Period 2 (Strayer Ch. 3-6)

Susa and Persepolis

Elaborate imperial centers in the Persian Empire, which "reflected the immense wealth and power" of the empire (Chp 3, 110).

Theravada and Mahayana

First, Buddhism was a religion where the Buddha was viewed only as an immensely wise teacher, but not divine. People also didn't have much guidance in their journey to reach Nirvana. This early form of Buddhism was known as _______________. (Chapter 4, 161) Next, early in the common era Buddha was viewed as divine and Bodhisattvas (people who postpone their journey to Nirvana to help those still suffering) provided help with the journey to reach Nirvana. This later form of Buddhism is known as _____________. (Chapter 4, 162) Answer "________________ and ________________"

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius. Goal was to eliminate the chaos and restore social order. Placed importance on education and social order/relationships instead of a god. People were suppose to live based on Confucius' teachings. Another important part of the philosophy is filial piety- respecting parents

Aspasia

lived in Greece from 470-400 BCE. Born in Miletus to a wealthy family, she received a good education and moved to Athens. In Athens, she enjoyed significantly more freedom than other women due to her foreign origins. She became the unmarried partner of Pericles, the leading political figure in Athens, and had considerable influence on him. Critics believe that she was a hetaera, a high-class educated entertainer and sexual companion. (Chapter 5, pg.214-215)

Buddhism

religion that developed from the teachings of the Buddha, a prince who lived in northern India between the mid-6th and mid-4th centuries B.C.E. Spreading from India to Central and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of Asia. During to 20th Century, it also began to spread towards the West. (Chapter 4, pg. 159)

Samsara

the cycle of life, death and rebirth in the Hindu faith

Karma

"What goes around, comes around", Major philosophy in the Buddhist faith. In Buddhism, this idea was that if Buddhists did good things, they would be able to move up higher in the caste system.

Legalism

(China) A political philosophy which espouses clear rules and severe punishments as a means of imposing the authority. (Ch. 3, Pg. 122) "If rewards are high, what the ruler wants will be quickly effected; if punishments are heavy, what he does not want will be swiftly prevented." (Ch. 4, Pg. 150)

Barbarians

(in ancient times) a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian). An uncultured person

Mayan civilization

- 600 BCE to 600 CE - Located on the Yucatan Peninsula - Made up of over 50 city states - Had an advanced writing system, calendar, and a concept of zero - had a solar year which they based their agriculture on (mayan calendar) - had an advanced water management system - had inter-trade between the city states - Had ceremonial centers (pyramid, palaces) - Collapsed due to warfare within the city states, internal division, lack of resources, and natural disaster (Chapter 6: 242-244)

Ashoka

- Indian monarch and emperor - His activities and thinking were left carved on rocks and pillars throughout the kingdom - Converted to Buddhism and had a moralistic approach to governing - Sought to govern in accord with religious values and moral teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism - The policies broke apart after his death. (p. 116, 133-135)

Punic Wars / Carthage

- Rome vs Carthage (a powerful empire with its capital in North Africa) - Helped Rome to expand their territory - Made Rome a naval power (page 118)

Aristotle

A greek philosopher and student of Plato. Represents the most complete expression of the Greek way of knowing, he wrote and commented on almost everything. Had an emphasis on empirical observations.

Judaism

- Started by the Hebrew people, led by Abraham, in the Middle East. - Torah is the religious text. - Centered around the God, Yahweh, who was seen as a "lofty, transcendent deity of utter holiness and purity" (Ch. 4, Pg. 167). This was in contrast to the abundant and more human-like gods of the nearby polytheistic religions. - It was believed that Yahweh would favor you in battle if you were solely devoted to him. - Over time, Yahweh was seen as a god who fosters compassion, rather than a god of war. understanding of God influenced Christianity and Islam (Ch. 4, Pg. 168).

