time he is 9 to 11 years old." □ 2. "Muscle relaxants are effective for some children; I hope they can help my son." □ 3. "When my son is a little older, he can have surgery to improve his ability to walk." □ 4. "I need to help my son be as active as possible to prevent progression of the disease."

1. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive disease. Children who are affected by this disease usually are unable to walk independently by age 9 to 11 years. There is no effective treatment for childhood muscular dystrophy. Although children who remain active are able to avoid wheelchair confinement for a longer period, activity does not prevent disease progression.

A child with newly diagnosed osteomyelitis has nausea and vomiting. The parent wishes to give the child ginger cookies to help control the nausea. What should the nurse tell the parents? □ 1. "You can try them and see how he does." □ 2. "I will need to get a prescription." □ 3. "Your child needs medication for the vomiting." □ 4. "We discourage the use of home remedies in children."

1. Some clients find ginger cookies or "snaps" help relieve nausea. Ginger, in small doses such as would be found in the cookies, has few side effects. There is no reason that the parent should not try this dietary intervention; however, the nurse must monitor the client's response. If the child has a diet as tolerated prescription, there is no need for an additional prescription. Ultimately, the child may need an antiemetic medication, but dietary strategies are often successful in treating vomiting related to osteomyelitis. Making a universal statement disregarding home remedies is not a client-centered approach.

When developing the teaching plan for parents using the Pavlik harness with their child, what should be the nurse's initial step? □ 1. Assess the parents' current coping strategies. □ 2. Determine the parents' knowledge about the device. □ 3. Provide the parents with written instructions. □ 4. Give the parents a list of community resources.

2. Assessing the learner's knowledge level is the initial step in any teaching plan to promote the maximum amount of learning. This assessment also provides the nurse with a starting point for teaching. Assessing coping strategies can provide important information to the development of the teaching plan but is not the initial step. Giving parents written instructions or a list of community resources is appropriate once the parents' knowledge level has been determined and teaching has begun.

The nurse is discharging a baby with clubfoot who has had a cast applied. The nurse should provide additional teaching to the parents if they make which statement? □ 1. "I should call if I see changes in the color of the toes under the cast." □ 2. "I should use a pillow to elevate my child's foot as he sleeps." □ 3. "My baby will need a series of casts to fix her foot." □ 4. "Having a cast should not prevent me from holding my baby."

2. Elevating the extremity at different points during the day is helpful to prevent edema, but pillows should not be used in the crib because they increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A change in the color of the toes is a sign of impaired circulation and requires medical evaluation. Children typically need a series of 5 to 10 casts to correct the deformity. Infants with clubfeet still need frequent holding like any other newborn.

The nurse should teach the parent of a child who has a new cast for a fractured radius to do which intervention for the first few days at home? □ 1. Use a hair dryer to dry the cast more quickly. □ 2. Have the child refrain from strenuous activities. □ 3. Watch the child wiggle his fingers once a day. □ 4. Administer acetaminophen every 8 to 12 hours for discomfort.

2. For the first few days after application of a plaster or fiberglass cast, the child should not engage in strenuous activities, to minimize swelling that would cause the cast to become too tight. Use of a hair dryer to complete the drying of the cast is not encouraged because the hair dryer only dries the outside of the cast. Movement and sensation of the fingers need to be checked several times a day for the first few days. Typically, the parent would be instructed to administer acetaminophen every 4 to 6 hours, not every 8 to 12 hours, for discomfort.

The nurse plans the discharge of a newborn diagnosed with torticollis (wry neck). Which action should the nurse take? □ 1. Teach the parent the side effects of botulinum toxin. □ 2. Coordinate outpatient physical therapy. □ 3. Verify the date for corrective surgery. □ 4. Demonstrate the use of positioning wedges for sleep.

2. Physical therapy is the most important part of the child's plan of care. Most cases of torticollis respond to gentle stretching exercises, which the parents perform daily. Regular physical therapy is needed to monitor the infant's progress. Botulinum toxin injections are not approved for children under the age of 2 and would not be an appropriate first-line treatment for an infant. Surgery is only done if physical therapy is not successful after several months. The use of wedges to position children during sleep is not recommended because they increase the risk of SIDS.

The parents of a child who requires skeletal traction are unable to visit their child for more than 1 hour a day because there are five other children at home and both parents work outside of the home. The nurse recognizes expressions of guilt in both parents. To help alleviate this guilt, the nurse should make which statement? □ 1. "I am sure you feel guilty about not being able to visit often." □ 2. "It is important that you visit even for 1 hour." □ 3. "Not all parents can stay all the time." □ 4. "Perhaps you could take turns visiting for a bit longer."

2. Stressing the importance of the parents' visiting when they can helps to alleviate the guilt they feel. It allows the parents to feel that they are doing what they can. Acknowledging the guilt gives the parents an opportunity to talk about it but does not help alleviate it. Comparing the parents with other parents does not alleviate guilt feelings. The parents need reinforcement that what they are doing is appropriate. Suggesting that the parents take turns visiting implies that they should feel guilty because they may not be doing all they could.

The nurse is helping a family plan for the discharge of their child who will be going home in a spica cast. Which information would be most important for the nurse to consider? □ 1. The bathrooms are all on the second floor. □ 2. The child's bedroom is on the second floor. □ 3. A 16-year-old sister will care for the child during the day. □ 4. There are three steps up to the front door.

2. The child with a hip spica cast who is going home and has a bedroom on the second floor of the home needs to have the bed moved to an area that is more central to family life. Negotiating a flight of steps at least twice a day (on awakening in the morning and before going to bed at night) with a child in a hip spica cast would be difficult and most likely dangerous. Because the child in a hip spica cast will need to use a bedpan or urinal, the bathrooms can be on any floor. Because the family is involved in the discharge, the 16-year-old sister should be taught appropriate care along with the rest of the family. The child can be carried up and down the three steps to the house the few times necessary after discharge.

After teaching the parents of an infant with clubfoot requiring application of a plaster cast how to care for the cast, which statement would indicate that the parents have understood the teaching? □ 1. "If the cast becomes soiled, we will clean it with soap and water." □ 2. "We will elevate the leg with the cast on pillows so the leg is above heart level." □ 3. "We will check the color and temperature of the toes of the casted leg frequently." □ 4. "The petals on the edge of the cast can be removed after the first 24 hours."

3. A cast that is too tight can cause a tourniquet effect, compromising the neurovascular integrity of the extremity. Manifestations of neurovascular impairment include pain, edema, pulselessness, coolness, altered sensation, and inability to move the distal exposed extremity. The toes of the casted extremity should be assessed frequently to evaluate for changes in neurovascular integrity. Wetting a plaster cast with water and soap softens the plaster, which may alter the cast's effectiveness. There is no reason to elevate the casted extremities when a child with clubfoot is being treated with nonsurgical measures. The legs would be elevated if swelling were present. Petals, which are applied to cover the rough edges of the cast, are to be left in place to minimize the risk for skin irritation from the cast edges.

When planning home care for the child with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, what should be the primary focus for family teaching? □ 1. need for intake of protein-rich foods □ 2. gentle stretching exercises for both legs □ 3. management of the corrective appliance □ 4. relaxation techniques for pain control

3. Because most of the child's care takes place at home, the primary focus of family teaching would be on the care and management of the corrective device. Devices such as an abduction brace, a leg cast, or a harness sling are used to protect the affected joint while revascularization and bone healing occur. As long as the child is eating a well-balanced diet, there is no need for an intake of protein-rich foods. The parents can encourage range of motion in the unaffected leg, but motion in the affected leg is limited until it heals. Once therapy has been initiated, pain is usually not a problem. The key is management of the corrective device.

The nurse in the emergency department is caring for a preschool-age child with a fractured humerus. The child is crying and screaming, "I hate you!" Which action would be most appropriate? □ 1. Tell the parents they will need to wait out in the lobby. □ 2. Ask the charge nurse to assign this client to another nurse. □ 3. Reassure the parents that this is a normal behavior under the circumstances. □ 4. Ask the parents to discipline the child so that the team can treat her.

3. Explaining to the parents that this is a normal reaction under the circumstances is most appropriate. The child's outburst is related to the child's fears of the unknown. The child is scared and anxious and needs the parents for support. Asking the parents to wait outside would only add to the child's fear and anxiety. The reaction is normal for a child her age and does not usually call for a change in staff assignments. Asking the parents to discipline their child for her behavior is inappropriate. The nurse needs to handle the situation.

Anticipating that a preschool-age child in traction will have need for diversion, what should the nurse offer the child? □ 1. a video game □ 2. blocks □ 3. hand puppets □ 4. remote-controlled car

3. Hand puppets would enable a 3-year-old child in traction to act out feelings within the constraints imposed by the traction. A 3-year-old needs creative play. The video game would make the child too active in bed and does not meet the child's developmental need for creative play. Blocks would be more appropriate for a younger child. Remote-controlled cars are appropriate for older children but can present a fall risk to others if used in a hospital.

