Period 1 + 2 1497- 1754 AP U.S. History

How long did the Pueblo people live without Spanish rule?

12 years

Study the map California Missions on page 89. How many missions did the Franciscans (Spanish) build in California from 1769 onward? What other mission does the map show? What modern city names do you recognize?

19, Yuma, Arizona, Santa Barbara, San Francisco, San Diego

How did the Jenkin's Ear conflict get its name?

A British sea captain, Robert Jenkins, testified that a Spanish ship had seized his cargo and cut off his ear in the process.

Who did the first English explorers come into contact with?

Algonquians. Secotans and Croatoans.

How were England and France different from many other countries at the time?

Although the countries were troubled, they were unified under a single government, while countries such as Germany and Italy consisted of many small, independent states.

What were some religious sects that emerged in the wake of Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church?

Anabaptists, Anglicans, Huguenots (French)

Approximately how many Native Americans were killed in the decades after European contact?

Approximately 60-75 million Native Americans were killed in the decades after European contact.

How great was the effect of European diseases on Native American populations?

As many as 90 percent of all Native American died from European diseases in the greatest population catastrophe in the world's history.

How did European contact lead to new intellectual pursuits?

As people attempted to learn about the new species they encountered, new fields of study emerged, such as botany.

When did Christopher Columbus set out and one which ships?

August 3, 1492. Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. Landed in the Bahamas (San Salvador in October). Named the Taino people he found, Indians

Why did France turn it's attention toward the Americas in the 16th century?

Before, in the 15th century, they showed little interest. But when Spain became wealthy, they wanted a slice of that wealth.

Why were Cortés and Pizarro able to so easily defeat the Aztec and Inca?

Both empires lost a number of people to smallpox before European arrival. European weapons were also intimidating and outmatched any Aztec or Incan weapons.

How was the food supply of the Mississippian culture similar to that of the Hohokam in the Southwest?

Both relied on agriculture for most of their food supply and grew many of the same crops (squash, corn, beans)

Why were New World plants such as cassava (manioc) so important in Africa?

Cassava is also dense with calories and can feed more people from one acre than other African crops.

The Reconquista was a prolonged process in Iberia in which

Catholic rulers extended their control over the entire peninsula.

Where was the first successful colony of the English established?

Chesapeake Bay

How did kingdoms in Europe react to these changes?

Eventually, European nations began to search for other trade routes to India and Asia, especially Portugal and Spain, which had ports on the Atlantic Ocean.

What was Christopher Columbus trying to do when he set off on the Santa Maria?

Find a shortcut to Asia to get riches and luxuries. He proposed sailing west across the Atlantic. He seeked funding in Portugal and Europe, but eventually Spain financed his adventure.

What did Don Diego de Vargas promise the Pueblo to regain control of New Mexico?

He promised them full pardons if they converted to Christianity, and he allowed them to retain their traditional practices.

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo 1542-1543

He sailed North from Mexico exploring the Coast of California and sailed into San Diego and Monterrey Bay. Thought he could find a path to China through the Pacific coast. Recognized fertile valleys would lend well to settlement. Spanish priests established missions along the coast to convert Native Americans.

Who is John White?

He was the man who lead the group that Raleigh sent to Roanoke. Artist who painted many parts of the New World.

How did horses from Europe change the lives of some Native Americans?

Horses completely changed the way some Native American groups were able to hunt animals.

How did the Jenkin's Ear war end?

In 1742, Oglethorpe's forces stopped a Spanish invasion of the British colonies from Florida. The war ended in a stalemate, with neither side gaining ground or defeating the other.

How did the concern of England and Russia near the Pacific coast lead to colonization of California?

In response to their worries about England and Russia, however, the Spanish established a fort and then a mission in San Diego, the first permanent European settlement in what is now the U.S. state of California in 1769. From there, Spanish Franciscan missionaries created a string of missions from San Diego to San Francisco to convert the Indians and develop the economy of California.

How did European contact impact the environment of the Americas?

In the Americas, overhunting and the introduction of roaming animals such as pigs reduced native animal populations; Europeans also razed forests, and demarcated land to indicate private ownership.

How did the Spanish crown respond to Las Casas?

Isabella declared that all natives needed to be treated like freemen, but made no effort to enforce it.

What religions were most common in West Africa?

Islam and traditional native religions based on ancestor worship were most common in West Africa.

Ottoman Empire before 1492 & characteristic

It conquered Constantinople and blocked traditional European trade routes with Africa and Asia. ;It was a strong Muslim empire.

Portugal before 1492 & characteristic

It established a large trading network through repeated voyages of exploration down the African coast. ;It was a strong leader in navigation and ship technology; it helped reestablish slavery in Europe through trade with Africa.

Spain before 1492 & characteristic

It expanded as a Christian kingdom across much of the Iberian Peninsula in a way that drove out the last remaining Islamic kingdoms in Spain. ; It was the site of the blending of African and European cultures.