Chavín

- civilization of the Andes, located on coastal Peru - ~900 BCE~200 BCE - widespread religious cult: shamans/priests used hallucinogens from cacti - distinctive elite class, art depicted deities as Amazon animals - temple architecture, sculptures, pottery (pgs. 247-248)

Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia

-In first millennium BCE Exploited resources such as trees and bird species. Islands's culture and government grew in complexity over time(gender roles, specializations, and a feudal system). There was many advancements in technology such as complex burials, dynasties, and sea walls. In addition, the islands there created a number of languages. In all societies there was an increase of gender expectations, religions, chiefdoms, diversity, and unity. Together the island societies created a single cultural region with many commonalities and connections sustained by trades. (Ch6. pg.260)

Pacific Oceania

-a group of islands in the Pacific ranging in size that was each diverse. -They had a shared heritage that created similarities amongst the islands - in 1200 CE they were the last part of the world to be settled - Spilt into Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia -there were trade routes between the islands, especially in Micronesia -women were seen as dangerous, but in some places were able to gain power -had mana and tapu -traded with South America -the economy depended on the ocean (pg 258-262)

Luba

A Bantu-speaking society in Central Africa where women, particularly spirit mediums, were powerful and were thought to contain the spirit of the king. (Ch. 6, pg. 254)

Benin

A French-speaking West African nation. Is also the birthplace of the voodoo religion and home to the former Dahomey Kingdom from circa 1600-1900 (Chapter 12,

Chaco Canyon

A center of Anasazi civilization, with many pueblos that were used as administrative/ceremonial centers. Reached its height around sixth century CE, abandoned around thirteen century CE.

Rome

A city in Europe that was home to the roman empire and originated the religion of christianity (Chapter 3, Page 117)

Kingdom of Kush/ Meroe

A city of the Nubian civilization In the Nile Valley south of Egypt. It flourished between 300 BCE and 100 CE. It was ruled by an all-powerful monarch (could be male or female). They specialized in smelting of iron and metal tools. Their wealth and military power came from their long-distance trading via the Nile and camel caravans, having trade connections with the Mediterranean. After 100 CE, they declined due to deforestation and trade with the African interior switched to the Red Sea, limiting their trading connections. Chapter 6, Page 234-236.

Hopewell/Mound Builders/Cahokia

A culture of mound building east of the Mississippi river that began around 2000 BCE, but between 200 BCE and 400 CE became the most predominant/people who built earthen mounds in North America in the Mississippi river valley and surrounding areas/center of trade networks, contatined a terraced pyramid, the largest structure north of Mexico, thrived from 900-1250 CE (Chapter 6, page 258)

Civilizations

A form of human community that can be defined through its complexity of political and social organization, and by the society's cultural characteristics. Scholars have reservation about use of this term. (Ch. 2 p. 89)

Warring States

A period in Chinese history from 475-221 BCE where feudal states fought for control, ending eventually with the rise of the technologically superior Qin Dynasty to power(Strayer Chap. 3, Pg 122).

Socrates

A philosopher during Greek times. His writings expressed a rational and humanistic way of thinking that helped a Greek cultural tradition that spread widely past Greek lines. His philosophies combined with Plato and Aristotle began the Greek rationalism philosophy that was a style of persistent questioning and a secular explanation of nature and human life. The way he taught was by a constant flow of questioning the logic and assumptions of his students thinking. He was very critical of Athenian democracy, and this brought him into conflict with the Athenian authorities. He was accused of corrupting the youth and sentenced to death. (pgs 114, 148, 151, 169, and 170)

Spartacus

A roman gladiator who lead a revolt against the Roman empire together with 40,000 troops. His revolt had no lasting effect on slavery in Rome. 208

Great Wall of China

A series of fortifications that form the world's largest and longest set of defensive barriers to date, built as part of a futile attempt to defend the Chinese from the Xiongnu confederation.

Patriarchy

A system of government/society in which men hold all/most of the power and women do not have as much power. In this type of government, men were regarded as superior to women (Strayer 73). Many of the civilizations we have studied so far are patriarchies, such as Mesopotamia. The system is shown through the laws of Mesopotamia. If a wife was found sleeping with a man other than her husband, she could be drowned, however if a man was found sleeping with another woman, nothing would happen (Strayer 74).

Civil Service Examination

A test which was used to recruit government officials and military officials into office. Instead of just appointing officials by family lineage, officials are appointed based on their knowledge of what they are tasked to do.