During a developmental screening, the nurse finds that a toddler child with cerebral palsy has arrested social and language development. What should the nurse tell the family? □ 1. "This is a sign the cerebral palsy is progressing." □ 2. "Your child has reached his maximum language abilities." □ 3. "I need to refer you for more developmental testing." □ 4. "We need to modify your therapy plan."

3. It is important to identify primary developmental delays in children with cerebral palsy and to prevent secondary and tertiary delays. The arrested development is worrisome and requires further investigation. It is possible the lack of development indicates hearing loss or may be a sign of autism. The brain damage caused by cerebral palsy is not progressive. The brain of a young child is quite plastic; assuming that the child's development has peaked at age 3 would be a serious mistake. The therapy plan will need to be modified, but a better understanding of the underlying problem will lead to the greatest chance of creating a successful therapy plan.

When teaching the family of an older infant who has had a spica cast applied for developmental dysplasia of the hip, which information should the nurse include when describing the abduction stabilizer bar? □ 1. It can be adjusted to a position of comfort. □ 2. It is used to lift the child. □ 3. It adds strength to the cast. □ 4. It is necessary to turn the child.

3. The abduction bar is incorporated into the cast to increase the cast's strength and maintain the legs in alignment. The bar cannot be removed or adjusted, unless the cast is removed and a new cast is applied. The bar should never be used to lift or turn the client because doing so may weaken the cast.

What information should the nurse include when developing the teaching plan for the parents of a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who is being treated with naproxen? □ 1. Anti-inflammatory effect will occur in approximately 8 weeks. □ 2. Within 24 hours, the child will have anti-inflammatory relief. □ 3. The nurse should be called before giving the child any over-the-counter medications. □ 4. If a dose is forgotten or missed, that dose is not made up.

3. The first group of drugs typically prescribed is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which include naproxen. Once therapy is started, it takes hours or days for relief from pain to occur. However, it takes 3 to 4 weeks for the anti-inflammatory effects to occur, including reduction in swelling and less pain with movement. Naproxen is included in only a few over-the-counter medications, but aspirin is in several. The family should check with the nurse before giving any over-the-counter medications. Toxicity or GI bleeding may occur when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are combined. The missed dose will need to be made up to maintain the serum level and to maintain therapeutic effectiveness of the drug.

When interacting with the parent of a child who has Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, the nurse observes behavior indicating that the parent may feel guilty about the child's condition. The nurse interprets this behavior as guilt stemming from which factor? □ 1. the terminal nature of the disease □ 2. the dependent behavior of the child □ 3. the genetic mode of transmission □ 4. the sudden onset of the disease

3. The guilt that mothers of children with muscular dystrophy commonly experience usually results from the fact that the disease is genetic and the mother transmitted the defective gene. Although many children die from the disease, the disease is considered chronic and progressive. As the disease progresses, the child becomes more dependent. However, guilt typically stems from the knowledge that the mother transmitted the disease to her son rather than the dependency of the child. The disease onset is usually gradual, not sudden.

The parent asks the nurse whether a child with hemiparesis due to spastic cerebral palsy will be able to walk normally because he can pull himself to a standing position. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate? □ 1. "Ask your health care provider what he or she thinks at your next appointment." □ 2. "Being able to pull to a stand really only tells us his upper-body strength is good." □ 3. "It is difficult to predict, but his ability to bear weight is a positive factor." □ 4. "If he really wants to walk, and works hard, he probably will eventually."

3. The nurse needs to respond honestly to the mother. Most children with hemiparesis due to spastic cerebral palsy are able to walk because the motor deficit is usually greater in the upper extremity. There is no need to refer the mother to the HCP . Pulling to a stand requires both upper body and lower body strength. The will to walk is important, but without neurologic stability, the child may be unable to do so.

A preschooler with a fractured femur of the left leg in traction tells the nurse that his leg hurts. It is too early for pain medication. What is the first action the nurse should take? □ 1. Place a pillow under the child's buttocks to provide support. □ 2. Remove the weight from the left leg. □ 3. Assess the feet for signs of neurovascular impairment. □ 4. Reposition the pulleys so the traction is looser.

3. The nurse should assess the client frequently for signs of neurovascular impairment of the feet, such as pallor, coldness, numbness, or tingling. Pillows are not placed under the buttocks because the pillows would alter the alignment of the traction. Weights provide traction and should not be removed. Pulleys help to maintain optimal alignment of the traction and therefore should be left alone.

The parent of a child with spastic cerebral palsy and a communication disorder tells the nurse, "He seems so restless. I think he is in pain." Which action is most indicated? □ 1. Assess the child for pain using the faces, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. □ 2. Assess the child for pain using the pediatric FACES scale. □ 3. Administer prescribed pain medication. □ 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP) of the change in behavior.

3. The parent is the child's HCP and may be very in tune to subtle changes in the child's behavior. If the parent thinks the child is in pain, it is very likely to be so. The nurse should administer the pain medication and evaluate if the medication affected the child's behavior. The FLACC scale may be difficult to interpret when the child has spasticity. The FACES scale requires self-report, which may not be possible in a child with a communication disorder. The HCP should be contacted regarding the change in behavior only if other available interventions are unsuccessful.

The nurse develops the plan of care for a child with early Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. What is the priority goal for this client? □ 1. Encourage early wheelchair use. □ 2. Foster social interactions. □ 3. Maintain function of unaffected muscles. □ 4. Prevent circulatory impairment.

3. The primary nursing goal is to maintain function in unaffected muscles for as long as possible. There is no effective treatment for childhood muscular dystrophy. Children who remain active are able to forestall being confined in wheelchair. Remaining active also minimizes the risk for social isolation. Preventing rather than encouraging wheelchair use by maintaining function for as long as possible is an appropriate nursing goal. Children with muscular dystrophy become socially isolated as their condition deteriorates and they can no longer keep up with friends. Maintaining function helps prevent social isolation. Circulatory impairment is not associated with muscular dystrophy.

The nurse assesses a parent's understanding of cerebral palsy. The nurse determines that the parent has an accurate understanding of cerebral palsy when she describes it as a term applied to impaired movement resulting from which factor? □ 1. injury to the cerebrum caused by viral infection □ 2. malformed blood vessels in the ventricles caused by inheritance □ 3. nonprogressive brain damage caused by injury □ 4. inflammatory brain disease caused by metabolic imbalances

3. The term cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of nonprogressive disorders of upper motor neuron impairment that result in motor dysfunction due to injury. In addition, a child may have speech or ocular difficulties, seizures, hyperactivity, or cognitive impairment. The condition of congenital malformed blood vessels in the ventricles is known as arteriovenous malformations. Viral infection and metabolic imbalances do not cause CP.

A 16-month-old child is seen in the clinic for a checkup for the first time. The nurse notices that the toddler limps when walking. Which would be appropriate to use when assessing this toddler for developmental dysplasia of the hip? □ 1. Ortolani's maneuver □ 2. Barlow's maneuver □ 3. Adam's position □ 4. Trendelenburg's sign

4. A Trendelenburg's sign is seen in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip who are walking. Weight-bearing causes the pelvis to tilt downward on the unaffected side instead of upward as it would normally. Ortolani's maneuver is used during the neonatal period to assess developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants. With the infant quiet, relaxed, and lying on the back, the hips and knees are flexed at right angles. The knees are moved to abduction, and pressure is exerted. If the femoral head moves forward, then it is dislocated. Barlow's maneuver is used to assess developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants. As the femur is moved into or out of the acetabulum, a "clunk" is heard, indicating dislocation. Adam's position is used to evaluate for structural scoliosis. The child bends forward with feet together and arms hanging freely or with palms together.

The nurse is caring for a child with osteomyelitis who will be receiving high-dose intravenous antibiotic therapy for 3 to 4 weeks. What should the nurse plan to monitor? □ 1. blood glucose level □ 2. thrombin times □ 3. urine glucose level □ 4. urine specific gravity

4. Long-term, high-dose antibiotic therapy can adversely affect renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic function. Urine specific gravity would provide valuable information about the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine, thereby suggesting renal impairment. Blood glucose levels reveal how well the client's body is using glucose. Thrombin times reveal information about the clotting mechanism. Urine glucose levels reveal information about the body's use and excretion of glucose.

A child with a hip spica cast is being prepared for discharge. Recognizing that caring for a child at home is complex, the nurse should include what instructions for the parents discharge teaching? a. Turn every 8 hours. b. Specially designed car restraints are necessary. c. Diapers should be avoided to reduce soiling of the cast. d. Use an abduction bar between the legs to aid in turning.

