Period 1: Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600)

Secular

Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.

Indulgences

In the Roman Catholic Church, pardon through payment to the clergy for sins committed during a person's lifetime that would lessen the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory.

Miguel Cervantes

The Spanish Renaissance author of the masterpiece Don Quixote.

Theocracy

A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Philip II of Spain

The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism and married to "Bloody Mary."

15. What were the goals of Loyala's Jesuit Order?

The Jesuit order played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism.

Ferdinand & Isabella

Late 15th c. King of Aragon & Queen of Castile who sponsored the expeditions of Christopher Columbus to find a route to Asia.

Huguenot

French Protestants who endured severe persecution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Great Schism

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine/Eastern Orthodox churches that occurred from 1378 to 1417. Division in the Church was created by having popes in both Avignon and Rome.

Simony

Bishops selling positions in the Church.

Nepotism

Favoritism shown to family or friends by those in power, especially in business or hiring practices.

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior Pope" that fought to gain territory while serving as a patron to the arts. He commissioned Michelangelo's great paintings in the Sistine Chapel.

6. How does Castiglione define the "Renaissance Man" in The Courtier?

Pursue: Be well-rounded and have talents in both work and the arts. Avoid: A farmer who only knows how to farm is not the ideal man in the Renaissance.

4. Characteristics of Renaissance art:

Realism- Realism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic, and supernatural elements Perspective- Perspective is defined as "parallel lines converging to a single point: this point is called the vanishing point." Individualism- Individualism takes humanism a step further and is the belief that individual humans are capable of great accomplishments. The more communal, group oriented society and mentality of the Middle Ages was being replaced by a belief in the potential of the individual to make great achievements. Themes- Renaissance is the beginning of the modern period of human civilization, when humanity increasingly stops living according to unquestioned traditions (often developed from or justified by religious revelation or scripture) and begins practicing life according to its empirical nature.

11. List four differences between the Luthern Church and the Catholic Church.

-According to Lutheranism, faith alone and Christ alone could save an individual. This is well contradicted by the Catholic's belief that faith formed by love and work alone will save an individual. -Catholics observe seven sacraments, seven central rituals of the church: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist (Holy Communion), Penance (or Reconciliation), Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. While Lutherans practice all those seven rituals, they only call two of them sacraments (Baptism and Eucharist). -Catholics acknowledge two authorities for their faith and life: The Bible and Church Tradition. Lutherans view the Bible as the only authority for our faith and life. -Catholics honor and obey the priests, bishops, archbishops, cardinals, and the pope who interpret Church Tradition; decisions come down from those in higher authority. Lutherans tend to view the local congregation, coming together in democratic voting, as the primary decision-making body.

19b. Valois Family: Why did people revolt against them? Guise Family: Who were they supported by? Bourbon Family: What faith were they and who suppported them?

-Both Francis I and Henri II strongly resisted the Protestant Reformation, prosecuting Protestant heresy and keeping France within the Catholic Church. The conflict culminated during the reign of Charles IX in a nationwide assault on Protestants in 1572 known as the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The assassination of Henri II in 1559 touched off a bloody civil conflict known as the Wars of Religion between Catholics and French Protestants, also known as Hu guenots. Henri III was murdered in 1589 and left behind no heir, bringing Henri IV to the throne as the first of the Bourbon dynasty. -Supported by Spain and the papacy, their persecution of the Huguenots led to the unsuccessful Amboise Conspiracy (1560), an attempted assassination of the leaders of the Guise party and transfer of power to the house of Bourbon. -Protestant turned Roman Catholic.

16. What are the three characteristics of Mannerism? Who was the most famous Mannerist artist?

-Exaggerated forms, humour, and the natural world -Michelangelo (1475 - 1564) He pioneered what became known as the Mannerist style in the contorted poses of his figures and by breaking the rules of classical architecture.

17. Charles V What Problems did Charles encounter? What was the Peace of Augsburg? Why and how did Charles divide his kingdom?

