Perceptual Processes
the next day it is green. One day he looks "goth
" and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?,No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by the psychologist _____'s psychosocial development theory.
Erikson
optokinetic nystagmus
- pursuit and saccades in response to full field stimulus motion.
2 types of disparity sensitive neurons in v1 (monkey)
-disparity tuned neurons - respond when a stimulus is presented to a non-corresponding point. -narrow range of disparities. -reciprocal neurons- near cells respond to corresponding disparity -far cells respond with excitation to uncrossed disparity.
3 situations where size constancy fails
-few distance cues. -objects are far away. -little experience with size distance scaling (pygmies)
texture gradient
-graded variation in relative size, height and *density* of surface texture elements with distance. -element height increase with distance -element size decreases. -elements per unit increases. -metrical depth cue
strabismus
-less severe form of visual deprivation one eye fixates and the other turns. -towards the nose- estropia -temple- exotropia
aerial perspective
-more distant objects appear dimmer , hazier and bluer. non-metrical depth cue.
Brain regions involved in stereopsis
-seems to be in V1. *visual straite cortex* many neurons respond to stimuli falling on corresponding points. i.e closer and further away.
onset and maturation of stereopsis in children
-stereoacuity- by 6 months smallest measure of binocular disparity that can create depth. - increases from 3-6 months - no fusion in newborns.
sound (perceptual and physical)
-the perceptual experience of hearing, "i hear a sound"
guided search
-true feature searches are rare - basic features can instead be used to narrow down the scene.
double blind procedure
A control measure in an experiment which neither the experimenters or participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups.
Cognitive Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes on how mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, work and impact our behavior.
Behavioral Perspective
A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how external environmental events condition observable behavior.
Biological Perspective
A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological mechanisms produce behavior and mental processes
cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Gestalt
And organized hole. Gestalt psychologists synthesizer tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
identity
Another word for a sense of self is _____.
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist. A. Cognitive B. Developmental C. Biological D. Psychodynamic
B. Developmental
At 19
Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?,Her frontal lobes are growing.
glial cell
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Valley principle
Cells taking turns firing will increase the max firing rate for a group of cells. Low pitches
testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
gate control model
Melzack and Walls idea that perception of pain is controlled by a neural circuit that takes into account the relative amount of activity in nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, and central signals. this model has been used to explain how pain can be influenced by factors in addition to stimulation of receptors in the skin
mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices.
explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (Also known as "declarative memory")
neural basis for biological motion
STS - superior temporal sulcus. - neurons in monkey's highly selective for biological motion. - fmri- not activated for scrambled motion vs biological motion. part of dorsal and ventral streams
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
Depth perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina or two dimensional
Top down processing
The brains use of knowledge, beliefs and expectations to interpret sensory information.
stranger anxiety
The fear of stragners that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
Accommodation
The focusing of light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina.
Closure
The gestalt perceptual organizational principle that the brain completes(closes) incomplete figures to form meaning
Figure and ground principle
The gestalt perceptual organizational principle that the brain organizes sensory information into a figure or figures(the center of attention) and ground(the less distinct background.
sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Sensation
The initial information gathering and recoding by the sensory structures.
Perception
The interpretation by the brain of sensory information.
Retina
The light sensitive layer of the eye that is composed of three layers of cells-ganglion,bipolar,and receptor(rods and cones)
Figure ground
The organization of the visual field into objects the standup from their surroundings
automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of accidental information, such as time, space, and frequency, ad of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Closure
We fill in the gaps to create a complete whole object
Proximity
We group Nearby figures together
Similarity
We group figures that are similar to each other
Relative size
We perceive the smaller objects is farther away
adolescence
When adolescents reach the stage of formal operations, they tend to become:
Continuity
You perceive smooth continuous patterns rather than discontinuous once
puberty
_____ is a time when one is maturing sexually.
primary auditory cortex (A1)
a area of the temporal lobe that receives signals via nerve fibres from the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
oval window
a small, membrane covered hole in the cochlea that receives vibrations from the stapes
size consistency
ability to see object as unchanged size despite it changing on the retinal image.
stereopsis
ability to use binocular disparity as a cue to depth. -direction of disparity is a non-metrical cue to distance. some people have fusion but not binocular disparity.
Short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
absolute metrical depth cue
actual distance from body (measurable) cm
retinotopic map
adjacent columns cover adjacent receptive fields
Pupil
adjustable opening, lets in varying amounts of light
parallel search
all items processed at the same time.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
a powerful aid to effortful processing
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Richard Wiseman
experimented to see how far the mind's search for fact will go in creating a fiction
proactive interference
forward-acting
Another word for a sense of self is _____.
identity
The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
identity
illusory conjunction
ie. letters and colour example. -2 features.
aliasing problem
if retinal image motion is sampled at a lower rate than object speed , rightward motion detector may respond to leftward motion. - *cannot be resolved*.
Relative size
if several objects are assumed to be about the same size, those that produce smaller retinal images are assumed to be farther away
eye- head system
interprets motion by eyes and head movements.
Retinitis pigmentosa
inherited, gradual degeneration in photoreceptors, night blindness, tunnel vision
Retina
inner surface of the back of the eye, transduction
experimental studies
intentionally manipulate independent variable and measure the effect on dependent variables
Lateral inhibition
interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, sharpening contrast
Perception
interpreting and analyzing the info we receive through our sense organs
cerebral cortex
layers of interconnected cells covering the two hemispheres. The control and information processing center for the nervous system. Perception, memory, language, decision making, and all other higher level cognitive processes occur.
frontal lobe/motor cortex
located in frontal hemispheres, controls movement in our body, left controls right, right controls left, parts with more movement such as fingers take up more space than parts with less movement
magicians sleight of hand
long wrong way .
serial self terminating searches
looking for something and finished when found target or decided that the target is not there.
3 stereograms
magic eye , random dot and wallpaper. F
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
main inhibitory nuerotransmitter lowers anxiety and arousal, regulates movement
haptic object recognition
material properties are easy to perceive by touch. -geometric properties are hard to recognise by touch. e.g line drawings are easy to recognise by vision but not touch
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
dopamine
mood states arousal thought process physical movement
mechanoreceptors
needed for gripping = if anesthesized cannot mantain grip.
hair cells
neuron in the cochlea that contains small hairs, or cilia, that are displaced by vibration of the basiliar membrane and fluids inside the inner ear. two kinds of these cells, inner and outer
coincidence detectors
neurons in the jeffress neural coincidence model, which was proposed to explain how neural firing cn provide information regarding the location of a sound source. a neural ______ fires when signals from the left and right ears reach the neuron simultaneously. different _____ fire to different values of interaural time difference
regular bodily rhythms (for example
of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
positive transfer
old information facilitating our learning of new information
According to Erikson
older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of A. conventional morality. B. object permanence. C. conservation. D. integrity.,D. integrity.
Fausto is 17. He does not drink or use drugs
but he likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. What behavior would one most likely expect when Fausto is 23?,His driving will become less reckless as he gets older.
corpus callosum
bridge of neurons that connects the left & right hemispheres.
Fovea
central portion of retina, contains many cones, no rods, unobstructed by blood vessels, bipolar cells and ganglion cells
spatial frequency
certain sine waves components correspond to certain types of scenes.
optic flow
changing angular points in a perspective image that you experience as you go through the world.
endorphin
chemical that is naturally produced in the brain and that causes analgesia. (inhibit transmittion of pain signals)
Hue
color
Achromatopsia
color blindness due to brain injurt
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
color vision is due to three cones that represent primary colors
V4
color, curvature
Cones
color, detail
fusion
combining the two retina images to create single vision
4 applications for virtual haptic environment
computer games, surgical trainers, internet shopping , *tadoma* .
vestibulo-ocular reflex
controlled by the vestibular system- alternative saccades and pursuit in response to head motion
frequency tuning curve
curve relating frequency and the threshold potential for activating an auditory neuron
Audibility curve
curve that indicates the sound pressure level (SPL) at threshold for frequencies across the audible spectrum
Stabismus
disorder of extraocular muscles, eyes are misaligned, double vision, poor depth perception
disparity sensitive neurons in v2 mature
disparity sensitive neurons develop faster than other properties.