What happened to the feudal system during the Dark Ages?

It further declined in favor of more centralized states, especially in France, England, Spain, and Portugal.

How did European contact impact the economy of Europe?

It greatly increased wealth and led to an increase in prices and the need for a banking system.

Why was Constantinople such an important city in Eastern Europe?

It had been the center of a large Christian empire and was located on the land routes for traders between Europe and India and Asia. It also controlled sea travel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

How did the European desire for silk affect China?

It helped make the Chinese civilization very rich and powerful.

How did the military success of the Ottoman Empire affect Europe around the time of the Renaissance?

It prevented European traders from reaching India and Asia

What does modernization theory propose?

It proposes that all countries follow a generally similar path of development from traditional to modern.

What is a hyper-globalist perspective?

It sees globalization as a new age in human history where the nation state becomes irrelevant.

What does the city's size and construction indicate about Chinese civilization at the time?

It shows that the civilization was highly organized and very wealthy.

How would you describe the area of Chaco Canyon? Why was it, and the later settlement of Mesa Verde, abandoned?

It was a large city with large buildings. They were abandoned because of droughts.

What is the relationship between dependency theory and modernization theory?

It was a reaction to the unwillingness of modernization theory to account for the way poorer countries are integrated into the world system.

What was England's economic situation in the early 1500s?

It was experiencing an economic depression.

Why did Spain establish St. Augustine after previously giving up on Florida?

It was in response to the French Protestant colony of Fort Caroline.

Why was England significant in the Protestant Reformation?

It was the first country to establish a Protestant state church: the Church of England.

China before 1492 & characteristic

It was very large, influential, and prosperous kingdom, but had ended its explorations of the wider world and was becoming isolated.; It had a monopoly on silk worldwide, a complex and powerful government, and excellent arts such as porcelain.

Italy before 1492 & characteristic

It was very wealthy areas profited from trade and led Renaissance thinking and culture.;It was a center for Renaissance thinking and culture, including philosophy and art.

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian sea captain in the service of France who searched for a Northwest Passage in 1524. Concluded that the Americas divided the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

How was the concentration of population in Italy different than in England and France? How did this affect the development of Renaissance ideas

Italy did not have a single, dominant urban center but rather several smaller ones. The urban centers competed with each other to establish the greatest wealth and most advanced culture.

When was England's first successful colonization in the New World?

Jamestown 1607

What did Las Casas oppose most?

Las Casas most opposed the cruel treatment and overworking of Native American slaves.

In what unexpected way were Las Casas' writings used?

Las Casas' writings were used as ammunition by Protestants to demonize the Spanish and the cruel treatment of Native Americans.

Who controlled the gold and salt trade across the Sahara?

Mali

How did the ruler Mansa Musa use some of the riches of his empire?

Mansa Musa established mosques, schools, and a university.

How were cities along the trade routes affected?

Many cities along these routes grew large and rich because of the trade.

What types of ideas were spread along these routes?

Many different ideas were exchanged along the way, especially religious ideas.

Which of the 3 civilizations in North America declined first in the 1400's?

Mayan civilization

In the Hopi and Pueblo communities, what was the purpose of a ritual kachinas mask ceremony?

Members of special societies wore ritual masks called kachinas and danced in ceremonies designed to connect the community with its ancestors while seeking their presence and blessing on the crops.

Where was the Aztec empire located?

Mesoamerica

Where were the longest- lasting Spanish colonies established?

Mexico and South America

presidio

Military fort built by the Spanish

Why was there dry land connecting Siberia to North America during some periods of the Ice Age?

More water is stored in ice/glaciers, so sea levels were lower during an ice age and areas like the Bering land bridge were exposed.

How did the Forbidden city reflect some of Chinese culture at the time?

Most of the design includes symbolic features that reflect Chinese beliefs.

What was life like for most people at the time of the Black Death?

Most people were dirty,poor, poorly clothed, and illiterate. Life expectancy was in the 30's , especially because infant mortality and deaths from childbirth were high. Trade was limited because transporting things was expensive and difficult. The church taught that seeking wealth, especially changing interest for loans, was a sin. People were encouraged to stay in the social class they were in.

Plains People

Native American groups that developed in central North America in the area of the Great Plains

Pueblo People

Native American peoples native to southwestern North America

How did Native American assumptions about alliances with Europeans prove to be inaccurate?

Native Americans assumed that Europeans saw them as equals and would treat them that way, but that was not true.

What did Native Americans gain from their encounters with the Spanish? What did they lose?

Native Americans gained new tools. They lost their old traditions and religions.

How did Native Americans resist European dominance?

Native Americans resisted European dominance by maintaining their own religious beliefs while adopting Christianity and occasionally violently revolting.

How was the Native American concept of war different than that of Europeans?

Native Americans saw war as a way to solve a particular problem. Europeans saw it as efforts at total conquest.

How did Native Americans use and adapt to North America's environment in different ways?