ANS: B Standard seat belts and car seats may not be readily adapted for use by children in some casts. Specially designed car seats and restraints meet safety requirements. The child must have position changes much more frequently than every 8 hours. During feeding and play activities, the child should be moved for both physiologic and psychosocial benefit. Diapers and other strategies are necessary to maintain cleanliness. The abduction bar is never used as an aid for turning. Putting pressure on the bar may damage the integrity of the cast.

A 7-year-old child has just had a cast applied for a fractured arm with the wrist and elbow immobilized. What information should be included in the home care instructions? a. No restrictions of activity are indicated. b. Elevate casted arm when both upright and resting. c. The shoulder should be kept as immobile as possible to avoid pain. d. Swelling of the fingers is to be expected. Notify a health professional if it persists more than 48 hours.

ANS: B The injured extremity should be kept elevated while resting and in a sling when upright. This will increase venous return. The child should not engage in strenuous activity for the first few days. Rest with elevation of the extremity is encouraged. Joints above and below the cast on the affected extremity should be moved. Swelling of the fingers may indicate neurovascular damage and should be reported immediately. Permanent damage can occur within 6 to 8 hours.

What is an appropriate nursing intervention when caring for a child in traction? a. Removing adhesive traction straps daily to prevent skin breakdown b. Assessing for tightness, weakness, or contractures in uninvolved joints and muscles c. Providing active range of motion exercises to affected extremity three times a day d. Keeping child prone to maintain good alignment

ANS: B Traction places stress on the affected bone, joint, and muscles. The nurse must assess for tightness, weakness, or contractures developing in the uninvolved joints and muscles. The adhesive straps should be released or replaced only when absolutely necessary. Active, passive, or active with resistance exercises should be carried out for the unaffected extremity only. Movement is expected with children. Each time the child moves, the nurse should check to ensure that proper alignment is maintained.

What is the recommended drink for athletes during practice and competition? a. Sports drinks to replace carbohydrates b. Cold water for gastrointestinal tract rapid absorption c. Carbonated beverages to help with acid base balance d. Enhanced performance carbohydrate electrolyte drinks

ANS: B Water is recommended for most athletes, who should drink 4 to 8 oz every 15 to 20 minutes. Cold water facilitates rapid gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. Most carbohydrate sports drinks have 6% to 8% carbohydrate, which can cause gastrointestinal upset. Carbonated beverages are discouraged. There is no evidence that these drinks enhance function.

The nurse at a summer camp recognizes the signs of heatstroke in an adolescent girl. Her temperature is 40 C (104 F). She is slightly confused but able to drink water. Nursing care while waiting for transport to the hospital should include what intervention? a. Administer antipyretics. b. Administer salt tablets. c. Apply towels wet with cool water. d. Sponge with solution of rubbing alcohol and water.

ANS: C Heatstroke is a failure of normal thermoregulatory mechanisms. The onset is rapid with initial symptoms of headache, weakness, and disorientation. Immediate care is relocation to a cool environment, removal of clothing, and applying of cool water (wet towels or immersion). Antipyretics are not used because they are metabolized by the liver, which is already not functioning. Salt tablets are not indicated and may be harmful by increasing dehydration. Rubbing alcohol is not used.

Parents bring a 7-year-old child to the clinic for evaluation of an injured wrist after a bicycle accident. The parents and child are upset, and the child will not allow an examination of the injured arm. What priority nursing intervention should occur at this time? a. Send the child to radiology so radiography can be performed. b. Initiate an intravenous line and administer morphine for the pain. c. Calmly ask the child to point to where the pain is worst and to wiggle fingers. d. Have the parents hold the child so that the nurse can examine the arm thoroughly.

ANS: C Initially, assessment is the priority. Because the child is alert but upset, the nurse should work to gain the childs trust. Initial data are gained by observing the childs ability to move the fingers and to point to the pain. Other important observations at this time are pallor and paresthesia. The child needs to be sent for radiography, but initial assessment data need to be obtained. Sending the child for radiography will increase the childs anxiety, making the examination difficult. It is inappropriate to ask parents to restrain their child. These parents are upset about the injury. If restraint is indicated, the nurse should obtain assistance from other personnel.

The nurse uses the five Ps to assess ischemia in a child with a fracture. What finding is considered a late and ominous sign? a. Petaling b. Posturing c. Paresthesia d. Positioning

ANS: C Paresthesia distal to the injury or cast is an ominous sign that requires immediate notification of the practitioner. Permanent muscle and tissue damage can occur within 6 hours. The other signs of ischemia that need to be reported are pain, pallor, pulselessness, and paralysis. Petaling is a method of placing protective or smooth edges on a cast. Posturing is not a sign of peripheral ischemia. Finding a position of comfort can be difficult with a fracture. It would not be an ominous sign unless pain was increasing or uncontrollable.

An 8-year-old child is hit by a motor vehicle in the school parking lot. The school nurse notes that the child is responding to verbal stimulation but is not moving his extremities when requested. What is the first action the nurse should take? a. Wait for the childs parents to arrive. b. Move the child out of the parking lot. c. Have someone notify the emergency medical services (EMS) system. d. Help the child stand to return to play.

ANS: C The child was involved in a motor vehicle collision and at this time is not able to move his extremities. The child needs immediate attention at a hospital for assessment of the possibility of a spinal cord injury. Because the child cannot move his extremities, the child should not be moved until his cervical and vertebral spines are stabilized. The EMS team can appropriately stabilize the spinal column for transport. Although it is important to notify the parents, the EMS system should be activated and transport arranged for serious injuries. The only indication to move the child is to prevent further trauma.

What statement is correct regarding sports injuries during adolescence? a. Conditioning does not help prevent many sports injuries. b. The increase in strength and vigor during adolescence helps prevent injuries related to fatigue. c. More injuries occur during organized athletic competition than during recreational sports participation. d. Adolescents may not possess insight and judgment to recognize when a sports activity is beyond their capabilities.

ANS: D Injuries occur when the adolescents body is not suited to the sport or when he or she lacks the insight and judgment to recognize that an activity exceeds his or her physical abilities. More injuries occur when an adolescents muscles and body systems (respiratory and cardiovascular) are not conditioned to endure physical stress. Injuries do not occur from fatigue but rather from overuse. All sports have the potential for injury to the participant, whether the youngster engages in serious competition or in sports for recreation. More injuries occur during recreational sports than during organized athletic competition.

The nurse is teaching parents the proper use of a hipkneeanklefoot orthosis (HKAFO) for their 4-year-old child. The parents demonstrate basic essential knowledge by making what statement? a. Alcohol will be used twice a day to clean the skin around the brace. b. Weekly visits to the orthotist are scheduled to check screws for tightness. c. Initially, a burning sensation is expected and the brace should remain in place. d. Condition of the skin in contact with the brace should be checked every 4 hours.

ANS: D This type of brace has several contact points with the childs skin. To minimize the risk of skin breakdown and facilitate use of the brace, vigilant skin monitoring is necessary. Alcohol should not be used on the skin. It is drying. Parents are capable of checking and tightening the screws when necessary. If a burning sensation occurs, the brace should be removed. If several complaints of burning occur, the orthotist should be contacted.

A 4-year-old child sustains a fall at home. After an x-ray examination, the child is determined to have a fractured arm and a plaster cast is applied. The nurse provides instructions to the parents regarding care for the child's cast. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "The cast may feel warm as the cast dries." 2. "I can use lotion or powder around the cast edges to relieve itching." 3. "A small amount of white shoe polish can touch up a soiled white cast." 4. "If the cast becomes wet, a blow drier set on the cool setting may be used to dry the cast."

Answer: 2 Rationale: Teaching about cast care is essential to prevent complications from the cast. The parents need to be instructed not to use lotion or powders on the skin around the cast edges or inside the cast. Lotions or powders can become sticky or caked and cause skin irritation. Options 1, 3, and 4 are appropriate statements and indicate the parents understand cast care.

The nurse prepares a list of home care instructions for the parents of a child who has a plaster cast applied to the left forearm. Which instructions should be included on the list? Select all that apply. 1. Use the fingertips to lift the cast while it is drying. 2. Keep small toys and sharp objects away from the cast. 3. Use a padded ruler or another padded object to scratch the skin under the cast if it itches. 4. Place a heating pad on the lower end of the cast and over the fingers if the fingers feel cold. 5. Elevate the extremity on pillows for the first 24 to 48 hours after casting to prevent swelling. 6. Contact the primary health care provider (PHCP) if the child complains of numbness or tingling in the extremity.