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Dichromacy
partial color blindness
cochlear partition
partition in cochlea, extending almost full length, that separates the scala tympana and scala vestibuli. the organ of corti, which contains the hair cells, is also a part of this region
sound wave
pattern of pressure changes in a medium. most of the sounds we hear are due to pressure changes in the air, although sounds can be transmitted through water and solids as well
Hue cancellation
perception of a light of a particular color is cancelled out by adding light of a complimentary color
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
One sin of intrusion
persistence
auditory space
perception of where sounds are located in space. auditory space extends around a listener's head in all directions, existing wherever there is a sound
select attention
process restricted to a subset of possible stimuli
Explain what kind of visual information the superior colliculus is responsible for
processes information about where an object is (subconscious), controls eye movements and other automatic responses towards an object
The process that happens at the neural level in adolescence is called _____.
pruning
spinothalamic pathway
one of the nerve pathways in the spinal cord that conducts nerve impulses from the skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus
According to Erik Erikson
one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for _____ with others.,intimacy
Cone monochromacy
one type of rod
binaural cue
sound localization cue that involves both ears. interaural time difference and interaural level difference are primary ____.
monaural cue
sound localization cue that involves one ear
direct sound
sound that is transmitted directly from a sound source to the ear
indirect sound
sound that reaches a listeners ear after being reflected from a surface such as a rooms wall
if attention is elsewhere
sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
if attention is elsewhere
sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
spatial configuration
target and factors contain same basic features.
feature search
targets differ from distractors - one different feature, doesn't really need attention
conjunction search
targets have 2 or more similar attributes to that of other stimuli
holway and boring experiment
test circle and comparison circle (10-120 ft ) away . emmerts law- test circles will be matched by large comparison circles. -given light cue or not results: normal distance cues - good - physical size used. -one eye closed- not bad. - physical size used. - viewed through peep hole- diminished - lights out - comparison circle became smaller. *need depth cue for size perception*
According to researchers
teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes.,friends
Déjà vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
effect of the missing fundamental
removing the fundamental frequency and other harmonies from a musical tone does not change the tones pitch
Implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative memory)
why local motion detectors are unlikely to be found before V1.
retinal ganglion cells do not respond selectively to direction. - so not in retina or lgn.
Opponent process color theory
retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory and inhibitory information from the three types of cones in such a way that it processes two pairs of opposing colors
treisman's feature integration theory
retinal image-> preattentive stage-> attentive stage. attentive stage- feature binding.
sound level
the pressure of a sound stimulus, expressed in decibels
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Naseem is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Naseem is more likely to experiment with _____.
sex
Signs of _____ maturity mark the beginning of adolescence.
sexual
John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is more likely to be:
sexually active.
kinesthesis
the sense that enables us to feel the motions and positions of the limbs of the body
proprioception
the sensing of the position of the limbs
nociceptive pain
this type of pain, that serves as a warning to impending damage to the skin, is caused by activation of receptors in the skin called nociceptors
ossicles
three small bones in the middle ear that transmit vibrations from outer to inner ear
Correlational studies
two variables are measured to determine if they are related
multisensory interactions
use of a combination of senses. for example, for vision and hearing, seeing a persons lips move while listening to them speak
Riddochs phenomenon
vision without the primary visual cortex. -e.g play video games and ride a bike . retina-> lgn-> V1 ... retina -> tectum (superior colliculus)-> pulvinar
Signal detection theory
a framework for understanding accuracy and decision making
Brightness
intensity, amount of light
Rods
low light
Base (of the cochlea or basiliar membrane)
part of the cochlea nearest the middle ear
Monochromacy
sees everything in gray
Attack
the buildup of sound energy that occurs at the beginning of a tone
Auditory canal
the canal through which air vibrations travel from the environment to the tympanic membrane
Center-surround receptive field
the neuron responds differently to light in the center and light in the periphery of the receptive field, maximizes contrast
Saturation
vividness, purity, richness; the addition of white light decreases saturation
Simplicity
we perceive an image as being composed of the simplest figures possible
Top-down processing
when our perception is guided by assumptions, experience, and expectations
Dorsal pathways
where an object is, how to interact with it
Hyperopia
farsightedness due to shortened eyeball
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Receptive field
region of a sensory surface (retina) that will change the firing rate of a neuron (ganglion cell) when stimulated
ocular dominance
regions in (v1) for right respond best to left eye alternative and vice versa, monocular deprivation stops this .
Meaningfulness
regions that appear to match the shape of stored representations are more likely to be perceived as figures
Symmetry
regions that exhibit symmetry are more likely to be perceived as figures
Convexity
regions with convex (outward bulging) borders are more likely to be perceived as figures
tone height
the increase in pitch that occurs as frequency is increased
inner ear
the innermost devision of the ear, contains the cochlea and the receptors for hearing
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
limbic system
(hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala) play important roles in survival, memory, emotions.
attentional blidness phenomenon
- slow takes resources away from fast process for short time. - attentional gate opens and then temporary closes. video gamers have a smaller attentional blink.
techniques used to measure stereopsis in infants
-visual cliff experiment? - visual evoked potentials - electrical signals measured from the scalp in response to visual stimulation. -drifting sine waves from random dot segregation- preferential looking techniques.
2-deoxyglucose technique
...
across fiber patterns
...
amiloride
...
amygdala
...
anosmia
...
bimodal neuron
...
calcium imaging
...
chemotopic map
...
detection threshold
...
flavor
...
frontal operculum cortex
...
glomeruli
...
insula
...
macrosmatic
...
microsmatic
...
nasal pharynx
...
neurogenesis
...
nontaster
...
nucleus of the solitary tract
...
odor map
...
odor object
...
odotoptic map
...
olfaction
...
olfactometer
...
olfactory bulb
...
olfactory mucosa
...
olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)
...
olfactory receptors
...
optical imaging
...
oral capture
...
orbitofrontal cortex
...
papillae
...
pheromone
...
piriform cortex
...
primary olfactory area
...
proust effect
...
recognition profile
...
recognition threshold
...
retronasal route
...
secondary olfactory area
...
sensory-specific satiety
...
supertaster
...
tactile acuity
...
taste bud
...
taste cell
...
taste pore
...
taster
...
temporal cue
...
transmission cell
...
two-point threshold
...
ventrolateral nucleus
...
video microscopy
...
Piaget Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years- first stage, children learn entirely through the movements they make and the sensations that result. They learn they cause things to happen, they are separate from objects and people around them, things continue to exist even if they can't see them.
divided attention
1 or more sourses
How we see
1. Light waves are traduced by the rods and comes at the back of the retina generating neural impulses about the visual image. 2. The rods and cones send the info to the bipolar cells which pass to the ganglion cells. 3. The axons of the ganglion cells bundled together converge to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries the visual image info to the occipital lobe via the thalamus.
How the ear works
1. Pinna collects sounds and funnels them through auditory canal to the tympanic membrane(eardrum). 2. Sound waves vibrate eardrum which cause the three smallest bones in your body to move(malleus,incus,stapes). 3. Movement of stapes creates vibrations of the oval window, a membrane covering the opening to the inner ear. 4. Cochlea,snail shaped, contains receptor cells. Hair cells line the basilar membrane inside cochlea. 16,000 hair cells per ear. 5. Vibration of oval window sends fluid into cochlea which causes movement of the basilar membrane and hair cells. 6. Auditory message is coded based on how the hair cells move. 7. Auditory message turned into neural impulse which is sent through auditory nerves to the thalamus which sends the info to the temporal lobe.
