Period 2 (1607-1754)
SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Merriam-Webster: GOVERNMENT or control of a country, group, etc, by its own members rather than by the members of a different country, group, etc Significance: The establishment of self-governing institutions in the British colonies of North America and the attempted control of them by the British monarchy would lead to the American Revolution. As stated earlier before, the British colonists established self-governing institutions due to the great geographic distance from Britain and the lack of British attention to their North American colonies, as they were preoccupied with fighting wars in Europe. After the French and Indian War, the British attempted to control these institutions more directly then before, leading to the colonists disapproval as they were used to governing themselves for decades; this eventually led to the American Revolution, and the birth of the United States of America.
SELF-GOVERNMENT Self-Governing Institutions Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating SELF-GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another D) Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of SELF-GOVERNMENT, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Merriam-Webster: Government or control of a country, group, etc., by its own members rather than by the members of a different country, group, etc. Significance: Self governments are the foundation upon which American Democracy was built. These ideas of representation in government were opposite of those in England, and proved to be successful. Later movements such as the Enlightenment furthered the principal of a government by the people, and eventually became the premise for the United States government.
DUTCH AND FRENCH Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, FRENCH, DUTCH, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. B. FRENCH and DUTCH colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from NPS.GOV and Wikipedia.org: Although the Netherlands only controlled the Hudson River Valley from 1609 until 1664, in that short time, DUTCH entrepreneurs established New Netherlands's, a series of trading posts, towns, and forts up and down the Hudson River that laid the groundwork for towns that still exist today. Fort Orange, the northernmost of the Dutch outposts, is known today as Albany; New York City's original name was New Amsterdam, and the New Netherlands's third major settlement, Wiltwyck, is known today as Kingston. Unlike New York City and Albany, however, where the traces of colonization can be difficult to find, in Kingston, the history of New York's DUTCH colonization is quite evident. The FRENCH colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued on into the following centuries as FRANCE established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. FRANCE founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs. As they colonized the New World, the FRENCH established forts and settlements that would later become cities. Significance: The Dutch had a significant impact on North America, as they established the future settlement of New York; originally, the Northeastern settlement was given the name New Amsterdam. Eventually New Amsterdam was captured by the English and renamed New York, in honor of the Duke of York. The English transformed New York into a bustling trade center, which would later become one of the largest cities in North America during this time period, due to its rapid growth. Meanwhile, the French colonization of North America led to the creation of more intense wars between the British and the Native Americans. The French were more civil with the Indigenous people of North America then the British and Spanish and traded with them peacefully; once the French withdrew their colonies from North America, the Native Americans expected the English to be kind to them like the French was. Unfortunately, the English were often hostile with the Natives, which resulted in more conflicts between the two groups.
PLANTATIONS Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. D. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop PLANTATION economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: A PLANTATION is a large piece of land (or water) usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is specifically planted for widespread commercial sale and usually tended by resident laborers. The crops grown include fast-growing trees (often conifers), cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, sisal, oil seeds (e.g. oil palms), rubber trees, and various fruits. Earlier forms of PLANTATION agriculture were associated with large disparities of wealth and income, foreign ownership and political influence, and exploitative social systems such as indentured labor and slavery. Significance: The development of plantations defined the culture and the economy of the Southern colonies. Plantations dominated the economy, rather then small-scale farms, as these plantations were very profitable due to the use of slave labor; slave labor was very efficient during this time period, as it was very cheap and more then 100 slaves worked on a large plantation at a time. This also created an aristocratic hierarchy, as plantation owners who owned an enormous amount of slaves were at the top, and Africans, since they were seen as pieces of property, were at the very bottom.
ANGLICIZATION Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another B) The British colonies experienced a gradual ANGLICIZATION over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: ANGLICIZATION or Englishing, is the process of converting anything to more "English" norms. Significance: Anglicization was significant during the Colonial Era, as it symbolized that the British colonists continued to preserve their culture, even on a different continent. These colonists continued to think of themselves as British and not "American" until the British government began to control their democratic institutions more directly then they had in the past.