Native Americans used the resources available to them in their environment. These resources, or lack of them, guided their development. For example, groups that had access to wildlife and abundant plants did not develop agriculture as much as other groups because they had other sources for their food supply.

Study the map Changes in the Southwest on page 88. What Native American groups appear on the map? Are there more Spanish towns or more pueblos?

Navajo and Hopi; more pueblos

What evidence do scientists have that distinguishes the Clovis people from people in Asia?

The style of spear tips found near Clovis is not seen in Asia, meaning there was not a strong link between the two peoples

What European institution was the strongest during the time of the Black Death?

The unified Roman Catholic Christian Church. It unified people who had different languages and leaders.

How were the religions of the Aztecs, Maya, and Inca similar?

Their religions involved practicing human and other sacrifices.

Why is the term "silk road" misleading?

There were many different trade routes on both land and sea rather than a single road.

How do the population estimate totals help you understand the world at this time?

These population estimates show that the Americas were home to a large population and that the societies in the Americas were developing at the same time as societies in other areas.

What similar tactics did both Cortés and Pizarro use?

They both pretended to offer friendship to gain access, then ambushed the natives.

What aspects of Jacques Cartier's background were similar to the Spanish conquistadors?

They both wanted wealth and land. They both want to find a shorter route to Asia.

What did the Spanish do in response to La Salle securing New Orleans?

They built a new city of their own, San Antonio, to assert their claims to Texas.

How do scientists know that small tribes in the Mississippi Valley were sometimes attacked by other tribes?

They built and lived in villages that were protected by walls.

How did people in Northern Europe change Renaissance ideas and values?

They changed and adapted many Renaissance ideas with their own thoughts and study.

What was the source of the countries' power who controlled West Africa?

They controlled trade from the interior of Africa and from northern Africa.

How did Britain response to the testimony of Jenkins?

They declared war on Spain.

What Mayan achievement was unique among all American cultures?

They developed and used a fully functional, written language.

How did Jacques Cartier's retelling of his experiences shape the European approach to exploration in the New World?

They didn't want to go back for a while because of the brutal winters that Jacques Cartier encountered.

What do historians hypothesize happened to the settlers at Roanoke?

They dispersed, with some joining the Croatoan, some going north, and some going inland. Many lived in relative peace with the Native Americans.

Why was England so late to colonize the New World?

They had religious conflict between the Protestants and Catholics and they had other colonization issues with Ireland (succeeded). They also had economic depression. Couldn't afford to fund colonization and expeditions to the New World.

What evidence shows that Native American groups knew about each other and traded over long distances?

Objects and materials are found far from their original sources.

Whom did people blame for the destruction the Black Death caused?

People blamed Jews, religious conformists, and foreigners because there were massive persecutions against them across Europe.

Where did Walter Raleigh attempt to found a colony in 1585?

Roanoke Island. Which is now North Carolina. Conflict with Natives for resources destabilized both groups. Now called the Lost Colony.

What changed the pace of exchange during the Age of Exploration?

Ships were able to move more quickly and easily between areas of the world.

Songhay

Significant kingdom in West Africa, led by Askia Muhammad.

Why was the Chinese monopoly on silk so important?

Silk was considered the best cloth in the world and it could be found only in China. It brought considerable trade and wealth to China.

What are some examples of globalization from before the twentieth century?

Some examples are silk and spice trade routes from as early as the first century BCE as well as English and Dutch shipping routes into the East Indies in the sixteenth century.

Where was the Inca Empire located?

South America

Who was the dominant Catholic country in 1500 Europe?

Spain

How did the conflict between Spain and Britain lead to the Stono Rebellion in Carolina?

Spain actively encouraged slaves to leave the British colonies and come south to freedom. In 1739, a slave named Cato led about 60 slaves in an armed revolt against South Carolina rice plantations. They burned the plantations and killed colonists who tried to stop them, intent on seeking freedom in Spanish Florida.

How did the division of Spain into differing kingdoms and religions affect the culture of the area?

Spain developed some of the richest cultural traditions in Europe at the time, as the cultures of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism blended and shared traditions and language.

Why did Spain return to colonize New Mexico more than 50 years after Coronado's expedition?

Spain returned to colonize New Mexico due to a desire for its fabled riches and to stave off competition from the English.

Spain had helped introduce the slave trade to North America, and many Spanish colonies in South America and the West Indies depended on slavery. Why did the Spanish colony in Florida encourage slaves in British colonies to escape?

Spain was at war with Britain. They wanted to weaken the British colonial economy and hoped to use escaped slaves as an added defense force against the British, along their colony's northern border.

Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566)

Spaniard that spoke out about the abuse of Native Americans and protested the inhumanity of Spain towards the Natives. Kept records of customs of the Natives in order to prove their humanity to Spain. Repeatedly petitioned the crown to intervene to stop the cruelty of the conquistadors.