Three sins of forgetting
1. absent-mindedness 2. transience 3. blocking
4 visual illusions in size distance scaling
1. ames room- peephole - proximal size x perceived distance 2. ponzo illusion- both horizontal lines have same proximal size , flanking lines make top look further away. 3. moon illusion- moon looks bigger than it really is when it is near the horizon -physical size distance and proximal are constant. -lack of depth cue make zenith moon look closer, smaller. 4. muller lyer- stronger wen lines are embedded in a scene with convex and concave corners.
4 pieces of evidence that MT neurons are global integrators
1. good agreement between apparent motion data and cell responses. -MT responds to larger spatial separations than V1. 2. coherence threshold in monkeys- only need 2% of dots moving one way. - after MR increases to almost 100 % 3. Microstimulation- electric current to activate motion direction columns in MR. - biased monkey's perception of global dot motion. 4. plad motion- when 2 gratings are superimposed , perceive a moving plad.
Three sins of distortion
1. misattribution 2. suggestibility 3. bias
4 pieces of evidence that MT is important for motion perception.
1. monkey trained to move eyes to patch of moving dots, if MT lesioned - deficits. 2. pet imaging- 2 images. one moving and one not moving. colours activated by V4. and also V1. moving- V1 and MT 3.Fmri- V5 had greater activation on moving dots than stationary. V5 - most by moving. 4. firing rates- V1 loses firing rates after a few seconds of direction moving stimulus, where as MT maintains until back to stationary.
3 voluntary eye movements
1. saccades- most common, conjugate eye momvements up to 1000 d/s 2.voluntary smooth pursuit- to track moving objects - has to be moving target. 3. vergence- disjunctive movements. -convergence and divergence.
3 involuntary eye movements
1. vestibulo-ocular reflex- controlled by vestibular system 2. Optokinetic nystagmus 3. fixational eye movements
3 strategies to distinguish between object motion and observer motion
1.motion scale- object motion provided motion localised where are observer motion involves large scale movement patterns across retina. 2. saccadic suppression- reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs during saccadic eye movements. temporary shut down. 3. comparison of image -retina and eye head signals - eye stationary - retinal image motion eye pursue targets - no retinal image motion.
Piaget Formal Operational Stage
11+ - around the onset of puberty, children are able to reason in much more abstract ways and to test hypotheses using systematic logic. There is a much greater focus on possibilities and on ideological issues
Eriksons Adolescence Stage
12 to 18 years- Basic conflict: Identity vs Role confusion, Important Events: Social relationships, Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Almost all the girls in a class are taller than the boys. Most likely the girls and boys are:
12.
Eriksons Young Adulthood
19-40 years- Basic conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation, Important events: Relationships, Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Eriksons Early childhood stage
2 to 3 years- Basic conflict: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Important Events: toilet training, Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Piaget Preoperational Stage
2-7 years- Once children acquire langage they can use symbols to represent objects. Still egocentric thinking and they assume everyone sees things from the same viewpoint. Understand concepts like counting, classifying according to similarity, and past-present-future but focused on present and concrete rather than abstract.
Opponent-process theory
3 opponent-process cell systems -red green -blue yellow -black white Which process color info after being processed by the cones. If one is stimulated the other is inhibited.
Trichromatic theory
3 types of cones. Each corresponding to blue, green, red. All colors are various levels of activation of these 3 cones.
Eriksons Preschool stage
3-5 years- Basic conflict: intiative vs. guilt, Important events: exploration, Outcome: children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Eriksons Middle Adulthood
40-65 years- Basic conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation, Important events: Work and Parenthood, Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefuleness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Eriksons School Age stage
6-11 years- Basic conflict: industry vs. inferiority, Important Events: School, Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Eriksons Maturity
65 to death- Basic conflict: Ego integrity vs. despair, Important events: Reflection on life, Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
Piaget Concrete operational stage
7-11 years-Children are able to see things from different points of view and to imagine events that occur outside their own lives. Some organized, logical thought processes are now evident and are able to order object by size, color gradient, etc. can understand that if 3+4=7 then 7-4=3. Understand that red square can belong to both red and square categories. Understand short wide cup holds same amount as tall and skinny cup. Thinking still tends to be tied to concrete reality
pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain, involved in sleep and dreaming
neuron
A cell that carries information through the nervous system.
schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
random assignment
A control measure in an experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize participant characteristics across the various groups in an experiment.,
Stroop effect
A demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., "blue", "green", or "red") is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word "red" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the col
amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus
working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
medulla
A structure at the base of the brain stem that controls vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing
thalamus
A structure that sits on top of brainstem (hindbrain) through which all sensory information, except smell, passes
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Kohlberg's moral development theory. D. Harlow's attachment theory.
A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of A. autism. B. menarche. C. crystallized intelligence. C. object permanence.
A. autism.
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity or stages. B. secure or insecure attachments. C. fluid or crystallized intelligence. D. cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
A. continuity or stages.
A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study. A. longitudinal B. experimental C. cross-sectional D. chronological
A. longitudinal
basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the the world is predictable and trustworthy
short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Sensation
Activation of sensory organs by stimuli; transfer of info from the environment to the brain
accommodation
Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information.
self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
right-skewed distribution
An asymmetric frequency distribution in which there are some unusually high scores that distort the mean to be greater than the median.
attachment
An emotional tie with another person
critical period
An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Kohlberg Preconventional morality- Stage 2: Self interest orientation
As children grow older they begin to see that other people have their own goals and preferences and that often there is room for negotiation. Decisions are made with the "whats in it for me?" principle.
Kohlberg Post-conventional morality Stage 5: Social contract orientation
At this stage, people understand that there are differing opinions out there on what is right and wrong and that laws are really just a social contract based on majority decision and inevitable compromise. People at this stage sometimes disobey rules if they find them to be inconsistent with their personal values and will also argue for certain laws to be changed if they are no longer "working".
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Harlow's attachment theory. D. Kohlberg's moral development theory.
B. Piaget's cognitive development theory.
A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce A. menarche. B. dementia. C. crystallized intelligence. D. Alzheimer's disease.
B. dementia.
Retinal disparity
Binocular queue for conceiving depth. By comparing images from the two eyeballs, The brain computes distance
maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Eriksons Infancy Stage
Birth to 18 months- Basic conflict: Trust vs Mistrust, Important Events: Feeding, Outcome: Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Kohlberg Conventional Morality- Stage 3: Social Conformity Orientation
By adolescence, most individuals have developed to this stage. There is a sense of what "good boys" and "nice girls" do and the emphasis is on living up to social expectations and norms because of how they impact day to day relationships
Kohlberg Conventional morality Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
By the time individuals reach adulthood, they usually consider society as a whole when making judgements. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority.
A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of A. object permanence. B. egocentrism. C. a theory of mind. D. stranger anxiety.
C. a theory of mind.
The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect A. habituation. B. insecure attachments. C. gut-level intuitions. D. concrete operational thought.
C. gut-level intuitions.
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D. postconventional
C. preconventional
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a A. social clock. B. critical period. C. rite of passage. D. formal operational stage.
C. rite of passage.
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing A. egocentrism. B. insecure attachment. C. role confusion. D. fluid intelligence.
C. role confusion.
secondary sex characteristics
C. secondary sex characteristics
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity or stages. B. fluid or crystallized intelligence. C. stability or change. D. nature or nurture.
C. stability or change.
hormone
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Interposition
Closer objects block further away objects
peripheral nervous system
Consists of all the nervoes, organs, muscles and glands other than the brain and spinal cord. Links the CNS to all other parts of the body
left hemisphere
Controls speech in most of us. Superior in other language abilities, reading, writing, spelling. Process information analytically.
Post-Conventional
Curt is 17 years old. He has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Curt has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.
Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their A. Self-concepts. B. Egocentrism. C. Stranger anxiety. D. Memory capacities.
D. Memory capacities.
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the A. Embryo. B. Ovaries. C. Teratogens. D. Placenta.