Answer: 2, 5, 6 Rationale: While the cast is drying, the palms of the hands are used to lift the cast. If the fingertips are used, indentations in the cast could occur and cause constant pressure on the underlying skin. Small toys and sharp objects are kept away from the cast, and no objects (including padded objects) are placed inside the cast because of the risk of altered skin integrity. The extremity is elevated to prevent swelling, and the PHCP is notified immediately if any signs of neurovascular impairment develop. A heating pad is not applied to the cast or fingers. Cold fingers could indicate neurovascular impairment, and the PHCP should be notified.

The parents of a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis call the clinic nurse because the child is experiencing a painful exacerbation of the disease. The parents ask the nurse if the child can perform range-of-motion exercises at this time. The nurse should make which response? 1. "Avoid all exercise during painful periods." 2. "Range-of-motion exercises must be performed every day." 3. "Have the child perform simple isometric exercises during this time." 4. "Administer additional pain medication before performing range of motion exercises."

Answer: 3 Rationale: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the joints and other tissues, such as articular cartilage. During painful episodes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, hot or cold packs and splinting and positioning the affected joint in a neutral position help reduce the pain. Although resting the extremity is appropriate, beginning simple isometric or tensing exercises as soon as the child is able is important. These exercises do not involve joint movement.

A child who has undergone spinal fusion for scoliosis complains of abdominal discomfort and begins to have episodes of vomiting. On further assessment, the nurse notes abdominal distention. On the basis of these findings, the nurse should take which action? 1. Administer an antiemetic. 2. Increase the intravenous fluids. 3. Place the child in a Sims' position. 4. Notify the primary health care provider (PHCP).

Answer: 4 Rationale: Scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity that usually involves lateral curvature, spinal rotation resulting in rib asymmetry, and hypokyphosis of the thorax. A complication after surgical treatment of scoliosis is superior mesenteric artery syndrome. This disorder is caused by mechanical changes in the position of the child's abdominal contents, resulting from lengthening of the child's body. The disorder results in a syndrome of emesis and abdominal distention similar to that which occurs with intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus. Postoperative vomiting in children with body casts or children who have undergone spinal fusion warrants attention because of the possibility of superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

The parent of a child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy asks about the chance that a next child will have the disease. What should the nurse tell the parent? □ 1. "Sons have a 50% chance of being affected." □ 2. "Daughters have a 1 in 4 chance of being carriers." □ 3. "Each child has a 1 in 4 chance of developing the disease." □ 4. "Each child has a 50% chance of being a carrier."

1. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder. The gene is transmitted through female carriers to affected sons 50% of the time. Daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers.

A parent asks the nurse about using a car seat for a toddler who is in a hip spica cast. What should the nurse tell the parent? □ 1. "You can use a seat belt because of the spica cast." □ 2. "You will need a specially designed car seat for your toddler." □ 3. "You can still use the car seat you already have." □ 4. "You will need to get a special release from the police so that a car seat will not be needed."

2. The toddler in a hip spica cast needs a specially designed car seat. The one that the parent already has will not be appropriate because of the need for the car seat to accommodate the cast and abductor bar.

An adolescent comes to the school nurse after experiencing shin splints during a track meet. What reassurance should the nurse offer? a. Shin splints are expected in runners. b. Ice, rest, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usually relieve pain. c. It is generally best to run around and work the pain out. d. Moist heat and acetaminophen are indicated for this type of injury.

ANS: B Shin splints result when the ligaments tear away from the tibial shaft and cause pain. Actions that have an antiinflammatory effect are indicated for shin splints. Ice, rest, and NSAIDs are the usual treatment. Shin splints are rarely serious, but they are not expected, and preventive measures are taken. Rest is important to heal the shin splints. Continuing to place stress on the tibia can lead to further damage.

While assessing a 3-year-old child who has had an injury to the leg, has pain, and refuses to walk, the nurse notes that the child's left thigh is swollen. What should the nurse do next? □ 1. Assess the neurologic status of the toes. □ 2. Determine the circulatory status of the upper thigh. □ 3. Obtain the child's vital signs. □ 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP) immediately.

1. Because the nurse suspects a possible fracture based on the child's presentation, assessing the neurologic and circulatory status of the toes, the tissues distal to the fracture, is important. Soft tissue contusions, which accompany femur fractures, can result in severe hemorrhage into the tissue and subsequent circulatory and neurologic impairment. Once this information has been obtained, vital signs can be assessed, and the nurse can notify the health care provider (HCP) and report the findings. In fractures, circulation impairment will occur distal to the injury.

A child with spastic cerebral palsy is to begin botulinum toxin type A injections. Which treatment goals should the health care team set for the child related to botulinum toxin? Select all that apply. □ 1. improved nutritional status □ 2. decreased pain from spasticity □ 3. improved motor function □ 4. enhanced self-esteem □ 5. reduced caregiver strain □ 6. decreased speech impediments

2, 3, 4, 5. Botulinum toxin injections can be used to improve many aspects of quality of life for the child with cerebral palsy. The injections can help decrease pain from spasticity. Injections improve motor status by reducing rigidity and allowing for more effective physical therapy to improve range of motion. Decreased spasms enhance self-esteem. Improved motor status facilitates the ability to provide some aspects of care, especially transfers. Botulinum does not significantly affect nutritional status or speech.

An adolescent client is having surgery to repair a fractured left femur. As a part of the preoperative safety checklist, what should the nurse do? □ 1. Ask the teen to point to the surgery site. □ 2. Verify that the site, side, and level are marked. □ 3. Ask the parents if they have signed the operative permit. □ 4. Restate the surgery risks to the parents.

2. As part of a surgery safety checklist, the nurse must verify that the site, side, and level are marked. Pointing to the area is not sufficient identification of the surgery site. The nurse must verify the form has been signed by reviewing the form. The surgeon holds primary responsibility for explaining the risks of surgery.

A pediatric client is given morphine for postoperative pain following a fracture repair. As the nurse is assessing the client for pain 4 hours later, his parent leaves the room, and the child begins to cry. What assessment does the nurse make about the child's pain? □ 1. not in pain because the crying began after the parent leaves □ 2. less tolerant of pain because he is upset □ 3. in pain because he is crying □ 4. not in pain because he was medicated 4 hours ago

2. Emotional or physical stress lowers a person's tolerance of pain. The parent's presence may have distracted him, and when the parent left, it caused him to focus on the pain he was having. Crying does not automatically indicate pain. The nurse must further assess the client for pain. Although an analgesic was given 4 hours before, pain may be present.

A child is admitted with a fracture of the femur and placed in skeletal traction. What should the nurse assess first? □ 1. the pull of traction on the pin □ 2. the elastic bandage □ 3. the pin sites for signs of infection □ 4. the dressings for tightness

1. Skeletal traction applies the pull directly to the skeletal structure by tongs, pin, or wire. The nurse should assess the pull of the traction on the pin first. This is critical to the success of the traction. Once this is assessed, then the pin sites are assessed for signs of infection. The dressings would be examined after the pull of the traction, neurovascular status, and pin sites were assessed. The elastic wrap is used to anchor skin traction nonadherent straps, not skeletal traction.

The nurse is caring for a child in Bryant's traction. What action should the nurse take? □ 1. Adjust the weights on the legs until the buttocks rest on the bed. □ 2. Provide frequent skin care. □ 3. Place a pillow under the buttocks. □ 4. Remove the elastic leg wraps every 8 hours for 10 minutes.

2. The traction is positioned correctly; the nurse should provide frequent skin care to the back and shoulder areas. The hips and buttocks should be lifted off the bed to provide countertraction; the nurse should not adjust the weights. The nurse should not place a pillow under the buttocks as this would prevent countertraction. The elastic wraps should remain on the legs unless removal is prescribed by the health care provider (HCP)

A nurse is making an initial visit to a family with a preschool child with early Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Which assessment is an expected finding in this child? □ 1. contractures of the large joints □ 2. enlarged calf muscles □ 3. difficulty riding a tricycle □ 4. atrophied muscles

3. Usually, the first clinical manifestations of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy include difficulty with typical age-appropriate physical activities such as running, riding a tricycle, and climbing stairs. Contractures of the large joints typically occur much later in the disease process. Occasionally, enlarged calves may be noted, but they are not typical findings in a child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Muscular atrophy and development of small, weak muscles are later signs.

A preschool-age child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has become withdrawn, and the mother asks the nurse what she should do. Which suggestion by the nurse would be most appropriate? □ 1. Introduce the child to other children her age who also have JIA. □ 2. Tell the mother to spend extra time with the child and less time with her other children. □ 3. Recommend that the mother send the child to see a counselor for therapy. □ 4. Encourage the mother to be supportive and understanding of the child.