Hernando de Soto 1539- 1542

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river. Florida- southeastern- Appalachian Mountains. Attempts to control led to hostility with Native Americans

Juan de Oñate

Spanish explorer and conquistador. He claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until 1607. searched for routes to Pacific coast and gold.

Francisco Vàzquez de Coronado 1539-1542

Sponser- Spain, inspired by Cabeza de Vaca. Expedition of Arizona, encountered Zuni and Pueblo Native groups. Continued to Kansas before returning to Mexico City. Discouraged future exploration of American Southwest. Went in search of gold

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca 1528-1536

Sponser- Spain, part of group of explorers who crossed Gulf of Mexico to return home after failed invasion of Florida. Washed up on shores of Texas. 8 year journey back to Mexico City. First to document American Southwest.

Ponce de Leòn 1513-1521

Sponsor-spain, landed in florida, searched for fountain of youth. Set off from Puerto Rico

How did Renaissance ideas spread to areas of Northern Europe?

Students from Northern Europe came to study in the Italian areas of Renaissance culture.

Why was sugar so important in the New World?

Sugar was a very important trade commodity. Spain and other countries hoped to establish large, profitable plantations in the New World using slave labor.

How do the activities associated with the Columbian Exchange differ from those associated with trade networks?

The Columbian Exchange transported plants and animals permanently from one area to another rather than simply serving as trade items.

What caused the relationship between the English settlers and the Secotan to sour?

The English started stealing their food and then accused the Secotan of stealing a silver cup.

How did French exploration compare to Spanish exploration?

The French were less hostile toward the Natives.

What event took most of the resources and attention in France and England between 1337 and 1453?

The Hundred Years' War

What agricultural crop was an important trade item for the Maya?

The Mayan people grew cotton as a trade commodity.

What group conquered Spain in the 700s?

The Moors of northern Africa, who were largely Muslim at the time, conquered Spain in the 700s

What Native American belief contributed to the absence of a united resistance to European attacks?

The Native American groups saw themselves as independent nations and generally did not cooperate in resisting European attacks.

How did Jacques Cartier's interactions with Native Americans either exemplify or contradict the overall tone of European‒Native American interactions?

The Natives and him had a good relationship unlike the Spanish did. The French and the Natives traded and were friendly with each other.

How did the Spanish governors and the Spanish monarchy differ in their view of the Native Americans?

The crown wanted the Native Americans to be treated humanely, but the governors focused only on obtaining gold at the expense of the native peoples.

What convinced many to question the power of the Church to understand God's will?

The devastation of the loss of laborers during the Dark Ages.

How was the Iroquois Confederacy, an alliance among several tribes in the Northeast, unique in its approach to military defense?

The different tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy pledged to fight against others as a group rather than see themselves as distinct tribes.

What were Cortes's motives for his expedition?

The document suggests that the desire to expand the faith was an important part of the political expansion of Spain in the sixteenth century. note the attention Cortés pays to descriptions of material things such as goods and the reaction to his replacement of the idols in the temples with Christian figures.

What changes and innovations have contributed to globalization?

The economic interdependence of countries and advances in technologies related to communication and travel contributed to globalization.

What drove the Spanish treatment of Native Americans? What were the critiques of this treatment? How were these critiques met?

The need for labor drove the harsh treatment of the Native Americans. Some Europeans, like Bartolomé de Las Casas, criticized this treatment because the hard labor worked many people to death and treated them like slaves. The Spanish monarchs sometimes seemed to agree with these critiques, but in reality, the Spanish treatment of the native people did not change.

What news frightened authorities in Spanish New Mexico?

The news that French explorer La Salle had secured control of the Gulf Coast of Texas and founded New Orleans frightened them.

Reconquista

The process to unify Spain politically and culturally by driving out the remaining Islamic kingdoms. or "reconquest," of Spain. ;The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim occupiers, who first invaded in the 700s

What was the purpose of the quota established by the Spanish? (treaty of tordesillas)

The purpose of the quota was to force Native Americans to mine gold for the Spanish.

Don Diego de Vargas

The royal governor of New Mexico who systematically subdued the Pueblo towns beginning in 1691, after the pueblo revolt

How did New World plants affect populations in Europe and Africa? How did these areas react to these population changes?

With better food supplies, populations increased in Europe and Africa. Europeans sent people to the New World, while the slave trade removed millions of Africans. Population levels remained about the same rather than growing.

How does world-systems theory divide up the world?