D. Placenta.
The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as A. menarche. B. puberty. C. menopause. D. a critical period.
D. a critical period.
later
D. earlier
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D. postconventional
D. postconventiona
Maddie and Darren are twins. They were about the same height until they were eleven. What would one expect to occur when they are eighteen?
Darren will be taller than Maddie.
conventional
David is 13 years old and is always telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
Monoculars cues
Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective available to either of my alone
binocular cues
Depth cues such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes
Research Methods In Psychology
Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental
Relative height
Distant objects are higher up visual field
Relative clarity
Distant objects are less clear than near ones
Texture gradient
Distant objects have smoother textures than ones near
Ame's room illusion
Distorted perspective room where everything seems the same size girls
Connectedness
Elements connected by uniform property or perceived as more related
shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.
deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words
effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Yantis experiment
F experiment offset- appear from images already onset- appears from white area. - attentional capture - can also be captured by different colours and shapes.
Kohlberg Post-conventional morality Stage 6: Universal Ethics orientation
Few people operate at this stage all the time. it is based on abstract reasoning and the ability to put oneself in other people's shoes. At this stage people have a principled conscience and will follow universal eithical principles regardless of what official laws and rules are.
The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-rearing practices on children's personality has been most characteristic of:
Freudian psychologists.
_____ was one of the first psychologists to describe adolescence.
G. Stanley Hall
his parents were not involved in his life.
Growing up on the South Side of Chicago was rough for Lee. He worked hard in school, kept out of trouble, and graduated college this past year. All of the following are possible reasons for his success to this point EXCEPT:
_____ stated that "moral feelings precede moral reasoning."
Haidt
Visual cliff
He laboratory device for testing depth perception and infants and young animals
Inferential statistics
Help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not due to chance.
Convergence
Hey binoculars queue for perceiving depth
development of the frontal lobe of the brain.
Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the teens and early twenties, are largely a result of:
egocentrism
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
preoperational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of complete logic.
sensorimotor stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
concrete operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operational stage
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Phi phenomenon
In the illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
assimilation
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
relative size
Items with a smaller retinal image will be further away in our viewpoint. -metrical - when physical size is familiar absolute metrical info is known.
emerging adulthood.
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:
sexually active
John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is more likely to be:
"Moral feelings precede moral reasoning" is an idea stated by:
Jonathan Haidt.
early
Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.
Intimacy
Kim has a job, a cat named Pebbles, and 30 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Kim is in the stage of development called _____ vs. isolation.
4 functions of vestibular system
LOOK AT DIAGRAM-higher centres, eye muscles (stabalize gaze) spinal cord motor neurons, autonomic responses.
Mueller-lyer illusion
Line AB is not shorter line BC
feel better about himself and not drop out.
Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local daycare center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is likely that Malcolm will:
postconventional
Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.
Measures of central tendency
Mean, Median, Mode
Iris
Muscle that controls the pupil
Relative motion
Objects closer to fixation point move faster
naturalistic observation
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Bayes theorum
P(A) x p(O)(A).
Linear perspective
Parallel lines seem to go together as they go into the distance
struggling with intimacy issues.
Parvati has a great job, a cat named Peanut, and 30 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Parvati is:
theory of mind
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Shape constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even when it's shape has changed
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging to even as illumination and retinal images change
conventional
Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
Frequency theory
Pitch perception theory that suggests that the frequency of a sound wave is mimicked by the firing rate of the entire basilar membrane. High pitches
Place theory
Pitch perception theory which suggests that there is a particular spot on the basilar membrane that will maximally respond to a particular frequency. From the oval window pitch ranges from 20,000 Hz to 20 Hz.
_____ is a time when one is maturing sexually.
Puberty
Measures of variability
Range and Standard Deviation
Size constancy
Receiving the size of an object is unchanged when is moved closer or further away
Cones
Receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for bright light and color vision.
Rods
Receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for dim light and achromatic vision. 120 million in each eye. Located I'm periphery.
Descriptive Studies
Research methods whose main purpose is to provide objective and detailed descriptions of behavior and mental processes. i.e.,naturalistic observation, participant observation, case studies, and surveys
implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)
Ponzo illusion
Size and distance relationship due to parallel perspective
Kohlberg Pre-conventional morality-Stage 1: Obedience or Punishment Orientation
Stage that all young children start at. Rules are seen as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it means avoiding punishment.
object permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
neuronal communication
The dendrites of a neuron receive messages from other neurons. If a neuron receives enough messages to surpass threshold it triggers action potential. Action potential is an electrical charge that travels from soma to the axon and electrical branches. It busts open sacs of neurotransmitters and then the neurotransmitters go into synapse and cross to the next neuron's dendrite.
Light and shadow
The dimmer objects seen further away
long-term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
26
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 28 for men and _______ for women.
memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
conservaton
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of the objects.
Gestalt
The principle says that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts. This means the perception of the things we see is very much affected by where they are and by what surrounds them. It basically comes down to the idea of"Things are more than the sum of their parts.",https://o.quizlet.com/Iku5MM-q8fJGhjU7F0iHyQ_m.jpg
imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Bottum up processing
The processing of incoming sensory information as it travels up from the sensory structures to the brain
encoding
The processing of information into the memory system - example, by extracting meaning.
storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
median
The score positioned in the middle of a distribution scores when all of the scores are arranged from lowest to highest
third variable problem
The situation where an extraneous variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two others.
spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Freudian
The tendency to emphasize the impact of parents' child-rearing practices on children's personality has been most characteristic of _____ psychologists.
Contextual effect processing
The use of the present context of sensory information to determine its meaning. Stronger example of top down processing.
Necker cube
The way your brain bounces back-and-forth between the two types of cube
right hemisphere
This half of the brain specializes in perception of physical environment, art, nonverbal communication, music & spiritual aspects. It receives information from and controls the opposite side of the body.
Vivien and Hugh are twins. They were about the same height until they were eleven. What would one expect to occur when they are thirteen?
Vivien will be taller than Hugh.
opioid
a chemical such as opium, heroine and other molecules with related structures that reduce pain and induce feelings of euphoria
According to researchers
a child who hears English spoken with one accent at home and another in the neighborhood and at school will usually adopt:,the accent of the peers.
Flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
synesthesia
a condition in which stimulation of one modality (such as vision) results in an experience in another modality (such as touch). ex, looking at someone being touched and feeling the sensation of touch on his or her own body
equal loudness curve
a curve that indicates the sound pressure levels that result in perception of the same loudness at frequencies across the audible spectrum
merkel receptor (SA1)
a disk shaped receptor in the skin associated with slowly adapting fibres and the perception of fine details
neglect
a failure to explore the contralesional side of space. patient cannot detect stimuli in one hemisfield- usually left. lesion in right inferior parietal or superior temporal cortex.
nociceptor
a fibre that responds to stimuli that are damaging to the skin
presbycusis
a form of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs as a function of age and is usually associated with a decrease in the ability to hear high frequencies. since this loss also appears to be related to exposure to environmental sounds, also called sociocusis
noise induced hearing loss
a form of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs when loud noises cause degeneration of the hair cells
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
resonance
a mechanism that enhances the intensity of certain frequencies because of the reflection of sound waves in a closed tube. _____ in the auditory canal enhances frequencies between about 2000Hz and 5000Hz
tympanic membrane
a membrane at the end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to vibrations of the air and transmits these vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear
Basiliar membrane
a membrane that stretches the length of the cochlea and controls the vibration of the cochlear partition
tectorial membrane
a membrane that stretches the length of the cochlea and is located directly over the hair cells. vibrations of the cochlear partition cause the ______ to bend the hair cells by rubbing against them
Relearning
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage
Grandmother cell
a neuron that responds to something very specific, may respond to images of the object from multiple viewpoints or to the name of the object
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
superior olivary nucleus
a nucleus along the auditory pathway from the cochlea tot he auditory cortex. the superior olivary nucleus receives inputs from the cochlear nucleus
inferior colliculus
a nucleus in the hearing system along the pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. the _____ receives inputs from the superior olivary nucleus
medial lemniscal pathway
a pathway in the spinal cord that transmits signals from the skin towards the thalamus
phantom limb
a persons continued perception of a limb, such as an arm or a leg, even though that limb has been amputated
ITD tunig curves
a plot of a neurons firing rate against the ITD
frequency spectrum
a plot that indicates the amplitudes of the various harmonics that make up a complex tone. each harmonic is indicated by a line that is positioned along the frequency axis, with the height of the line indicating the amplitude of the harmonic
Socio-Cultural Perspective
a psychological approach that emphasizes how other people and cultural influences impact behavior and mental processes.