4. Because the child is dealing with grief and loss associated with a chronic illness, parents need to be supportive and understanding. The child needs to feel valued and worthwhile. Introducing the child to others of the same age who also have JIA most probably would be ineffective because preschoolers are developmentally egocentric. Although the child needs to feel valued, the mother's spending more time with the child and less time with her other children is inappropriate because the child with JIA may experience secondary gain from the illness if the family interaction patterns are altered. Also, this action reinforces the child's withdrawal behavior. Psychological counseling is not needed at this time because the child's reaction is normal.

When teaching the child with scoliosis being treated with a Boston brace about exercises, the nurse explains that the exercises are performed primarily for what reason? □ 1. to decrease back muscle spasms □ 2. to improve the brace's traction effect □ 3. to prevent spinal contractures □ 4. to strengthen the back and abdominal muscles

4. Exercises are prescribed for the child with scoliosis wearing a Boston brace to help strengthen spinal and abdominal muscles and provide support. Typically, children wearing a Boston brace do not have muscle spasms. Performing exercises provides no effect on the brace's traction ability. Spinal contractures do not occur when a Boston brace is worn.

At the 2-week well-child visit, a parent states, "My baby seems to keep his head tilted to the right." Which area should the nurse further assess? □ 1. anterior fontanelle □ 2. cervical vertebrae □ 3. trapezius muscle □ 4. sternocleidomastoid muscle

4. The parent is describing symptoms consistent with torticollis, or wry neck syndrome. With this musculoskeletal disorder, the sternocleidomastoid muscle shortens, causing the infant to drop the head toward the affected muscle and tilt the chin upward in the opposite direction. Frequently, a lump may be felt in the affected muscle. Palpating the fontanelle is done to assess neurologic status, not musculoskeletal status. Torticollis does not involve the cervical vertebrae or trapezius muscle.

The nurse is providing instructions to the parents of a child with scoliosis regarding the use of a brace. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further instruction? 1. "I will encourage my child to perform prescribed exercises." 2. "I will have my child wear soft fabric clothing under the brace." 3. "I should apply lotion under the brace to prevent skin breakdown." 4. "I should avoid the use of powder because it will cake under the brace."

Answer: 3 Rationale: A brace may be prescribed to treat scoliosis. Braces are not curative but may slow the progression of the curvature to allow skeletal growth and maturity. The use of lotions or powders under a brace should be avoided because they can become sticky and cake under the brace, causing irritation. Options 1, 2, and 4 are appropriate interventions in the care of a child with a brace.

The nurse observes as a child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy attempts to rise from a sitting position on the floor. After attaining a kneeling position, the child "walks" his hands up his legs to stand. The nurse documents this as which sign? □ 1. Galeazzi's sign □ 2. Goodell's sign □ 3. Goodenough's sign □ 4. Gower's sign

4. With Gower's sign, the child walks the hands up the legs in an attempt to stand, a common approach used by children with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy when rising from a sitting to a standing position. Galeazzi's sign refers to the shortening of the affected limb in congenital hip dislocation. Goodell's sign refers to the softening of the cervix, considered a sign of probable pregnancy. Goodenough's sign refers to a test of mental age.

What condition can result from the bone demineralization associated with immobility? a. Osteoporosis b. Pooling of blood c. Urinary retention d. Susceptibility to infection

ANS: A Bone demineralization leads to a negative calcium balance, osteoporosis, pathologic fractures, extraosseous bone formation, and renal calculi. Pooling of blood is a result of the cardiovascular effects of immobilization. Urinary retention is secondary to the effect of immobilization on the urinary tract. Susceptibility to infection can result from the effects of immobilization on the respiratory and renal systems.

What is a physiologic effect of immobilization on children? a. Metabolic rate increases. b. Venous return improves because the child is in the supine position. c. Circulatory stasis can lead to thrombus and embolus formation. d. Bone calcium increases, releasing excess calcium into the body (hypercalcemia).

ANS: C The physiologic effects of immobilization, as a result of decreased muscle contraction, include venous stasis. This can lead to pulmonary emboli or thrombi. The metabolic rate decreases with immobilization. With the loss of muscle contraction, there is a decreased venous return to the heart. Calcium leaves the bone during immobilization, leading to bone demineralization and increasing the calcium ion concentration in the blood.

A 1-month-old infant is seen in a clinic and is diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip. On assessment, the nurse understands that which finding should be noted in this condition? 1. Limited range of motion in the affected hip 2. An apparent lengthened femur on the affected side 3. Asymmetrical adduction of the affected hip when the infant is placed supine with the knees and hips flexed 4. Symmetry of the gluteal skinfolds when the infant is placed prone and the legs are extended against the examining table

Answer: 1 Rationale: In developmental dysplasia of the hip, the head of the femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum or hip socket of the pelvis. Asymmetrical and restricted abduction of the affected hip, when the child is placed supine with the knees and hips flexed, would be an assessment finding in developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants beyond the newborn period. Other findings include an apparent short femur on the affected side, asymmetry of the gluteal skinfolds, and limited range of motion in the affected extremity.

A child is upset because, when the cast is removed from her leg, the skin surface is caked with desquamated skin and sebaceous secretions. What technique should the nurse suggest to remove this material? a. Soak in a bathtub. b. Vigorously scrub the leg. c. Carefully pick material off the leg. d. Apply powder to absorb the material.

ANS: A Simply soaking in the bathtub is usually sufficient for removal of the desquamated skin and sebaceous secretions. Several days may be required to eliminate the accumulation completely. The parents and child should be advised not to scrub the leg vigorously or forcibly remove this material because it may cause excoriation and bleeding. Oil or lotion, but not powder, may provide comfort for the child.

The nurse is caring for an immobilized preschool child. What intervention is helpful during this period of immobilization? a. Encourage wearing pajamas. b. Let the child have few behavioral limitations. c. Keep the child away from other immobilized children if possible. d. Take the child for a walk by wagon outside the room.

ANS: D Transporting the child outside of the room by stretcher, wheelchair, or wagon increases environmental stimuli and provides social contact. Street clothes are preferred for hospitalized children. This decreases the sense of illness and disability. The child needs appropriate limits for both adherence to the medical regimen and developmental concerns. It is not necessary to keep the child away from other immobilized children.

The mother of a preschool child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is worried that her child will have to stop attending preschool because of the illness. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate? □ 1. "It may be difficult for your child to attend school because of the side effects of the medications he will be prescribed." □ 2. "Your child should be encouraged to attend school, but he will need extra time to work out early morning stiffness." □ 3. "You should keep your child at home from school whenever he experiences discomfort or pain in his joints." □ 4. "Your child will probably need to wear splints and braces so that his joints will be supported properly."

2. Socialization is important for this preschool-age child, and activity is important to maintain function. Because children with JIA commonly experience most problems in the early morning after arising, they need more time to "warm up." Adverse effects may or may not occur. The child's normal routine needs to be maintained as much as possible. Although splints and braces may be needed, they are worn during periods of rest, not activity, to maintain function.

An adolescent is brought into the emergency department with a compound fracture. He refuses pain medication stating that his parents are drug addicts and he does not want to become an addict. What order should the nurse perform the actions from first to last? All options must be used. □ 1. Provide the adolescent with educational information on safe use of pain medications. □ 2. Notify the health care provider (HCP) that the adolescent is refusing pain medication. □ 3. Allow the adolescent an opportunity to express his concerns about becoming addicted. □ 4. Assess the adolescent's pain using a developmentally appropriate pain scale.

4, 2, 3, 1. The nurse should assess the adolescent's pain prior to notifying the HCP. A compound fracture is very painful. The nurse should notify the HCP so they can discuss alternatives and options to treat the pain. Allowing the child an opportunity to express his concerns validates his feelings and concerns. While providing education on the safe use and administration of pain medications may help alleviated the child's fears, the priority is assessing and treating the fracture.

A child is placed in skeletal traction for treatment of a fractured femur. The nurse creates a plan of care and should include which intervention? 1. Ensure that all ropes are outside the pulleys. 2. Ensure that the weights are resting lightly on the floor. 3. Restrict diversional and play activities until the child is out of traction. 4. Check the primary health care provider's (PHCP's) prescriptions for the amount of weight to be applied.

Answer: 4 Rationale: When a child is in traction, the nurse would check the PHCP's prescription to verify the prescribed amount of traction weight. The nurse would maintain the correct amount of weight as prescribed, ensure that the weights hang freely, check the ropes for fraying and ensure that they are on the pulleys appropriately, monitor the neurovascular status of the involved extremity, and monitor for signs and symptoms of complications of immobilization. The nurse would provide therapeutic and diversional play activities for the child.

5. What measure is important in managing hypercalcemia in a child who is immobilized? a. Provide adequate hydration. b. Change position frequently. c. Encourage a diet high in calcium. d. Provide a diet high in calories for healing.