World-systems theory divides the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries.

mission

a Spanish religious settlement

Battle of Bloody Marsh

a battle in 1742 during the War of Jenkins' Ear, between British and Spanish forces on St. Simons Island off the coast of Georgia

colony

a body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state a colony of settlers

Age of Discovery

a common name for the period beginning in the fifteenth century and ending in the seventeenth century when Europeans sets out to find new trading routes around the world. two-century long period beginning in the fifteenth century when Europeans sought new trade routes all around the world.

confluence

a convergence, a coming together

smallpox

a dangerous disease that causes fever, rashes, and frequently death if untreated. disease brought by Europeans to the Native Americans where millions were killed because of it.

privateer

a government-approved armed ship that actively pursued and seized the cargo of the ships of other countries

Aztec

a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people that founded the Mexican empire conquered by Cortes in 1519

Kongo

a member of an indigenous people inhabiting the region of the Congo River in west central Africa before European contact

Inca

a member of the Quechuan peoples of Peru, who maintained an empire until the Spanish conquest

presidio

a military post of fortified settlement in areas currently or originally under Spanish control

Northwest Passage

a potential passage, sought after but never found by either England or France, that would allow ships to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through northern North America. To India through North America

heresy

a practice or belief that is contrary to or inconsistent with religious dogma. practices that were at odds with Catholic teachings.

Counter- Reformation

a reform movement within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation

Islam

a religion established by Muhammad, based on the belief in a single god, and its followers are known as Muslims. the religious faith of Muslims including belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Muhammad as his prophet

Anasazi

a significant early culture who built their homes into the sides of cliffs in the Southwest; "Ancient ones". Used adobe bricks for many of their buildings, forming them from the soil and baking them in the sun. Built underground sites for religious practices. meaning "ancient ones," lived in modern-day New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado some 700 years before Columbus

denomination

a subset of a particular religion in which specific beliefs and practices may differ from those of other groups who adhere to the same overarching principles of faith

Maya

an advanced Native American culture that once controlled the Yucatán Peninsula, much of modern Guatemala, and parts of southern Mexico, c. 2000 BCE-1542 CE

Iroquois Confederacy

an alliance among several tribes in the Northeast

Line of Demarcation

an imaginary line drawn through the Americas by Pope Alexander VI in 1493 granting Portugal rights to land east of the line and Spain rights to land west of the line

pirate

an individual who forcibly stops ships in the ocean and steals their cargo

mariner

an individual who helps navigate a ship at sea

slavery

an institution in which one person owns another person.

natural resource

animals, plants, minerals, soil, and other physical features found in an environment that people use to survive.

What improved technology came from early voyages that helped later exploration?

better navigation instruments, better maps and charts, and better designs for ships came from early voyages that helped later exploration

mission

buildings intended for evangelism

What did Spain want to do?

collect precious stones and metals to increase their wealth.

Jacques Cartier

crossed the Atlantic in 1535 and 1543, sailing up the St. Lawrence River to the site that would eventually become Montreal, Canada. He claimed the territory for France, establishing an official French presence in the New World. During his voyages, Cartier traded European goods for sorely needed supplies, thus beginning a trade relationship that would change both worlds and come to define the French relationship with North America. His exaggerated tales of wealth and the enslaved Native Americans he returned with helped encourage French settlers to brave the region's severe winter conditions. While Cartier never found a sea passage to Asia or the great mineral wealth he hoped for, he did provide France with its first important foothold in the New World.

Clovis People

cultural group who used a unique style of spear tip called the Clovis tip; name of early residents of North America whose spear points were found near what is now Clovis, New Mexico, in 1929

Black Death or bubonic plague

disease that was spread by fleas carried by rats. The disease caused inflamed lymph nodes, fever, and usually death. Wiped out nearly a third of Europe's population. Historians believe that the Black Death that decimated populations across Europe in the fourteenth century likely came from Asia and entered Europe through the ports of Italy. Arrived in 1348 by rats on ships trading in the Black Sea.

What did France want to do?

find a Northwest Passage to the Indies.

What did England want to do?

find wealth and religious dissidents in England were looking for a safe place to live.

Paleo- Indian

first people in North America. They depended on following the animals that supplied their food source and on moving to areas where plants were growing. To survive, they lived a nomadic life, without a fixed home, and followed animals and ripening plants. Gradually, they developed skills with natural resources that allowed them to stay settle in a single place.

hunter- gatherers

people who survived by hunting animals and gathering food from local plants.

Renaissance

period of "rebirth" and the rediscovery of classical works by the Greeks and Romans between 1300 and 1600. Era included great strides in technology, the arts, literature, philosophy, science, and nearly every other area of people's lives. This era ushered in a period in which rulers looked beyond Europe for new sources of wealth and power. European leaders were able to exploit new methods of ocean travel and trade routes to become very wealthy.

Benin

powerful kingdom of central Africa before European contact

indigenous

produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment

dissident

rebel

El Camino Real (the Royal Road)

road to connect the new missions and presidios built by the Spanish.

emperor

sole leader of a large territory, the sovereign or supreme male monarch of an empire

Dark Ages

stagnant period

Bering Land Bridge

strip of land that connected Asia (Siberia) and North America (Alaska) during the last Ice Age that has since disappeared under the Bering Sea.

kingdom

territorial units ruled by a king or queen; a politically organized community or major territorial unit having a monarchical form of government headed by a king or queen

viceroy

the Spanish king's appointed representative in New Spain

culture

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Includes a group's daily lives, activities, and beliefs.

genocide

the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group.