fundamental
a pure tone with frequency equal to the fundamental frequency of a complex tone
meissner corpuscle (RA1)
a receptor in the skin, associated with RA1 mechanoreceptors. it has been proposed that the _____ is important for perceiving tactile slip and controlling the force needed to grip objects
ruffini cylinder (SA2)
a receptor structure in the skin associated with slowly adapting fibres. proposed that the _____ is involved in perceiving "stretching"
pacinian corpuscle (RA2 or PC)
a receptor with a distinct elliptical shape associated with RA2 mechanoreceptors. it transmits pressure to the nerve fibre inside it only at the beginning or end of a pressure stimulus, and is responsible for our perception of vibration and fine textures that are perceived when moving the fingers over a surface
placebo effect
a relief from symptoms resulting from a substance that has no pharmacological effect
melody schema
a representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a persons memory. existence of a _____ makes it more likely that the tones associated with a melody will be perceptually grouped
Dreams
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
passive touch
a situation in which a person passively receives tactile stimulation
Night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified
Sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
peripheral cues
a stimulus that appears in one of the possible prob locations. - 150 ms before
pure tone
a tone with pressure changes that can be described by a single sine wave
placebo
a substance that a person believes will relieve symptoms such as pain but contains no chemicals that will actually act on these symptoms
naloxone
a substance that inhibits the activity of opiates. it is hypothesized that _____ also inhibits the activity of endorphins and therefore can have an effect on pain perception
cone of confusion
a surface in the shape of a cone that extends out from the ear. sounds originating from different locations on this surface all have the same interaural level difference and interaural time difference, so location information provided by these cues are ambiguous
periodic tone
a tone in which the waveform repeats
decibal
a unit that indicates the pressure of a sound stimulus relative to a reference pressure
Manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
Latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
During adolescence
according to Jean Piaget, most individuals achieve the ____ operations stage of intellectual development.,formal
During adolescence
according to Jean Piaget, most individuals achieve this stage of intellectual development:,formal operations.
light/dark adaption
adjusting the operating range to fit the environment
Perceptual interpolation
allows us to fill edges that are indistinguishable because the background has the same color and intensity as the figure
somatosensory receiving area (S1)
an area in the parietal lobe that receives inputs from the skin and the viscera associated with somatic senses such as touch, temperature, and pain
medial geniculate nucleus
an auditory nucleus in the thalamus that is part of the pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. the _____ receives inputs from the inferior colliculus and transmits signals to the auditory cortex
two-flash illusion
an illusion that occurs when one flash of light is presented, accompanied by two rapidly presented tones. presentation of the two tones causes the observer to perceive two flashes of light
melodic channeling (scale illusion)
an illusion that occurs when successive notes of a scale are presented alternately to the left and right ears. even though each ear receives notes that jump up and down in frequency , smoothly ascending and descending scales are heard in each ear
negative correlation
an inverse relationship between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
Partial occlusion
an object is perceived as closer when it partially blocks another
tonotopic map
an ordered map of frequencies created by the responding of neurons within the auditory system. there is a _____ of neurons along the length of the cochlea, with neurons at the apex responding best to low frequencies and neurons at the base responding best to high frequencies
Maura just celebrated her 25th anniversary at the company. She felt that the gold watch she received was just a meaningless trinket
and was glad that she balanced her work with family life. According to the psychologist _____, Maura is in the stage of development called generativity vs. stagnation.,Erikson
eardrum
another term for the tympanic membrane, located at the end of the auditory canal that vibrates in response to pressure changes. vibrations are transmitted to the bones of the middle ear
Primary colors
any three colors that can be combined in different proportions to produce a range of other colors
False negative and positive
are inversely related, the more we minimize one type, the larger the other type becomes
Panum's fusional area
are which fusion is possible -includes the horopter and area behind and in front of.
Sigmund Freud
argued that our memory systems self-censor information
shading and shadows
assume light coms from above. -convex are light on top dark on bottom. -metrical depth cue.
seratonin and norepinephrine
arousal, appetite, mood, and sleeping habits
symbolic cue
arrow or something indicating to look over somewhere. 300ms
covert attention
attention without moving eyes.
3rd order motion
attentive tracking of moving features - active attention.
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
parabelt area
auditory area in the temporal lobe that receives signals from the belt area
belt area
auditory area in the temporal lobe that receives signals from the core area and sends signals to the parabelt area
inner hair cells
auditory receptor cell in the inner ear that is primarily responsible for auditory transduction and the perception of pitch. 3,500 cells
outer hair cells
auditory receptor cells in the inner ear that amplify the response of inner hair cells by amplifying the vibration of the basilar membrane. 12,000 cells
conciousness
awarness of our inner thinking and feeling and their external enviroment
occipital lobe/visual cortex
back of hemispheres, processes sight
retroactive interference
backward-acting
cerebellum
balance, coordination of movement, motor learning, effected when drunk
repress
basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness and anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
bias
belief-colored recollections (current feelings for a friend may color our recalled initial feelings)
baliant syndrome
bilaterial damage to parietal cortex. uncordination hand and eye movements -optic ataxia. -difficulty moving eyes- oculomotor apraxia. stimultagnosia- cannot see more than one object at a time. attending needed for feature binding.
blood pressure regulation
blood pressure - autonomous system has to know orientation of our head. - as has to pump blood harder.
Astigmatism
blurry vision caused by inability to focus on light on retina due to misshapen lens or cornea
temporal lobes/auditory cortex
bottom of hemispheres, processes hearing
fingerprint pattern perception
braille alphabet - fingertip acuity is too poor for braille to have denser array.
effects of monocular deprivation
brain does not receive enough stimulation from one eye. - can cause a cataract in infant. - can cause poor vision and therefore a lack of binocular cues.
Ganglion
carry info to the brain
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage
children acquire a A. theory of mind. B. concept of conservation. C. sense of object permanence. D. capacity for abstract reasoning.,C. sense of object permanence.
Accommodation
ciliary muscles control the shape of the lens
accomodation
ciliary muscles in eye relax at distance and contract for near. - lens fatten = near, thin with far.
Cataract
clouding of the lens
misattribution
confusing the source of information (putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a dream as an actual happening)
Horizontal and amacrine cells
connect neurons in the retina, and are responsible for lateral inhibition
1st order motion
contains shapes defined by luminance differences between shapes and background.
2nd order stimuli
contains shapes defined by variations in texture or contrast- no luminance. e.g moving dots inverted. example.
Artina is 13 years old and is always telling her mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
David is 13 years old and is always telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.
conventional
why does stereopsis occur so suddenly ?
convergence becomes accurate - do not need accurate vergence for large disparities.
Macular degeneration
damage to photorecepters in and around fovea
Which of the following traits are associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive?
delayed gratification
Debra Pool and Stephen Lindsay
demonstrated source amnesia in a group of preschoolers
structure of a neuron
dendrites(recieves info from other neurons) cell body(decides whether or not to send impulse along) axon(conducts neural impulse to axon terminals) axon terminals myelin sheath(insulates axon for faster communication)
What is a nonmetical depth cue?
depth cues which vary in discrete steps and provide depth order but not magnitude (size of object)
image retina system
detects shifts in the relative position of parts of the visual image.
cochlear implant
device in which electrodes are inserted into the cochlea to create hearing by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve fibres. used to restore hearing in those who have lost it due to damaged hair cells
binocular disparity
differences between the two retina images on our two eyes.