ENGLISH Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. C. ENGLISH colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: BRITISH colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland before the Acts of Union, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The ENGLISH, and later the BRITISH, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might. Significance: The British colonization had a lasting impact on North America; due to the numerous amounts of Protestants that immigrated to North America from England, the future, independent country of the United States would be a predominantly Protestant nation for decades, resulting in intense prejudice against Catholics throughout the years. The British colonists also established self-governing institutions in North America, due to the lack of British control in the colonies, as the they were occupied with fighting wars in Europe and their geographic distance from Britain. Once the British crown began to attempt to control these institutions more intensely then before, the colonists began to protest, as they were used to governing themselves for decades; this eventually led to the American Revolution and the birth of the United States.
SPANISH Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. I. SPANISH, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. A. SPANISH efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the SPANISH EMPIRE would expand across half of South America, most of Central America and the Caribbean Islands, and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). Significance: The Spanish colonization of North America had a significant impact on North America; due to the Spanish inclusion of American Indians, as they forcibly attempted to convert them into Christianity which often resulted in violent revolts, and Africans, as they were forced into bondage once they were brought to North America, in their society, this resulted in the development of a racial hierarchy, known as the Casta system, in Spanish territories, as different races mixed together. White Spaniards that were originally from Spain were at the top of this hierarchy in North America, while enslaved African-Americans, American Indians, and Zambos, a child of African and Indian descent, were at the very bottom.
AMERICAN INDIANS Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and AMERICAN INDIANS for resources III. Competition over resources between European rivals and AMERICAN INDIANS encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and AMERICAN INDIANS, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. E. British conflicts with AMERICAN INDIANS over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. C) The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: In the United States, NATIVE AMERICANS are considered to be people whose pre-Columbian ancestors were indigenous to the lands within the nation's modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of numerous distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups, and many of these groups survive intact today as sovereign nations. Significance: American Indians were viewed as inferior and uncivilized by Europeans such as the British and Spanish. American Indians had played a significant role in the survival and growth of the first colonial settlement. Difference in culture and language made it even harder for them to have good relationship with the Europeans. Europeans threw them out of their lands or subjugate them and forced them to work. The Native Americans resisted European colonization through revolts and rebellions. However, not all Europeans treated them badly, the French and the Dutch made alliances and trades with the Natives.
INDENTURED SERVANTS Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male INDENTURED SERVANTS later by enslaved Africans Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of INDENTURED SERVANTS. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: Indentured servitude was a labor system where people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere. Significance: Indentured servants were the first form of labor utilized in the British North American colonies, serving as a precedent for slavery. Slavery eventually replaced indentured servitude as the main labor system in the colonies, as it was cheaper and slaves lasted in bondage forever, while indentured servants were released after a certain amount of years.
METACOM'S WAR Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. E. British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as METACOM'S WAR (King Philip's War) in New England. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: KING PHILLIP'S WAR, sometimes called the First Indian War, METACOM'S WAR, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. The war is named for the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, who had adopted the English name "King Philip" in honor of the previously-friendly relations between his father and the original Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678. Significance: The defeat of the Native Americans in Metacom's War further represented the ongoing struggles between the British colonists and the American Indians. Because the British colonists believed that they should be able to occupy Native American land, due to white superiority and the belief that these Indigenous people were not properly utilizing their land, they often fought viciously with these various tribes, resulting in wars, such as Metacom's War. Often times, the British colonists won, as they had advanced weapons, such as guns, allowing them to effectively push Native Americans off of their land.
MERCANTILISM Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. C) The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue MERCANTILIST economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: MERCANTILISM was an economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism or absolute monarchies. MERCANTILISM includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Historically, such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion. Significance: Initially, the enforcement of mercantilism in the British North American colonies was relaxed, as the British monarch was preoccupied with fighting wars in Europe. However, once the French and Indian War ended, the British government began to enforce mercantilism more stringently then before due to the massive debt gained from this conflict, leading to the frustration of the colonists and the American Revolution.
EPIDEMIC DISEASES Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. B. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading EPIDEMIC DISEASES that caused radical demographic shifts. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: Native American DISEASE and EPIDEMICS pervade many aspects of Native American life, both throughout history and in the present day. DISEASES and EPIDEMICS can be chronicled from centuries ago when European settlers brought diseases that devastated entire tribes to the modern day when Native Americans face serious struggles with particular DISEASES. Significance: Because Native Americans were not immune to diseases carried over by Europeans, as they were never exposed to them previously. This made it easier for Spaniards to colonize them, due to these epidemic diseases wiping out most of the Native American population.