What happened early in the Ming Dynasty? (1368- 1644)

the emperor, or sole leader of a large territory, created physical testament to the power of China in the form of an elaborate palace complex that came to be called the Forbidden City.

Identify and describe five long-term effects of the Columbian Exchange.

the exchange of crops and food, which generally benefited American, European, and African cultures; the exchange of animals, which brought benefits primarily to Native American cultures; the exchange of diseases, which decimated Native Americans, killing about 90 percent of their population within a century; the great movement of people and change in populations, including immigrants from Europe to the Americas, forced slavery for Africans in the Americas, and the death of Native Americans from diseases and slavery; the exchange of cultural ideas that included forced religious ideas for Native Americans by Europeans, and some cultural understandings of Native American cultures by a few Europeans

What increased the value of work and helped many escape serfdom during the Dark Ages?

the loss of so many laborers

conquistador

the name given to the early Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru

Baja California

the peninsula located south of what is now California, between the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California

Protestant Reformation

the process that began with Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church's practices in the early 1500s, which eventually led followers of Luther, Calvin, and others to completely break from the Catholic Church. a reform movement within the Catholic Church that eventually split the church into a number of different Christian sects

What caused the change in the Tainos' treatment of the European sailors?

the sailors' attempts to enslave the Taino. The Tainos' killed the sailors

diffusion

the spread of cultural elements form one area or group of people to others by contact

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

treaty confirmed by the pope in 1494 to resolve the claims of Spain and Portugal in the Americas. Divided the world so Portugal had the east and Spain had the west.

Alta California

what would become the modern state of California.

How did geographic conditions affect the development of distinct Native American culture groups?

They had to adapt to the climate conditions 1. Ex: Great Plains people had to continue their hunter-gatherer way of life. 2. Southwest- developed complex irrigation to deal with the dry environment 3. Northwest- fishing provided plentiful source of food 4. Farming allowed Mississippians to develop large settlements like Cahokia Native American groups used the resources available to them to survive. In dry areas, they developed ways to use water carefully. In fertile areas, they developed agricultural methods that brought the best harvests, and if there was abundant wildlife or fish, they used it as a food supply.

How do scientists know that ancient American cultures traded along specific routes?

They have found objects far from the source of the raw materials used for the object, or identified styles from one area that are found in another.

Why did the Spanish encourage slaves in the English colonies to flee to Florida?

They hoped to weaken the economy of the Carolinas and help defend their own territory.

What were the common causes of war among Native American groups?

They often fought for the honor of their tribe or to solve a specific problem, to gain valuable possessions, and occasionally to gain farmland.

West African kingdoms before 1492 & characteristic

They profited from the gold and salt trade across the Sahara Desert. ;They had enormous wealth because of trade in gold, salt, and slaves.

How did the treaty of Tordesillas impact Spanish actions in the Americas?

They saw the Americas as their sovereign territory and sent conquistadors to control it.

Why did Native Americans feel free to ally with Europeans against other Native Americans?

They saw themselves as members of independent nations, much as Europeans did, and not as a member of the larger group of Native Americans or American Indians.

What connected many of the tribes along the Atlantic Coast and eastern Appalachian Mountains?

They shared a common language: Algonquian.

What cultural characteristics and geographic issues separated Native American cultures?

They spoke many different languages and were separated by long distances.

Why did the accounts of these early explorers of Native American populations differ from those of later explorers?

They spread diseases that decimated populations, destroying many of the existing villages.

Why did the Secotan kill an English person after the third expedition landed?

They were concerned the English were going to continue to steal their food.

Why didn't England send ships to help the colonists?

They were consumed by the impending war with Spain and could not spare a ship.

Where were the Mound Builders located?

They were located in the Mississippi Valley area of the modern United States.

Why did early people travel from Siberia to the Americas?

They were probably nomadic or semi-nomadic and followed the animals they were hunting.

England and France before 1492 & characteristic

They were unified countries but weak because of war against each other and civil wars. ;They were unified under a single ruler, unlike other areas of Europe.

What were the initial European reactions when they saw the Aztec capital?

They were very surprised at its size and the extent of its marketplace.

How long did the Forbidden city remain the center of Chinese government?

This city remained the center of Chinese government until the early 1900s. (1911)

What was Humphrey Gilbert (dies at sea)/Walter Ralegh's goal in 1584?

To establish an English settlement in North America. Create a base in the New World for English privateers, to allow them to travel farther and collect more wealth.

Which Italian city became the leader in trade after the devastation caused by the plague?

Venice became the leader in trade after the devastation caused by the plague.