Visual agnosia
difficulty identifying an object using vision
repetitional blink
difficulty in perceiving the 2nd of the same stimuli. 200-500 ms
attentional blink
difficulty in perceiving the 2nd target in the RSVP stream- 200-500ms
Optic ataxia
difficulty using vision to interact with objects
overt attention
directing attention with moving sensory organs
motion sickness
disagreement between motion and orientation cues from vision to semicircular canals. could be defence against poisoning . -neurotoxins may disrupt sensory systems.
Jenkins & Dallenbach
discovered that information presented in the hour before sleep is protected from retroactive interference, because the opportunity for interfering events is minimized
haptic cueing experiment
do you feel sustained force or pulses on your fingertip -valid visual cue sped up responding relative to invalid cue. target was one of the senses , biggest cost was when did not match.- you expected a cue from tactile cue.
diplopia
double vision- non- correspondance
it directs several maintenance activities (eating
drinking, having sex, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
antagonist
drug or poison that decreases activity of neurotransmitters
agonist
drug or poison that increases activity of neurotransmitters such as amphetamine
According to the cognitive psychologist _____
during adolescence most individuals achieve the formal operations intellectual stage of development.,Piaget
haptic object localization
ecocentre- reference in relation to you allocentric- relative to external space.
Proximity
elements that are close together
Symmetry
elements that are mirror images
Parallelism
elements that are parallel copies
Common motion
elements that move in unison
Similarity
elements that share features
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
function of sleep
energy conservation, body restoration, memory consolidation
sharper tuning of processing of specific stimuli
enhanced but not tuned.
cochlear amplifier aka motile response
expansion and contraction of the outer hair cells in response to sound sharpens the movement of the basiliar membrane to specific frequencies. amplifying effect plays an important role in determining frequency selectivity of auditory nerve fibres
Convergence
extraocular muscles (later and medial rectus) control the degree to which the eyes look toward each other
fixational eye movements
eye movements during fixation, function to maintain vision.
velocity ocular reflex
eye movements to keep up. Cannot do it if really slow. difference between VOR and semicircular canals= volocity storage.
attention enhances processing of specific stimuli
faces vs horses. fusiform face vs. parhippocampel place.
Inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
According to Erikson
failure to achieve intimacy leads to:,isolation.
change blindness
failure to notice change between 2 scenes
in attentional blindness
failure to notice fully visible but unexpected object.
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
cilia
fine hairs that protrude from the inner and outer hair cells of the auditory system. bending the _____ of the inner hair cells leads to transduction
phase locking
firing of auditory neurons in synchrony with the phase of an auditory stimulus
Population code
firing rates from a group of neurons is combined to determine something about a stimuli (direction, angle, etc.)
apparent motion
flashing 2 or more stimuli successfully with temporal delay and spatial separation.
crossed disparity
focused on distance produced by objects closer than fixation point. -images displaced to opposite eye.
uncrossed disparity
focused on near produced by objects further away than fixation point objects will be displaced to the side of the eye that is open.
Lens
focuses incoming light
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed.
emmerts law
further away an afterimage appears the larger it will seem . = perceived size= retinal image size x perceived distance -evidence distance is used
Retina blind spot
gap in our vision at optic disc
gist
general meaning of a scene , abstract representation that spontaneously activates - key objects
visual angle
gets larger as object gets closer.
Delayed _____ is a trait that is associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive.
gratification
Sam is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers
he is in the phase of life known as _____ adulthood.,emerging
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers
he is in the phase of life known as:,emerging adulthood.
Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room
he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of A. secure attachment. B. object permanence. C. egocentrism. D. conservation,A. secure attachment.
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence
her daughter is most likely to display signs of A. egocentrism. B. accommodation. C. insecure attachment. D. conservation.,C. insecure attachment.
Glaucoma
high intraocular
association cortex
higher level cognitive process that requires perception and language
Dan is a 22-year-old second-semester college senior. Which of the following would Dan possibly have changed at age 16 that he would NOT change now?
his career goals
distance`
how far a stimulus is from the observer. in hearing, the ____ coordinate specifies how far the sound source is from the listener
endocrine system glands
hypothalamus(brain structure controlling the pituitary), pituitary(growth), thyroid(metabolism), adrenals(fight or flight response), pancreas(blood sugar control and digestion), ovaries, and testes.
vection
illusion of body motion due to visual stimulatioin.
motion aftereffect
illusion of motion of stationary object that happens due to long exposure and causes the stationary pattern to move in the opposite direction. = due to fatigue of direction selective motion detectors. -tug of war.
horopter
imaginary line passing through the plane of fixation. -zero binocular disparity. -images that fall on horopter all on corresponding points.
placebo effect
improvement due to the expectation of improving because of receiving treatment
elevation
in hearing, sound locations that are up and down according to the listener
azimuth
in hearing, specifies locations that vary from left to right relative to the listener
location cues
in hearing, the characteristics of the sound reaching the listener that provide information regarding the location of a sound source
spectral cue
in hearing, the distribution of frequencies reaching the ear that are associated with specific locations of a sound. the differences in frequencies are caused by interaction o sound with the listeners head and pinnae
disparity sensitive neurons in V1 mature
in infants
rhythmic pattern
in music, the series of changes over time (a mixture of shorter and longer notes) in a temporal pattern
spatial cue
in tactile perception, information about the texture of a surface that is determined by size, shape and distribution of surface elements such as bumps and grooves
grating acuity
in the cutaneous senses, a measure of acuity on the skin that is the narrowest spacing of a grooved surface on the skin for which orientation can be accurately judged. can also be applied to detecting the orientation of a visual grating
tactile agnosia
inability to recognise objects by touch.
blocking
inaccessibility of stored information
absent-mindedness
inattention to details leads to encoding failure (our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys)
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
By a week after birth
infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers' A. faces. B. voices. C. body odors. D. tender touches.,C. body odors.
proximal stimulus
information available through our sensory receptors. e.g retinal image - changes
Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits
it would make the most sense to consider the impact of smoking on _____ choices.,friendship
sustained attention
keeping focus on something for a long time.
motion correspondance problem
knowing which feature in frame 2 belongs to frame one - solved by- motion between similar objects, motion along simplest path and shortest distance.
6 haptic exploratory procedures
lateral motion - texture pressure - hardness static contact- temperature unsupported holding- weight enclosure- global shape, volume contour following - global shape and exact shape.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
learned lists of nonsense syllables & measured how much he retained when relearning each listed, from 20 minutes to 30 days later
Presbyopia
lens becomes less elastic with age, near point becomes further away over time
Linear perspective parallel
lines seem to converge in the distance
suggestibility
lingering effects of misinformation
Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:
mature at an earlier age.
slowly adapting (SA) receptor
mechanoreceptors located in the epidermis and the dermis that respond with prolonged firing to continued pressure. example, Merkel receptor and Ruffini cylinder
rapidly adapting (RA) receptor
mechanoreceptors that respond with bursts of firing just at the onset and offset of a pressure stimulus. the Meissner corpuscle and the Pacinian corpuscle are rapidly adapting receptors
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory)
Daniel Schacter
memory researcher that enumerates 7 ways our memories fail us
glutamate
memory storage, pain perception, strokes, schizophrenia
Compared to a century ago
menarche occurs ________ in life and adult independence begins ________ in life. A. later
Imagery
mental pictures
According to Jonathon Haidt
moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.,feelings
V5 (MT)
motion
reichart detector
motion detector needs to do just more than add up excitatory responses. - delay in d creates speed and direction selectivity.