-He was 19 when he inherited the empire, the empire wasn't under only his rule-couldn't levy taxes or build armies, and his had his own incompetence. -1555, temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands. -Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated (willingly stepped down from power). He split his empire in two, giving his son, Philip, the western part (Spain/Netherlands/Italy) and giving his brother, Ferdinand, the Austrian part, as well as the title of Holy Roman Emperor.

3. Explain the role of patrons in facilitating the art & learning of the era. List 2 major patrons of the era.

-Patrons gave money to artists and commissioned many pieces of art. -Cosimo de' Medici, head of the Medici banking family and de facto ruler of Florence and Pope Julius II

2. What is Northern Humanism? Who is associated?

-The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. It was very similar to Humanism, but it emphasized nonsecluar thought. -Desiderius Erasmus: humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature.

14. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? What are 3 beliefs of his Church of England?

-The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognise, let alone support, divorce. Because Henry VIII wanted a male heir and his wife was considred too old he needed a divorce. Therefore, he broke away from the Catholic Church and became the head of the Church of England. -a belief that the Bible contains the core of all Christian faith and thought; celebration of the sacraments ordained by Jesus - that of Baptism and Eucharist or Holy Communion; a system of Church order that stems from ancient times and is focused in the ordained ministry of Bishop, Priest and Deacon

20. Thirty Years War Cause? Defenestration of Prague: Why did France join the Thirty Years War? Where was most of the destruction concentrated? Peace of Westphalia:

-The Thirty Years War began as a religious civil war between the Protestants and Roman Catholics in Germany that engaged the Austrian Habsburgs and the German princes. The war soon developed into a devastating struggle for the balance of power in Europe. -a signal for the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II, which marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years' War. Addiontionally: Defenestration is the act of throwing someone or something out of a window. The term was coined around the time of an incident in Prague Castle in the year 1618, which became the spark that started the Thirty Years' War. -The Peace of Prague, arranged on Ferdinand's terms, alarmed France, Sweden and the United Provinces. In April 1635, Sweden and France signed the Treaty of Compiegne. France in the mid-1630's was fearful of a strong and unchallenged Holy Roman Empire. -Central Europe -The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion.

13. What is the goal of the Counter reformation? What was decided at the Council of Trent?

-The goals were for the Catholic church to make reforms which included clarifying its teachings, correcting abuses and trying to win people back to Catholicism. They were an order of priests founded by Ignatius of Loyola. They were dedicated teachers and missionaries. -The two main goals of the Council of Trent were to address abuses in the Church and to clarify Catholic teaching to meet the Protestant challenges. By the end of the century, many of the abuses that had motivated the Protestant Reformation had disappeared, and the Roman Catholic Church had reclaimed many of its followers in Europe. The council, however, failed to heal the schism that had sundered the Western Christian church.

German Peasant Revolt (1525)

-The revolt originated in opposition to the heavy burdens of taxes and duties on the German (speaking in Holy Roman Empire) serfs, who had no legal rights and no opportunity to improve their lot. -Goal: Empowered in their religious views, and pressed by crop failures that threatened starvation, they saw an opportunity to overthrow the feudal system, in which they were bound to the estates of the nobles and forced to give up the produce of the fields in which they worked.

19a. French Wars of Religion War of the 3 Henrys: Catherine de Medici- Why was she so unpopular? St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: What were Henry VI (of Navarre)'s goals? Edict of Nantes:

-War of the Three Henrys, (1587-89), the last of the Wars of Religion in France in the late 16th century, fought between the moderate but devious King Henry III, the ultra-Roman Catholic Henri I de Lorraine, 3e duc de Guise, and the Huguenot leader Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre and heir presumptive to the French throne (the future Henry IV). -Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later regent for her three feeble sons at the twilight of the Valois dynasty, who authorized the killing of French Protestants in the notorious Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572. Disliked for several reasons: did not give birth for first 10 years of marriage, not very pretty but had a large sway over her husband the king, liked to play her political opponents against each other. -The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. -??? -Edict of Nantes (1598) French royal decree establishing toleration for Huguenots (Protestants). It granted freedom of worship and legal equality for Huguenots within limits, and ended the Wars of Religion. The Edict was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, causing many Huguenots to emigrate.