ENSLAVED AFRICANS Chattel Slavery Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by ENSLAVED AFRICANS. D. The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of ENSLAVED AFRICANS, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. A. An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as ENSLAVED AFRICANS and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of ENSLAVED AFRICANS were sent to the West Indies. B) As CHATTEL SLAVERY became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: SLAVERY is a legal or economic system in which principles of property law are applied to humans allowing them to be classified as property, to be owned, bought and sold accordingly, and they cannot withdraw unilaterally from the arrangement. While a person is a SLAVE, the owner is entitled to the productivity of the SLAVE'S labour, without any remuneration. The rights and protection of the SLAVE may be regulated by laws and customs in a particular time and place, and a person may become a SLAVE from the time of their capture, purchase or birth. Significance: The labor system of slavery set the precedent for the exploitation of black people throughout the decades, and even centuries, in the British colonies and in the future nation; because Africans were considered property, as they were bought and sold, they were considered by white colonists to be inhuman. This led to the removal of their rights once slavery was established in British North America, and the further discrimination and racism towards freed blacks in the colonies. The labor system of slavery later tear apart the future United States during the Antebellum Era, as Southerners argued that it was crucial to their way of life, and most Northerners argued against it for economic and moral reasons.
SOUTHERN COLONIES Period 2, 1607-1754 Colonies of the Southernmost Atlantic Coast Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. D. The colonies of the SOUTHERNMOST ATLANTIC COAST and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the SOUTHERN COLONIES, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: SOUTHERN COLONIES in North America were established by England (later Great Britain), during the 17th and 18th centuries and consisted of the Province of Maryland, the Colony of Virginia, the Province of North Carolina, the Province of South Carolina, and the Province of Georgia. Significance: The Southern Colonies, as stated in the College Board Outline, depended on the use of slave labor in their economy; slave labor was cheap, efficient, and was longer-lasting then indentured servitude, as slaves were in bondage forever, while indentured servants were free after a certain amount of years. Because the Southern Colonies depended so heavily on slave labor, they were hostile to anyone who they believed were trying to take this labor system away from them, claiming that these anti-slavery advocates were trying to change their way of life. This set the precedent for future arguments over slavery in the future nation, and would even lead to a war that would tear this later country apart.
GREAT AWAKENING Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first GREAT AWAKENING and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: THE GREAT AWAKENING, was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, the GREAT AWAKENING made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality. Significance: The Great Awakening inspired the ideas of importance of religion, salvation for all, and independent religious practices which changed lifestyles of settlers. Many replaced church with individual worship, woman gained more religious rights, and more people accepted Christianity.
BRITISH COLONIES Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources II. In the 17th century, early BRITISH COLONIES developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. Key Concept 2.2: The BRITISH COLONIES participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the BRITISH COLONIES to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another B) The COLONIES experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: THE THIRTEEN COLONIES, as of 1775, were BRITISH COLONIES on the east coast of North America which had been founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1732 (Georgia), stretching from New England to the northern border of the Floridas (British East and West Florida). They had very similar political, constitutional and legal systems, and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. As part of the British Empire, the COLONIES engaged in numerous wars against France (and France's Native American or "Indian" allies), but France was expelled from North America in 1763. Significance: The British colonies would eventually become the new, United States of America after the American Revolution. The British colonists, frustrated with the British controlling them more directly then before after years of self-government and relaxed rule, began to protest against the British monarch, which would eventually lead to the American Revolution. The colonists eventually won and established the new republic, the United States of America. Although unsuccessful in the beginning, the United States of America would eventually become a global power and gained the status of one of the most democratic nations in the world.
TOBACCO Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting TOBACCO — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: TOBACCO has a long history from its usages in the early Americas. It became increasingly popular with the arrival of the Europeans by whom it was heavily traded. Following the industrial revolution, cigarettes were becoming popularized in the New World as well as Europe, which fostered yet another unparalleled increase in growth. This remained so until the scientific revelations in the mid-1900s. Significance: Tobacco plantations were distinct from other cash crops by trading, agricultural demands, slave labor, and plantation culture. This crop allowed limitless opportunity to improve quality and yield. Tobacco dominated Chesapeake agricultural regions.
ATLANTIC ECONOMY Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. A. An ATLANTIC ECONOMY developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. A) All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE or TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those enslaved that were transported to the New World, many on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, were West Africans from the central and western parts of the continent sold by other western Africans to western European slave traders, with a small minority being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, and brought to the Americas. The numbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old World immigrants in both North and South America before the late 18th century. Significance: The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade encouraged the further development of slavery and plantations in the Southern economy, as more then 45,000 Africans traveled the Atlantic to North America alone. This slave labor proved crucial in the development of Southern colonies such as Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia, and contributed indirectly through commerce of the North and Middle Colonies.