2 additional monocular cues that are not present in photos
motion parallax - movements of objects in the visual field relative to movement of your head. -when looking at horizon, more distant objects are slower. -when looking on middle move with us and near move in opposite direction. accommodation- cilary muscles relax for distance and contract for near. both relative metrical cues.
motion parallax
movements of objects in the visual fields in relation to eye movements.
induced motion
moving objects makes nearby object appear to move also.
acetycholine
muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory,
middle ear muscles
muscles attached to the ossicles in the middle ear. the smallest skeletal muscles in the body, they contract in response to very intense sounds and dampen the vibration of the ossicles
3 ways to use optic flow for perception
navigating through the environment. - estimating time to collision ( tau) -posture and balance.
occlusion
near objects will be in front of far and will partially block far objects. -nonmetrical depth cue. -wrong in accidental viewpoint
Myopia
nearsightedness due to lengthened eyeball
pitch neuron
neurons that respond to stimuli associated with specific pitch. these neurons fire to the pitch of a complex tone even if the first harmonic or other harmonics of the tone are not present
For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily
nicotine is a(n) A. agonist. B. depressant. C. teratogen. D. hallucinogen.,C. teratogen.
unlike nightmares
night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Rod Monochracy
no cones, hypersensitive to light, low acuity
akinetopsia
no perception of motion caused by disruption to MT. - can be a cause of antidepressents
leisure noise
noise associated with leisure activities such as listening to music, hunting and woodworking. exposure to high levels of _______ for extended periods of time can result in hearing loss
Motion parallax
objects closer that the fixation point will appear to move in the opposite direction, objects further away will move in the same direction
Relative height
objects closer to the horizon seem further away
relative height
objects on ground plane that are higher up will be further away. Objects in the sky that are lower down will be further away. -metrical depth cue.
7 monocular depth cues
occlusion, relative height, relative size, texture gradient, aerial perspective, linear perspective, shading and shadows.
imagination inflation
occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas
flicker paradigm
original and modified with blank screen inbetween
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
bayesian approach
our perception is made up of the current stimulus and the knowledge about the conditions of the world.
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
inflammatory pain
pain caused by damage to tissues, inflammation of joints, or tumor cells. this damage releases chemicals that create an "inflammatory soup" that activates nociceptors
neuropathic pain
pain caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system
sensory component of pain
pain perception described with such terms such as throbbing, prickly, hot, or dull
endorphins
pain relief and feelings of pleasure
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life
people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.,generativity vs. stagnation
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life
people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love.,intimacy vs. isolation
2nd order evidence
people with 2nd order deficit can still have normal 1st. - aftereffects occur to 2nd order patterns. -moving camouflaged animals have 2nd order motion.
exploratory procedures (EPs)
peoples movements of their hands and fingers while they are identifying three dimensional objects by touch
What marks the beginning of adolescence?
physical signs of sexual maturation
memory trace
physical storage of memory
spatial separation
physically distance on the screen.
linear perspective
physically parallel lines will appear to converge in 2d image. anamorphosis- used to create 3d image. -relative metrical cue.
focus of expansion
place of visual field with no flow.- all points come from here.
Marcus has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer. He has come to realize that he is very lucky. He wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate. Marcus has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.
postconventional
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
Ryan thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Ryan demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
cost benefit cueing experiment
press button when you see the test probe. valid cues 80 percent of time -cost in reaction time.
higher harmonics
pure tones that are frequencies that are whole-number (2,3,4) multiples of the fundamental frequency
harmonic
pure-tone components of a complex tone that have frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequencies
Two closed
pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a A. Sense of object permanence. B. Concept of conservation. C. Capacity for habituation. D. Secure attachment.,B. Concept of conservation.
What is a metrical depth cue?
quantitative depth cues that vary continuously and proportionately with distance
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
RSVP paradigm
rapid serial visual presentation- stimuli appear in a streat at one location at a rapid rate.
distal stimulus
real physical stimulus.
altered tuning of processing of specific stimuli
receptive field shrinks around attended stimulus location. - attend to one and ignore other.
mechanoreceptor
receptor that responds to mechanical stimulation of the skin, such as pressure, stretching, or vibration
homunculus
refers to the topographic map of the body in the somatosensory cortex
extinction
related to neglect . can notice one single object in field. Does not notice object more contralessionally located. right temporo - parietal junction. still good at valid cues in hemifield. attention can be directed without our awareness
relative metrical depth cue
relative distances between objects (spatial distances)
amplitude
represents the pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and maximum pressure of the wave
Donald Thompson
research on memory distortion
biological motion
rigid parts of joints at points of articulation. - e.g moving lights.
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a _____ of passage.
rite
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a:
rite of passage.
corresponding retinal points
same distance from the fovea in each eye. can be fussed for single vision. -non corresponding- are objects of the horopter. - if there are many =binocular disparity.
parietal lobe/somatonsensory cortex
sense pressure, tempurature, and pain in parts of our body as well as position of our body parts
Operating range
sensitivity to a span of light intensity
Visual acuity
sharpness of vision, ability to see detail, greatest in fovea
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly
she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of A. conservation. B. assimilation. C. habituation. D. accommodation.,D. accommodation.
level
short for sound pressure level or sound level. indicates the decibels or sound pressure of a sound stimulus
Elizabeth Loftus
showed how eyewitnesses similarly reconstructed their memories when later questioned, using traffic videos
Michael Ross
showed that people unknowingly revise their own histories
3 pairs of extra ocular muscles
side to side rotation- medial and lateral rectus up and down - superior and inferior- rectus visual axis rotation-superior and inferior oblique.
Bottom-up processing
simple perception of basic features
Difference threshold
smallest amount of change in stimulus required to notice a change
Absolute threshold
smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
cochlea
snail shaped, liquid filled structure that contains the structures of the inner ear, most important being basiliar membrane, tectorial membrane, and the hair cells
gradual change
so slow, visual system does not notice them
haptic touch
soft , hot , cold , hard.
Descriptive statistics
statistics to describe the results of a research study in a concise fashion
transience
storage decay over time (after we part with our former classmates, unused information fades)
subcortical structures
structure below the cerebral cortex. example, the superior colliculus in a ______ in the visual system. the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary muscles are among the _____ in the auditory system
tip links
structures at the tops of the cilia of auditory hair cells, which stretch or slacken as the cilia move, causing ion channels to open or close
Stephen Ceci & Maggie Bruck
studies of children's memories have sensitized them to children's suggestibility
local attention
takes longer, global is rapid. - bottle neck .