1. What is Humanism? Who is associated?

-an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems. A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. -Francesco Petrarch is considered "the father of humanism"

Henry VII of England

1485-1509 Established the Tudor dynasty and ended the War of the Roses by marrying Elizabeth of York. Also part of the Welsh house of Tudor: helped reconstruct monarchy

Wars of the Roses

Civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of Northern Europe

7. Social Changes:

Education- Humanists believed that human beings could be dramatically changed by education. The Humanists of the Renaissance created schools to teach their ideas and wrote books all about education. Role of Women- The role of women was a very scarce role. Women were supposed to be seen and not heard. Rarely seen at that. Women were to be prim and proper, the ideal women. Females were able to speak their minds but their thoughts and ideas were shaped by men.

Henry VIII

English King who broke away from Pope in order to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon. Created the Anglican Church and declared himself head of the Church of England.

Sir Thomas More

English statesman and author. He wrote "Utopia," describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony.

Gutenburg

Inventor of the Printing Press. German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type. Printed the first bible.

Politique

Leader who puts the interests of the state in front of their own personal or religious interests.

10. Explain in a short paragraph what prompted Martin Luther to post the 95 Theses. Where and When?

Martin Luther was a devout follower of God, but he was astonished and outraged by the Church itself and all their despicable acts. He specifically pointed out in his 95 Theses the error in indulgences and the mixture of nepotism and simony that corrupted the church officials. 1517 Wittenburg, Germany.

9. Exploration

Motives: To spread religion, to conquer lands for power and reasources, and for pure scientific discovery and the pride attached to it. Prince Henry the Navigator: 15th Century Portuguese Prince. Although he was neither a sailor nor a navigator, he sponsored a great deal of exploration along the west coast of Africa. Under his patronage, Portuguese crews founded the country's first colonies and visited regions previously unknown to Europeans. Henry is regarded as an originator of the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade. Vasco de Gama: In 1497, he was commissioned by the Portuguese king to find a maritime route to the East. His success in doing so proved to be one of the more instrumental moments in the history of navigation. He subsequently made two other voyages to India, and was appointed as Portuguese viceroy in India in 1524. Hernando Cortes: Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain. He first set sail to the New World at the age of 19. Cortés later joined an expedition to Cuba. In 1518, he set off to explore Mexico. There he strategically aligned some native peoples against others to overthrow them. King Charles I appointed him governor of New Spain in 1522. Cortés died in Spain in 1547. Bartolome de las Casas: early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there. His several works include Historia de las Indias (first printed in 1875). A prolific writer and in his later years an influential figure of the Spanish court, Las Casas nonetheless failed to stay the progressive enslavement of the indigenous peoples of Latin America.

8. Machiavelli's "The Prince"

Rulers Should: Necessary characteristics include being feared or loved, but not hated, having the people's support, convincingly displaying virtues, using one's own arms, and having intelligence. Rulers Avoid: Do not be hated

18. Areas rules by Charles V and the Hapsburg family

See Packet -or- <img src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c9/ea/e6/c9eae60473ba3b291e97619df15ada89.jpg" alt="Image result for colored and labeled area ruled by Charles V and the Hapsburg family"/>

5. Identify one Renaissance work of art. Who is the artist and what is the significance of the work?

The School of Athens by Raphael: The painting features several figures from classical Greece, and is a statement about the coexistence of pagan Greek philosophy and modern Christian Italian culture, as the basis for European civilization. Artistic techniques included are foreshortening and perspective

Elizabeth I

Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory from 1558 to 1603 and united Protestants and Catholics through compromise.

12. Beliefs of John Calvin

Where: Calvinism spread into England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, the English-speaking colonies of North America, and parts of Germany and central Europe. Predestination: According to John Calvin, predestination is God's unchangeable decree from before the creation of the world that he would freely save some people (the elect), foreordaining them to eternal life, while the others (the reprobate) would be "barred from access to" salvation and sentenced to "eternal death (180, 184)." Lifestyle restrictions for his followers: ???