Algonquian

A language shared by the native american tribes of the Atlantic coast and the eastern slopes of the Appalachians. a family of Native American languages spoken by peoples from Labrador to Carolina and westward into the Great Plains

Stono Slave Rebellion of 1739

A rebellion that occurred on September 9, 1729 in South Carolina by slaves. This uprising (largest prior to American Revolution) led to the laws suppressing slaves from assembly, education, freedom of movement, and a 10 year moratorium, and the Negro Act of 1740

nation-state

A relatively new development in Europe during the 1300s and 1400s in which nations became the major political organizations, replacing both the smaller kingdoms and city-states

Mound Builder

A significant early culture who built their characteristic earthen structures near the Mississippi River and Great Lakes. Cahokia people of the Mississippi valley. ;Name given to the Native American tribes who built large burial and ceremonial mounds on while religious and sports activities took place. Access to more trees in the central area and used them in building homes and to help with astronomical calculations. Used the top of their highest mounds for religious purposes.

artisan

A skilled crafts person

Three Sister Farming

A technique of agriculture in the East coast in which farmers would plant corn, beans, and squash together which was mutually beneficial to all of the plants corn- trellis for beans squash- protected the root system of the corn All three create a nutritious diet which allowed for a high population density

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. The unification of Europe and America through the Spanish conquest and the resulting Columbian Exchange

How did Native American cultures interact with one another?

Cultures mainly interacted through trade. Networks extended in every direction in North America and were used to obtain goods that were not available in a particular area.

What was one negative effect of these trade routes?

Disease was probably spread along these routes, causing many deaths.

Which country came to the Americas after the French?

England

Why didn't England attempt to colonize the New World for most of the sixteenth century?

England didn't have enough money, it was focused on subduing Ireland, and it was struggling with internal religious conflict.

How did England's actions in Ireland shape its treatment of Native Americans?

England used the same tactics: brutally suppressing the people because the English viewed them as inferior for having a different religion.

What was England's goal in Ireland? How did it reflect the Age of Exploration?

England's goal in Ireland was to make it a colony and impose Protestantism. It reflected the Age of Exploration because this was similar to Spain and France's holds in the New World.

Who became ruler of the seas after England and Spain fought a naval war that climaxed in 1588?

England, because they defeated the Spanish Armada.

Who was Sir Francis Drake?

England, defeated the Spanish Armada, thief stealing from Spanish Gallons. He was a privateer.

Which country sent pirates and privateers through the Atlantic?

England. They stole gold and silver from Spanish ships.

Sir Frances Drake (1577-1580)

English; 1st Englishman to sail around the world; defeated Spanish armada during raid of St. Augustine (Florida)

How did Muslim control of the city affect other areas of Europe?

Europe was cut off from the trade routes that had allowed them to gain power and wealth.

Why weren't Europeans affected as strongly by New World diseases?

European diseases had grown very strong in comparison to Old World diseases because of population concentrations and proximity to animals. Europeans had developed stronger immunity because of these conditions.

What was a result of improvements in navigation and shipbuilding in Europe during the 1400s and 1500s?

European rulers were better able to compete for wealth and power around the world.

What internal events occurred in both England and France after 1453?

France and England experienced civil wars soon after the Hundred Years' War.

Which of the following played a central role in the expansion of New Spain in California and the American Southwest?

Franciscan missionaries

Which other European settlements in North America did Spanish settlements in the American Southwest most resemble?

French settlements that comprised military garrisons, trading outposts, and missions

Who attacked the fort at St. Augustine and when? What was the outcome of the battle?

Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe led the attack in 1740 but failed to capture the colony.

What civilizations dominated West Africa?

Ghana, Mali, and Songhay dominated West Africa.

What did Columbus and the Spanish monarchs hope to find in the New World?

Gold

Motivation of Colonization

Gold, Glory, and God

What were the most important trade goods at the time?

Gold, ivory, and slaves were the most important trade goods at the time.

What policies helped Askia Muhammad bring peace and stability to his empire?

He allowed people to follow their own religious beliefs.

What was Columbus's motivation for his journey?

He described all three events as victories in the efforts to establish and spread Catholicism. Spain, in part, sought to explore in order to fuel the growth and dominance of the Catholic faith.

How did Walter Raleigh choose the participants in the first expedition to establish an English colony?

He picked a group of men with diverse skills useful for exploring. He didn't go because Elizabeth was in love with him and forbid him to go.

Which fruits traveled from the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia?

Pineapples, guava, tomatoes, papayas, avocados, and blueberries traveled from the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia.

What were some possible reasons for Portuguese explorations?

Portuguese explorations hoped to achieve economic gain, competition with the Ottoman Empire, and possible connections to African Christians.

Why were New World plants such as potatoes so important in Europe?

Potatoes are dense with calories and can feed more people from one acre than wheat or other crops.

What religion was Elizabeth I?

Protestant, Anglican

What drew Spanish explorers into North America?

Tales of greater wealth further north drew Spanish explorers into North America.

In which area did the Americas receive much more than they gave to Europe, Africa, and Asia?

The Americas received many more animals than they gave to other continents.

About how long before Europeans came to the Americas did the complex society of Anasazi exist? Where was it located?