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe
the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than 4 years since 1960, to _____ for men and _____ for women.,28
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe
the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 28 for men and _______ for women.,26
cutaneous senses
the ability to perceive sensations, such as touch or pain, that are based o the stimulation of receptors in the skin
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
cortical magnification
the amount of cortex devoted to the central part of the visual field (which falls on the fovea) is greater than the amount devoted to the periphery
secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
the area in the parietal lobe next to the primary somatosensory area (S1) that processes neural signals related to touch, temperature and pain
core area
the area in the temporal lobe that includes the primary auditory cortex (A1) and some nearby areas. signals from the core area are transmitted to the belt area of the auditory cortex
auditory receiving area (A1)
the area of the cortex, located in the temporal lobe, that is the primary receiving area for hearing
Circadian rhythm
the biological clock
endocrine glandular system
the body's other major communication system. Communication is achieved through hormones secreted by the endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to their target sites
temporal coding
the connection between the frequency of a sound stimulus and the timing of the auditory nerve fibre firing
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
periodicity pitch
the constancy of a complex tones pitch when the fundamental frequency and other lower harmonics are eliminated
forgetting curve
the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
decay
the decrease in the sound signal that occurs at the end of a tone
Binocular disparity
the difference in perspective between the two eyes
interaural level difference (ILD)
the difference in the sound pressure (level) between the left and right ears. This difference creates an acoustic shadow for the far ear. the ____ provides a cue for sound localization or high frequency sounds
auditory stream segregation
the effect that occurs when a series of sounds that differ in pitch or timbre are played so that the tones become perceptually separated into simultaneously occurring independent streams of sound
precedence effect
the effect that occurs when two identical or very similar sounds reach a listeners ear separated by a time interval of less than 50-100ms, and the listener hears the first sound that reaches his or her ears
affective (or emotional) component of pain
the emotional experience associated with pain- example, pain described as torturing, annoying, frightful, sickening
Apex (of the cochlea or basilar membrane)
the end of the cochlea farthest from the middle ear
multimodal nature of pain
the fact that the experience of pain has both sensory and emotional components
_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin
the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.,Frontal
fundamental frequency
the first harmonic in a complex tone; usually the lowest frequency in the frequency spectrum of a complex tone. the tones other components called the higher harmonics, have frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency
malleus
the first of the ossicles of the middle ear. receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits these vibrations to the incus
Selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
characteristic frequency
the frequency at which a neuron in the auditory system has its lowest threshold
resonant frequency
the frequency that is most strongly enhanced by resonance. the _____ of a closed tube is determined by the length of the tube
Weber's law
the greater the initial stimulus, the greater the difference threshold
direct pathway model of pain
the idea that pain occurs when nociceptor receptors in the skin are stimulated and send signals to the brain. model does not take into account other factors contributing to pain besides stimulation of the skin
duplex theory of texture perception
the idea that texture perception is determined by both spatial and temporal cues that are detected by two types of receptors
Assumption of cognitive uniformity
the idea that the brain, like muscles, bones, and other parts of the body, works in essentially the same way in everyone
Sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
stapes
the last of the three ossicles in the middle ear. it receives vibrations from the incus and transmits these vibrations to the oval window of the inner ear
dermis
the layer of skin below the epidermis
Purpose of accommodation
the lens changing shape to focus on near or distant objects
signal to noise (S/N) ratio
the level of a sound signal in decibels minus the level of background noise in decibels
Amnesia
the loss of memory
organ of corti
the major structure of the cochlear partition, containing the basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and the receptors for hearing
According to Lawrence Kohlberg
the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.,preconventional
According to _____
the majority of children younger than age 9 have a preconventional morality.,Kohlberg
vestibular system
the mechanism in the inner ear that is responsible for balance and sensing the position of the body
Atmospheric perspective
the more distinct an object appears, the closer it seems
pain matrix
the network of structures in the brain that are responsible for pain perception
jeffress model
the neural mechanism of auditory localization that proposes that neurons are wired to each receive signals from the two ears, so that different neurons fire to different interaural time differences (IDT)
cochlear nucleus
the nucleus where nerve fibres from the cochlea first synapse
frequency
the number of times per second that pressure changes of a sound stimulus repeat. measure hertz
epidermis
the outer layer of the skin, including the layer of dead skin cells
pinna
the part of the ear that is visible on the outside of the head
auditory localization
the perception of the location of a sound source
haptic perception
the perception of three dimensional objects by touch
tone chroma
the perceptual similarity of notes separated by one or more octaves
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
outer ear
the pinna and the auditory canal
auditory scene analysis
the process by which sound stimuli produced u the different sources in an auditory scene become perceptually organized into sounds at different locations and into separated streams of sound
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning
place theory of hearing
the proposal that the frequency of a sound is indicated by the place along the organ of corti at which nerve firing is highest. based on traveling wave theory of hearing
Auditory response area
the psychophysically measured area that defines the frequencies and sound pressure levels over which hearing functions. extends from the audibility curve and the curve for the threshold of feeling
loudness
the quality of sound that ranges from soft to loud. for a tone of a particular frequency, loudness usually increases with increasing decibels
pitch
the quality of sounds, ranging from low to high, that is most closely associated with frequency of tone
timbre
the quality that distinguishes between two tones that sound different even though they have the same loudness, pitch and duration. differences in ____ are illustrated by the sounds made by different musical instruments
participant observation
the researcher becomes simultaneously both participant in & observer of that which she/he studies
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Define Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes.
incus
the second of the three ossicles of the middle ear. it transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
acoustic shadow
the shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head. the _____ is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference
middle ear
the small air filled space between the auditory canal and the cochlea that contains the ossicles
auditory scene
the sound environment, which includes the locations and qualities of individual sound sources
Cada is a 15-year-old who receives excellent grades in school. Which of the following would one NOT expect Cada to change during the course of a semester?
the spelling of her name
architectural acoustics
the study of how sounds are reflected in rooms. an important concern of architectural acoustics is how these reflected sounds change the quality of the sounds we hear
somatosensory system
the system that includes the cutaneous senses (senses involving the skin), proprioception (the sense of position of the limbs), kinesthesis (sense of movement of the limbs)
hindsight bias
the tendency after learning about an outcome to be overconfident in ones ability to have predicted it, "I-knew-it-all-along" Phenomenon
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
reverberation time
the time it takes for a sound produced in an enclosed place to decrease 1/1000th of its original pressure
metrical structure
the underlying beat of music
hertz (hz)
the unit of designating the frequency of a tone. one ____ equals one cycle per second
surface texture
the visual and tactile quality of a physical surface created by peaks and valleys
acoustic prism aka basiliar membrane
the way the cochlea separates frequencies entering the ear to create activity at different places along the Basiliar membrane
When adolescents reach the stage of formal operations
they tend to become:,more idealistic.
interstimulus interval
time between the stimuli
octave
tones that have frequencies that are binary multiples of each other (2,4). example, 800Hz tone is an _____ above 400Hz tone
active touch
touch in which the observer plays an active role in touching and exploring an object, usually with his or her hands
integration sensory experiment
touch overrides your vision. - touch dominates.
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is:
trust vs. mistrust.
correspondance problem
trying to figure out which area of a picture corresponds to that of another.
Good continuation
two edges that meet if extended are perceived as a single edge that has been occluded
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
size distance scaling
unconsciously estimate object size and distance and adjust our perception of size to be constant with our distance judgment
persistence
unwanted memories
sound pressure level (SPL)
used to indicate that the reference pressure used for calculating a tones decibal rating is set at 20 micropascals, near the threshold in the most sensitive frequency range for hearing
kinesthetic receptors
used to maintain posture and balance. - viral infection can lead to loss of body position sensation. -autotopagnosia- inability to localize body parts.
vergence
vergence angle- angle between line of sight from your eyes to focussed object in the distance. as we go far to near- converge near to far -diverge. provides cues to depth
traveling wave
vibration of the basilar membrane in which the peak of the vibration travels from the base of the membrane to the apex
Ventral pathways
what an object is recognition
aperture problem
when a moving stimulus is seen through an aperture , the direction of local motion may be ambiguous. -* global motion detectors integrate signal from 4 local motion detectors to try and solve. *
ventriloquism effect (visual capture)
when sound is heard coming from a seen location, even though it is actually originating somewhere else
Surroundedness
when a region is surrounded by another region, it is perceived as the figure
interaural time difference (ITD)
when a sound is positioned closer to one ear than the other, the sound reaches the close ear slightly before reaching the far ear, so there is a difference in the time of arrival at the two ears. the _____ provides a cue for sound localization
Depth
when an object is perceived as being in front of something else, it is perceived as the figure
Puberty is a time:
when one is maturing sexually.
Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you throw a switch that diverts the trolley onto another track
where one person will die. Will you throw the switch?" What are the likely results to this question?,Most will say yes.
Decision-making bias
whether one chooses to minimize misses or false positives
Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors
which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?,a pubertal hormonal surge
Megan is 13. Until she reached puberty she was a calm girl. Her 11-year-old sister borrowed a shirt without asking. Based upon her age
which response mirrors Megan's expected behavior?,She screams, slams the door and turns up her music.
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes
you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style. A. preconventional B. authoritative C. formal operational D. authoritarian,D. authoritarian
Input attention
•Gets sensory information into cognitive system •3 types: •Alertness/arousal •Orienting reflex •Spotlight attention •Issues with attention •Inattentional blindness •Change blindness/deafness