CHESAPEAKE COLONY North Carolina Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. A. The CHESAPEAKE and NORTH CAROLINA colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco — a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The CHESAPEAKE COLONY were the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both colonies located in British America and centered on the Chesapeake Bay. The Province of NORTH CAROLINA (also known as North Carolina Colony or Royal Colony of North Carolina) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America, which was chartered by eight Lords Proprietor. The province later became the U.S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee, and parts of the province combined with other territory to form the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Significance: The Chesapeake Colony and North Carolina had a great emphasis on self-government in their area; for example, British colonists that resided in Virginia established the House of Burgesses, which was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. This was the precedent for later democratic institutions in the British colonies, which the British crown would attempt to control after the French and Indian War, leading to the American Revolution and the birth of the new nation.
EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control. I. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. A) The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT ideas (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The ENLIGHTENMENT, known in French as the Siècle des Lumières (Century of Enlightenment), and in German as the Aufklärung, was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The principal goals of ENLIGHTENMENT thinkers were liberty, progress, reason, equality, tolerance, fraternity and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. Significance: The European Enlightenment promoted ideals of democracy, self government, and independence that inspired hatred towards the ruling British in some. This spark of hatred would expand into a full force fire in later periods by inspiring the American Revolution. The values promoted in this period were the values that America was formed upon.
MIDDLE COLONIES Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. The MIDDLE COLONIES supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The MIDDLE COLONIES comprised the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America. Much of the area was part of the New Netherlands until the British exerted their control over the region. The English captured much of the area in its war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn. The MIDDLE COLONIES had substantial farming witch allowed them to provide for the New England colonies. Significance: Pennsylvania, one of the major Middle Colonies of British North America, was founded by William Penn; because Penn was a Quaker, a radical Christian denomination that advocated for equality for all, despite race and religion, his colony was established as a truly safe haven for Christians that did not adhere to Puritan beliefs in New England. The colony of Pennsylvania also included Native Americans within their society, an act that was extremely radical within this time period, as they were viewed as "savages" and intensely hated; this set the precedent for the beginning of Native American toleration in the future nation.
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. B. The NEW ENGLAND colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. E. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The NEW ENGLAND colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The NEW ENGLAND COLONIES of British America included the colonies of Connecticut, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts, and Province of New Hampshire. They were part of the Thirteen Colonies, along with the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. These were early colonies of what would later be the states in NEW ENGLAND. Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England, and first applied the term "NEW ENGLAND" to coastal lands of North America from the Long Island Sound to Newfoundland. Significance: Because most of the New England Colonies, such as the Massachusetts Bay Colony, were founded by Protestants fleeing Britain due to intense religious persecution, these colonies developed a reputation for a safe haven for all Puritans and Pilgrims. However, the New England colonies often discriminated against anyone who did not adhere to their beliefs, especially Catholics. The New England colonies also placed a great emphasis on self-government, due to the great geographical distance from Britain; for example, the Pilgrims in their Mayflower Compact stated that they would be able to rule themselves, setting a precedent making their own rules that later reflected itself in the town meetings that were held across colonial New England.
PUEBLO REVOLT Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas F. American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the PUEBLO REVOLT, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The PUEBLO REVOLT of 1680 — also known as Popé's Rebellion — was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. Significance: The Pueblo Revolt symbolized the intense frustration of the Native Americans against the Spanish conquistadors and colonists. Because the Pueblo were forcibly enslaved and forced to convert into Christianity, they began to rebel against these Spanish conquerors and colonists; most of these revolts were unsuccessful, however, the Pueblo Revolt managed to both kill and drive settlers out of the colony of Santa Fe.
PURITANS Period 2, 1607-1754 Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. The New England colonies, initially settled by PURITANS, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. (source: 2015 Revised College Board Outline for A.P. U.S History)
Definition from Wikipedia.org: The PURITANS were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. PURITANISM in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. Significance: The Puritans established the precedent for ideals such as the focus on hard work, the importance of education, a belief in moral excellence, and community responsibility which we now see in our current society. Without these essential ideals, the United States would not be the democratic nation it is today.