The Anasazi society existed about 700 years before the Europeans came to the Americas. It was located in modern day New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado (Southwest)

Why were other Native Americans in Mexico willing to fight against the Aztec?

The Aztec forced them to give human sacrifices.

What was the relationship between the Aztecs and other nearby tribes?

The Aztecs conquered other tribes and ruled them through a central government.

How did the Black Death affect Europe's population in the 1300s?

The Black Death wiped out whole villages and families, and came during the famines and cold weather. It killed one-third to one-half of people in Europe.

Why were Spanish ships seizing the cargo of British ships at the time?

The British were conducting illegal trade with Spanish colonies.

Which statement best describes the earliest slave trade by the Portuguese?

The Portuguese diverted some of the existing slave trade from central Africa to the coast.

What was a result of continued explorations?

The Portuguese established a large trade network that included Africa and Asia and trading posts in these areas. Portugal became the richest nation in Europe as a result of this trade.

What happened during the Pueblo Revolt?

The Pueblo attacked and killed many Spanish colonists in New Mexico. Those who survived fled to Santa Fe, to which the Pueblo laid siege.

Aside from religious grievances, what other reason motivated the Pueblo revolt?

The Pueblo resented being made to work for the Spanish instead of being able to work for their own communities.

How did the Stono Rebellion end?

The South Carolina militia turned out to stop the escaped slaves, who were defeated at Stono, South Carolina. Only a few made it all the way to Florida and joined a free African community there.

What did the Spanish believe they were giving to Native Americans?

The Spanish believed they were giving Christianity and Spanish protection.

How did the Spanish compensate for the loss of labor as the native population declined through disease and abuse?

The Spanish brought African slaves to New Spain.

How did the encomienda system work?

The Spanish crown granted landholders the right to the labor of Native Americans and a portion of the wealth produced by the land.

How did Spanish exploration and conquest change the environment and cultures of the Americas?

The Spanish transformed the political and religious system of the New World they encountered.

Which conditions led to the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico?

The Spanish tried to end native religious practices and force them to adopt Catholicism.

What other foreign powers and their activities worried the Spanish?

The Spanish were worried about English explorations and Russian fur-trading activities on the Pacific coast.

How did the food supply of the Northwest Pacific Native Americans affect the development of their culture?

The abundant supply of fish in nearby rivers allowed these tribes to develop permanent settlements because the people did not need to constantly move to follow animal migrations or seasonal vegetation.

What three significant events for the history of Spain and the world occurred in 1492?

The armies of Spain defeated Granada, non-Christian peoples were expelled from Spain, and Christopher Columbus set sail from Spain in search of a sea route to Asia.

What was the lasting impact of European exploration and the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of ideas and technology made a strong impact on both American and European cultures. The depiction of the hammock shows an invention that was adopted by Europeans. The text indicates the admiration for this invention by a European observer. Many other technical improvements moved in both directions between Europe and the Americas.; This image shows the organization and complexity of one Native American society before it was changed by European contact. A variety of important crafts and skills are indicated by the illustration, but the group was soon conquered and its skilled craftsmen were often used for the most menial labor.;This image indicates both the blending of some Native American and European religious ideas and the destruction of many cultural characteristics by the Spanish. This Native American society had a highly developed social structure, a prosperous economy, and strong sense of government and people's rights. The religious imagery shows that some Christian and traditional beliefs coexisted at the time.;European military conquests often relied on gaining alliances with some Native American groups to fight against others. Many Native American groups were completely conquered by Europeans with the help of Native American enemies. These conquests resulted in the loss of land, livelihood, and attachment to a culture that had been developing for hundreds of years or more.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Columbus made a strong link between Spain's defeat of Muslim Granada, the expulsion of Jews from Spain, and his own voyage across the Atlantic. To what degree do you think the first two events led to the third?

The first two events signaled the end of Spain's Reconquista. This allowed for additional expansion overseas.

Columbian Exchange

The interchange of goods and organisms between Europe and the Americas.

What brought on increased urbanization during the Black Death period?

The loss of so many people because many serfs left farms in the countryside and moved to cities.

From the Spanish perspective, which conquistadors were the most successful?

The most successful conquistadors were those that expanded the king's lands and enriched him.

How did the changing climate affect the Mound Builders' culture?

Warmer temperatures allowed them to develop a predictable food supply based on agriculture.

encomienda

in the Spanish colonies, the grant to a Spanish settler of a certain number of American Indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor. Tracts of Land

Tainos

indigenous people of the Caribbean. adapt at fishing. Matrilineal- traced their family lines through the women not the man. Generous. Ancestor spirits called Zemis. Still use some of their words ex: barbecue, hurricanes, tobacco, Haiti

What did the Protestant Church do to England?

lead to a new state church and a deeply divided nation. Political and physical war broke out among different factions of Catholics and Protestants as each vied for power.

migrate

moved permanently

pueblos

native american community in the American Southwest.