ANS: A Vigorous hydration is indicated to prevent problems with hypercalcemia. Suggested intake for an adolescent is 3000 to 4000 ml/day of fluids. Diuretics are used to promote the removal of calcium. Changing position is important for skin and respiratory concerns. Calcium in the diet is restricted when possible. A high-protein diet served as frequent snacks with favored foods is recommended. A high-calorie diet without adequate protein will not promote healing.

8. Immobilization causes what effect on metabolism? a. Hypocalcemia b. Decreased metabolic rate c. Positive nitrogen balance d. Increased levels of stress hormones

ANS: B Immobilization causes a decreased metabolic rate with slowing of all systems and a decreased food intake. Immobilization leads to hypercalcemia and a negative nitrogen balance secondary to muscle atrophy. Decreased production of stress hormones occurs with decreased physical and emotional coping capacity.

An adolescent tells the nurse that the area below his knee has been hurting for several weeks. The nurse should obtain history information about participation in which sport? □ 1. soccer □ 2. golf □ 3. diving □ 4. swimming

1. The adolescent's problem should alert the nurse to the possibility of Osgood-Schlatter disease. This disease, found primarily in boys 10 to 15 years of age and in girls 8 to 13 years of age, occurs when the infrapatellar ligament of the quadriceps muscle is not well anchored to the tibial tubercle. Excessive activity of the quadriceps muscle results in microtrauma, which causes swelling and pain. Track, soccer, and football commonly produce this condition. Osgood-Schlatter disease is self-limited and usually responds to rest and application of ice.

The parents of a child just diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) tell the nurse that the diagnosis frightens them because they know nothing about the prognosis. What information should the nurse include when teaching the parents about the disease? □ 1. The more joints affected, the more severe the disease will be. □ 2. Many affected children go into long remissions but have severe deformities. □ 3. The disease usually progresses to crippling rheumatoid arthritis. □ 4. Most affected children recover completely within a few years.

1. With JIA, the more joints affected, the more severe the disease is likely to be and the less likely the symptoms will totally resolve. Approximately one-third of the children will continue to have the disease into adulthood, and approximately one-sixth will experience severe, crippling deformities.

A school-age child has 5 lb (2.27 kg) of Buck's extension traction on his left leg. What finding should the nurse assess the child for? Select all that apply. □ 1. dryness of the skin, by removing the foam wraps and boot □ 2. alignment of the shoulder, hips, and knees □ 3. frayed rope near pulleys □ 4. correct amount of traction weight on fracture □ 5. pressure on the coccyx

2, 3, 4, 5. Buck's traction provides a skin traction that keeps the extremity in straight alignment and can be observed by noting a straight line formed between the shoulder, hips, and knees. The rope must be intact to maintain the prescribed traction from the weights. The correct amount of traction must be maintained to keep the fractured femur in correct alignment. Because the client is in a recumbent position, the nurse should also inspect the skin on the back and buttocks for integrity. The nurse should not remove the client's wraps and boot unless he or she has a health care provider's (HCP's) prescription to do so.

A child is to receive IV antibiotics for osteomyelitis. Before the initial dose of antibiotics can be given, the nurse confirms that a blood sample for which test has been drawn? □ 1. creatinine □ 2. culture □ 3. hemoglobin □ 4. white blood count

2. Cultures are used to determine exactly what organism is causing the inflammation. From the culture, sensitivities to various antibiotics may be determined. If the antibiotics are given before obtaining the culture, the antibiotics may inhibit the growth of the organism in the culture medium. This may lead to a delay in the most appropriate treatment. Unless a child has a known renal problem, baseline creatinine levels are not typically needed. However, levels may be needed during treatment depending on the medication. A complete blood count (CBC) with hemoglobin and white blood cell count is typically prescribed for any suspected infection, but these tests do not identify the causative organism.

A pediatric client has just had a plaster cast placed on his lower left leg. Which action should the nurse take to provide safe cast care? □ 1. Petal the cast as soon as it is put on. □ 2. Keep the child in the same position for 24 hours until the cast is dry. □ 3. Use only the palms of the hand when handling the cast. □ 4. Notify the health care provider (HCP) if the client feels heat.

3. The wet plaster cast should be handled using only the palms of the hands to prevent indentations of the cast surface. Petaling a cast should be done only when the edges of the cast are rough and are causing irritation to the client's skin. The nurse should not keep the child in the same position until the cast is dry. Doing so would prohibit proper toileting and elimination and would produce undue pressure on the coccyx. The cast typically emits heat as it dries, so notifying a health care provider (HCP) is not necessary in this instance. If needed, a fan can be used to circulate the room air.

A preschool-age child presents to the emergency department. His father tearfully reports that his son was on his shoulders in the driveway playing when he began to fall. When the child began to fall, the father grabbed him by the leg, swinging him toward the grass to avoid landing on the pavement. As the father swung his son, the child hit his head on the driveway and twisted his right leg. After a complete examination, it is determined that the child has a skull fracture and a spiral fracture of the femur. Which action should the nurse take? □ 1. Restrict the father's visitation. □ 2. Notify the police immediately. □ 3. Refer the father for parenting classes. □ 4. Record the father's story in the medical record.

4. The father's story is consistent with the injuries incurred by the child; therefore, the nurse should document the cause of injury. There is no need to restrict the father's visitation because the injuries sustained by the child are consistent with the explanation given. The police only need to be notified if there is suspicion of child abuse. The injuries incurred by this child appear to be accidental. There is no need to refer the father for parenting classes. The father appears to be upset about the accident and will not likely repeat such reckless behavior. However, the nurse should educate the father regarding child safety.

The parent of a preschool-age child with a tentative diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) asks about a test to definitively diagnose JIA. What should the nurse tell the parent? □ 1. "The latex fixation test is diagnostic." □ 2. "An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is diagnostic." □ 3. "A positive synovial fluid culture is diagnostic." □ 4. "No specific laboratory test is diagnostic."

4. The nurse's response to the father is based on the knowledge that there is no definitive test for JIA. The latex fixation test, which is commonly used to diagnose arthritis in adults, is negative in 90% of children. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate may or may not be increased during active disease. This test identifies the presence of inflammation only. Synovial fluid cultures are done to rule out septic arthritis, not to diagnose JIA.

During the initial assessment of a child admitted to the pediatric unit with osteomyelitis of the left tibia, when assessing the area over the tibia, which is an expected finding? □ 1. diffuse tenderness □ 2. decreased pain □ 3. increased warmth □ 4. localized edema

3. Findings associated with osteomyelitis commonly include pain over the area, increased warmth, localized tenderness, and diffuse swelling over the involved bone. The area over the affected bone is red.

The nurse determines that teaching about the correct use of a Boston brace to treat scoliosis has been effective if the child and family state they will remove the brace at which times? □ 1. when bathing, for about 1 hour per day □ 2. while eating, for a total of 3 hours a day □ 3. during school, for about 8 hours a day □ 4. when sleeping, for a total of 10 hours a day

1. One of the most effective spinal braces for correcting scoliosis, the Boston brace should be worn for at least 16 to 23 hours a day, except when carrying out personal hygiene measures.

A child has a right femur fracture caused by a motor vehicle crash and is placed in skin traction temporarily until surgery can be performed. During assessment, the nurse notes that the dorsalis pedis pulse is absent on the right foot. Which action should the nurse take? 1. Administer an analgesic. 2. Release the skin traction. 3. Apply ice to the extremity. 4. Notify the primary health care provider (PHCP).

Answer: 4 Rationale: An absent pulse to an extremity of the affected limb after a bone fracture could mean that the child is developing or experiencing compartment syndrome. This is an emergency situation, and the PHCP needs to be notified immediately. Administering analgesics would not improve circulation. The skin traction should not be released without a PHCP's prescription. Applying ice to an extremity with absent perfusion will worsen the problem. Ice may be prescribed when perfusion is adequate to decrease swelling.

The nurse is measuring a child for crutches. What factors should the nurse consider? Select all that apply. □ 1. type of gait child will be using □ 2. degree of child's elbow flexion □ 3. space above the crutch to child's axilla □ 4. weight of the child □ 5. whether child has to use the stairs

2, 3. To ensure proper fit of crutches, the child's elbow flexion should be 20 degrees, and the area above the top of the crutch to the child's axilla should be 1 to 1.5 inches (2.5 to 3.8 cm). The type of gait, weight of the child, and use of stairs are not factors in the measurement.

The nurse teaches the parents of an infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip how to handle their child in a Pavlik harness. Which care is most appropriate? □ 1. Fit the diaper under the straps. □ 2. Leave the harness off while the infant sleeps. □ 3. Check for skin redness under straps every other day. □ 4. Put powder on the skin under the straps every day.

1. The Pavlik harness is worn over a diaper. Knee socks are also worn to prevent the straps and foot and leg pieces from rubbing directly on the skin. For maximum results, the infant needs to wear the harness continuously. The skin should be inspected several times a day, not every other day, for signs of redness or irritation. Lotions and powders are to be avoided because they can cake and irritate the skin.

When assessing an adolescent for scoliosis, what should the nurse ask the client to do? □ 1. Bend forward at the waist with arms hanging freely. □ 2. Lie flat on the floor and extend the legs straight from the trunk. □ 3. Sit in a chair while lifting the feet and legs to a right angle with the trunk. □ 4. Stand against a wall while pressing the length of the back against the wall.

1. Scoliosis, a lateral deviation of the spine, is assessed by having the client bend forward at the waist with arms hanging freely and then looking for lateral curvature of the spine and a rib hump. The other positions will not reveal the deviation of the spine.

The child in a new hip spica cast seems to be adjusting to the cast, except that after each meal the child tells the nurse that the cast is too tight. What should the nurse plan to do? □ 1. Administer a laxative prior to each meal. □ 2. Offer smaller, more frequent meals. □ 3. Give the child a mechanical soft diet. □ 4. Offer the child more fruits and grains.

2. A hip spica cast encircles the abdomen. When the child eats a large meal, abdominal pressure increases, causing the cast to feel tight. Therefore, the nurse should plan to offer smaller, more frequent meals to minimize abdominal distention. If the child's appetite were decreased in conjunction with a feeling of fullness, the nurse might suspect that the child was becoming constipated and plan to use laxatives or a higher-fiber diet. A mechanical soft diet is indicated when the child has difficulty chewing food adequately. Giving the child more fruits and grains would contribute to abdominal distention and problems with the cast tightness after eating.

A child with spastic cerebral palsy receiving intrathecal baclofen therapy is admitted to the pediatric floor with vomiting and dehydration. The family tells the nurse that they were scheduled to refill the baclofen pump today but had to cancel the appointment when the child became ill. Which action should the nurse take? □ 1. Explain that the medication should be discontinued during illness. □ 2. Arrange for the pump to be refilled in the hospital. □ 3. Reschedule the pump refill for the day of discharge. □ 4. Instruct caregivers to call for a refill when the low-volume alarm sounds.

2. To prevent a baclofen withdraw, pump refills are scheduled several days before anticipated low-volume alarms. The nurse should make it a high priority to have the pump refilled as soon as possible. Discontinuing baclofen suddenly can result in a high fever, muscle rigidity, change in level of consciousness, and even death. Waiting until the child leaves the hospital for a refill may lead to a low dose or withdrawal. Waiting for the low-volume alarm puts the client at risk because medication and team members who can refill the pump may not be readily available under all circumstances.

The parents of a neonate born with congenital clubfoot express feelings of helplessness and guilt and are exhibiting anxiety about how the neonate will be treated. Which action by the nurse would be most appropriate initially? □ 1. Ask them to share these concerns with the health care provider (HCP). □ 2. Arrange a meeting with other parents whose infants have had successful clubfoot treatment. □ 3. Discuss the problem with the parents and the current feelings that they are experiencing. □ 4. Suggest that they make an appointment to talk things over with a counselor.

3. When an infant is born with an unexpected anomaly, parents are faced with questions, uncertainties, and possible disappointments. They may feel inadequate, helpless, and anxious. The nurse can help the parents initially by assessing their concerns and providing appropriate information to help them clarify or resolve the immediate problems. Referring the parents to the health care provider (HCP) is not necessary at this time. The nurse can assist the parents by listening to their concerns. Having them talk with other parents would be helpful a little bit later, once the nurse assesses their concerns and discusses the problem and the parents' current feelings. If the parents continue to have difficulties expressing and working through their feelings, referral to a counselor would be appropriate.

A child who limps and has pain has been found to have Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. What should the nurse expect to include in the child's plan of care? □ 1. initiation of pain control measures, especially at night when acute □ 2. promotion of ambulation despite child's discomfort in the affected hip □ 3. prevention of flexion in the affected hip and knee □ 4. avoidance of weight-bearing on the head of the affected femur

4. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, also known as coxa plana or osteochondrosis, is characterized by aseptic necrosis at the head of the femur when the blood supply to the area is interrupted. Avoidance of weight-bearing is especially important to prevent the head of the femur from leaving the acetabulum, thus preventing hip dislocation. Devices such as an abduction brace, a leg cast, or a harness sling are used to protect the affected joint while revascularization and bone healing occur. Surgical procedures are used in some cases. Although pain control measures may be appropriate, pain is not necessarily more acute at night. Initial therapy involves rest and non-weight-bearing to help restore motion. Preventing flexion is not necessary.

The nurse conducts a developmental screening of a 15-month-old child with cerebral palsy. Which milestones would the nurse expect a typically developing toddler of this age to have achieved? □ 1. walking up steps □ 2. using a spoon □ 3. copying a circle □ 4. putting a block in a cup

4. Delay in achieving developmental milestones is a characteristic of children with cerebral palsy. Ninety percent of typically developing 15-month-old children can put a block in a cup. Walking up steps typically is accomplished at 18 to 24 months. A child usually is able to use a spoon at 18 months. The ability to copy a circle is achieved at approximately 3 to 4 years of age.

The nurse is caring for a hospitalized adolescent whose femur was fractured 18 hours ago. The adolescent suddenly develops chest pain and dyspnea. The nurse should suspect what complication? a. Sepsis b. Osteomyelitis c. Pulmonary embolism d. Acute respiratory tract infection

ANS: C Fat emboli are of greatest concern in individuals with fractures of the long bones. Fat droplets from the marrow are transferred to the general circulation, where they are transported to the lung or brain. This type of embolism usually occurs within the second 12 hours after the injury. Sepsis would manifest with fever and lethargy. Osteomyelitis usually is seen with pain at the site of infection and fever. A child with an acute respiratory tract infection would have nasal congestion, not chest pain.

A student athlete was injured during a basketball game. The nurse observes significant swelling. The player states he thought he heard a pop, that the pain is pretty bad, and that the ankle feels as if it is coming apart. Based on this description, the nurse suspects what injury? a. Sprain b. Fracture c. Dislocation d. Stress fracture

ANS: A Sprains account for approximately 75% of all ankle injuries in children. A sprain results when the trauma is so severe that a ligament is either stretched or partially or completely torn by the force created as a joint is twisted or wrenched. Joint laxity is the most valid indicator of the severity of a sprain. A fracture involves the cross-section of the bone. Dislocations occur when the force of stress on the ligaments disrupts the normal positioning of the bone ends. Stress fractures result from repeated muscular contraction and are seen most often in sports involving repetitive weight bearing such as running, gymnastics, and basketball.

The nurse stops to assist an adolescent who has experienced severe trauma when hit by a motorcycle. The emergency medical system (EMS) has been activated. The first person who provided assistance applied a tourniquet to the child's leg because of arterial bleeding. What should the nurse do related to the tourniquet? a. Loosen the tourniquet. b. Leave the tourniquet in place. c. Remove the tourniquet and apply direct pressure if bleeding is still present. d. Remove the tourniquet every 5 minutes, leaving it off for 30 seconds each time.

ANS: B A tourniquet is applied only as a last resort, and then it is left in place and not loosened until definitive treatment is available. After the tourniquet is applied, skin and tissue necrosis occur below the site. Loosening or removing the tourniquet allows toxins from the tissue necrosis to be released into the circulation. This can induce systemic, deadly tourniquet shock.

Which procedures can the nurse working on a pediatric floor safely delegate to the licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/VN)? Select all that apply. □ 1. refilling a baclofen pump □ 2. administering gastrostomy tube feedings □ 3. inserting hearing aids □ 4. giving an IV push medication □ 5. calling the morning blood sugars to the health care provider (HCP)

2, 3. In general, LPN/VNs may perform skills related to feeding, oral medication administration, and activities of daily living, such as insertion of a hearing aid. Refilling a baclofen pump constitutes administering an intrathecal medication and is beyond the scope of practice for LPN/VNs in most areas. Some institutions allow LPN/VNs to give IV push medicines; however, special training is required. Communicating with the health care provider (HCP) would require discussion of the client's assessments and evaluations, which fall under the RN scope of practice.

A pediatric client with scoliosis has to wear a brace. The nurse should develop a teaching plan with the client to include which instruction? □ 1. Wear the brace during waking hours. □ 2. Use lotions to relieve skin irritations. □ 3. Wear a form-fitting t-shirt under the brace. □ 4. Bathe the skin under the brace once per week.

3. A form-fitting t-shirt can be worn under the brace to prevent skin irritation and collect perspiration. Braces are worn 23 hours each day. Lotions may cause irritation and should not be used. The skin under the brace should be bathed daily to help prevent irritation from the brace. The brace can be removed for bathing so all the skin can be bathed.

The nurse is teaching the girls varsity sports teams about the female athlete triad. What is essential information to include? a. They should take low to moderate calcium to avoid hypercalcemia. b. They have strong bones because of the athletic training. c. Pregnancy can occur in the absence of menstruation. d. A diet high in carbohydrates accommodates increased training.

ANS: C Sexually active teenagers, regardless of menstrual status, need to consider contraceptive precautions. Increased calcium (1500 mg) is recommended for amenorrheic athletes. The decreased estrogen in girls with the female athlete triad, coupled with potentially inadequate diet, leads to osteoporosis. Diets high in protein and calories are necessary to avoid potentially long- term consequences of intensive, prolonged exercise programs in pubertal girls.

Parents bring their 2-week-old infant to a clinic for treatment after a diagnosis of clubfoot made at birth. Which statement by the parents indicates a need for further teaching regarding this disorder? 1. "Treatment needs to be started as soon as possible." 2. "I realize my infant will require follow-up care until fully grown." 3. "I need to bring my infant back to the clinic in 1 month for a new cast." 4. "I need to come to the clinic every week with my infant for the casting."

Answer: 3 Rationale: Clubfoot is a complex deformity of the ankle and foot that includes forefoot adduction, midfoot supination, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus; the defect may be unilateral or bilateral. Treatment for clubfoot is started as soon as possible after birth. Serial manipulation and casting are performed at least weekly. If sufficient correction is not achieved in 3 to 6 months, surgery usually is indicated. Because clubfoot can recur, all children with clubfoot require long-term interval follow-up until they reach skeletal maturity to ensure an optimal outcome.

The nurse is assisting a primary health care provider (PHCP) examine a 3- week-old infant with developmental dysplasia of the hip. What test or sign should the nurse expect the PHCP to assess? 1. Babinski's sign 2. The Moro reflex 3. Ortolani's maneuver 4. The palmar-plantar grasp

Answer: 3 Rationale: In developmental dysplasia of the hip, the head of the femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum or hip socket of the pelvis. Ortolani's maneuver is a test to assess for hip instability and can be done only before 4 weeks of age. The examiner abducts the thigh and applies gentle pressure forward over the greater trochanter. A "clicking" sensation indicates a dislocated femoral head moving into the acetabulum. Babinski's sign is abnormal in anyone older than 2 years of age and indicates central nervous system abnormality. The Moro reflex is normally present at birth but is absent by 6 months; if still present at 6 months, there is an indication of neurological abnormality. The palmar-plantar grasp is present at birth and lessens within 8 months.

To meet the developmental needs of an 8-year-old child who is confined to home with osteomyelitis, what goal should the nurse include in the care plan? □ 1. Encourage the child to communicate with schoolmates. □ 2. Encourage the parents to stay with the child. □ 3. Allow siblings to visit freely throughout the day. □ 4. Talk to the child about his interests twice daily.

1. Encouraging contact with schoolmates allows the school-age child to maintain and develop socialization with peers, an important developmental task of this age group. Although having family visits and interacting with the child are important, they do not meet the child's developmental needs. Talking to the child about his interests is important, but encouraging contact with schoolmates is crucial to maintain and develop socialization with peers.

The nurse assesses the family's ability to cope with the child's cerebral palsy. Which action should alert the nurse to the possibility of their inability to cope with the disease? □ 1. limiting interaction with extended family and friends □ 2. learning measures to meet the child's physical needs □ 3. requesting teaching about cerebral palsy in general □ 4. seeking advice on coping on social media

1. Limited interaction or lack of interaction with friends and family may lead the nurse to suspect a possible problem with the family's ability to cope with others' reactions and responses to a child with cerebral palsy. Learning measures to meet the child's physical needs demonstrates some understanding and acceptance of the disease. Requesting teaching about the disease suggests curiosity or a desire for understanding, thus demonstrating that the family is dealing with the situation. Participating in social media may serve as a form of support and can be a healthy coping mechanism.

An adolescent is on the football team and practices in the morning and afternoon before school starts for the year. The temperature on the field has been high. The school nurse has been called to the practice field because the adolescent is now reporting that he has muscle cramps, nausea, and dizziness. Which action should the school nurse do first? □ 1. Administer cold water with ice cubes. □ 2. Take the adolescent's temperature. □ 3. Have the adolescent lie supine. □ 4. Move the adolescent to a cool environment.

4. The adolescent is most likely experiencing heat exhaustion or heat collapse, which are common after vigorous exercise in a hot environment. Symptoms result from loss of fluids and include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, and thirst. Treatment consists of moving the adolescent to a cool environment and giving cool liquids. Cool liquids are easier to drink than are cold liquids. Taking the adolescent's temperature would be appropriate once these actions have been completed. However, the adolescent's temperature is likely to be normal or only mildly elevated. Lying in the supine position increases the risk for aspiration if vomiting occurs in a client with nausea.

A young girl has just injured her ankle at school. In addition to notifying the childs parents, what is the most appropriate, immediate action by the school nurse? a. Apply ice. b. Observe for edema and discoloration. c. Encourage child to assume a position of comfort. d. Obtain parental permission for administration of acetaminophen or aspirin.

ANS: A Soft tissue injuries should be iced immediately. In addition to ice, the extremity should be rested, be elevated, and have compression applied. The nurse observes for the edema while placing a cold pack. The applying of ice can reduce the severity of the injury. Maintaining the ankle at a position elevated above the heart is important. The nurse helps the child be comfortable with this requirement. The nurse obtains parental permission for administration of acetaminophen or aspirin after ice and rest are assured.

The middle school nurse is speaking to parents about prevention of injuries as a goal of the physical education program. How should the goal be achieved? a. Use of protective equipment at the familys discretion b. Education of adults to recognize signs that indicate a risk for injury c. Sports medicine program to help student athletes work through overuse injuries d. Arrangements for multiple sports to use same athletic fields to accommodate more children

ANS: B Adults close to sports activities need to be aware of the early warning signs of fatigue, dehydration, and risk for injury. School policy should require mandatory use of protective equipment. Proper sports medicine therapy does not support working through overuse injuries. Too many students involved in different activities create distractions, which contribute to the child losing focus. This is a contributing factor to injury.

What finding is characteristic of fractures in children? a. Fractures rarely occur at the growth plate site because it absorbs shock well. b. Rapidity of healing is inversely related to the childs age. c. Pliable bones of growing children are less porous than those of adults. d. The periosteum of a child's bone is thinner, is weaker, and has less osteogenic potential compared to that of an adult.

ANS: B Healing is more rapid in children. The younger the child, the more rapid the healing process. Nonunion of bone fragments is uncommon except in severe injuries. The epiphyseal plate is the weakest point of long bones and a frequent site of injury during trauma. Childrens bones are more pliable and porous than those of adults. This allows them to bend, buckle, and break. The greater porosity increases the flexibility of the bone and dissipates and absorbs a significant amount of the force on impact. The adult periosteum is thinner, is weaker, and has less osteogenic potential than that of a child.

A 14-year-old is admitted to the emergency department with a fracture of the right humerus epiphyseal plate through the joint surface. What information does the nurse know regarding this type of fracture? a. It will create difficulty because the child is left handed. b. It will heal slowly because this is the weakest part of the bone. c. This type of fracture requires different management to prevent bone growth complications. d. This type of fracture necessitates complete immobilization of the shoulder for 4 to 6 weeks.

ANS: C This type of fracture (Salter type III) can cause problems with growth in the affected limb. Early and complete assessment is essential to prevent angular deformities and longitudinal growth problems. The difficulty for the child does not depend on the location at the epiphyseal plate. Any fracture of the dominant arm presents obstacles for the individual. Healing is usually rapid in the epiphyseal plate area. Complete immobilization is not necessary. Often these injuries are surgically repaired with open reduction and internal fixation.

After a plaster cast has been applied to the arm of a child with a fractured right humerus, the nurse completes discharge teaching. The nurse should evaluate the teaching as successful when the mother agrees to seek medical advice if the child experiences which symptom? □ 1. inability to extend the fingers on the right hand □ 2. vomiting after the cast is applied □ 3. coolness and dampness of the cast after 5 hours □ 4. fussiness with statements that the cast is heavy

1. Inability to extend the fingers of the involved arm may indicate neurologic impairment caused by pressure on soft tissue. It is not unusual for a child to vomit after experiencing a traumatic injury. It may take up to 72 hours for a plaster cast to dry. Until the cast dries, the dampness causes the sensation of coolness. The cast will seem heavy until the child adjusts to the extra weight. The child may exhibit fussiness (such as whining, crying, or clinging) as a result of numerous causes, such as placement of the cast, the hospital experience, or pain. These reactions are normal and do not warrant medical advice.