Arthrashastra

A treatise that shows a political philosophy for Mauryan rulers. It showed how the political world works not how it should work. (pg 132)

Anasazi/Ancestral Pueblo

A tribe located in Southwest USA (the four corners). 600-800 C.E. is when permanent villages started appearing there and currently the Navajo's reside there. (Ch. 6, 255-256)

'royal road'

An ancient highway that Darius I (a Persian king) built which "facilitates communication and commerce" across the Persian empire (Chp 3, 109).

Xiongnu

An early nomadic confederacy established around the same time as the Han dynasty. Constant raids from them in the north of Han China were devastating to the empire. (284, 334-335)

Emperor Wu Di

An emperor of the Han Dynasty who vastly increased the authority of the leaders of the Han Empire and ensured that Confucianism was the main philosophy in Han China.

Tikal

Ancient Mayan city-state containing ceremonial pyramid-like fortresses. Contained perhaps, 50,000 people. (CH. 6 p. 243)

Role of Women in Han Dynasty

As Confucianism was the main religion of the time, a group of people in the Han Dynasty was expected to be submissive to the man that was in control of them. Either their father or their married partner after they have gotten married because that is what is described in Confucius's five relationships and values.

Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) and the Hellenistic Era

Conquered the Persian Empire, the world's dominant empire at the time, from his home in Macedonia. The geography of Macedonia compelled him to conquer the Greek city-states first. In doing this, their culture fused with the Macedonians, and as he spread the reign of his empire, he spread Greek culture with it. (CH.4 p. 114)

Wen/Wu

Corresponding Confucian virtues for ideal men and women were contained in the paired concepts of ______ and ____. Both of which were limited largely to males. The superior principle of ________ referred to refined qualities of rationality, scholarship, and literary abilities while _____ focused its attention on physical and martial achievements. (Ch. 4, Page 153)

Christianity

Founded by Jesus of Nazareth where he came from a lower-class family. Jesus inherited from the Jewish tradition an intense devotion to a single God to whom he called "Abba". Early on had a restriction for women, but it was changed as the number of women in this religion increased. Spread through the Roman Empire after Jesus's death, but it was mostly the lower-class people that converted to this religion in the beginning. The Roman Emperor, Constantine, helped the religion to spread through Rome by promoting it in the empire because he believed a Christian God helped him win the war. Later, it was quickly spread throughout the whole world and became one of the five main religions today. (Chapter 4 172-175)

Zoroastrianism

Founded by Persian prophet Zarathustra, it converted classical Persian polytheism in to a monotheistic one, under the single god Ahura Mazda. It is similar to Christianity's concept of afterlife, with a person being good sent to Paradise and a bad person sent to everlasting punishment. Limited in spread but first influential monotheistic religion.

Greece city-states: Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth

Greek settlers between 750- 500 BCE established cities all around the Aegean Sea. They frequently competed against each other in the Olympics and had a political rivalry with each other and also each had different political systems. (Strayer Ch. 3 p. 111-112)

Vedas/ Upanishads

Hindu sacred texts. The first ones describe many rituals and place importance in priests. The second ones there is less focus on rituals and more on philosophy. They also introduced the idea of Brahman, the world soul. (ch. 3, pg. 158)

Nirvana

In Hinduism and Buddhism, ________is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a person's individual desires and suffering go away.

Axum

Kingdom in Ethiopia -agriculture was productive, plow based, and economic foundation -benefit economically from Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade -adopted Christianity through trade, which maintained a dominant religion -conquered the kingdom of Meroe Fell because of change in trade routes, deforestation, soil exhaustion, and rise of Islam (pgs 237-239)

Ban Zhao

Known as the first female Chinese historian. She was a Confucious writer who wrote a series of works, including one about women's conduct. (210)

Mauryan Empire

Located in India, it consisted of 50 million people with towns and cities. Politically, it resembled Rome. There was a caste system. People mainly practiced hinduism and buddhism. There was a flourish of math, medicine, art, literature,science and the building of temples.

Hinduism

Major world religion that originated in India. Had the idea of the individual soul in the world soul. Also believed in many smaller deities as opposed to one god. Karma and rebirth were key parts of this religion as well and the goal was to reach moksha or liberation. (ch. 3, pg. 158).

empire

One of the forms of centralized political organization of the second-wave civilizations, that include political systems that exercise coercive power. They generally encompass a larger variety of peoples and cultures. (Ch. 3, p. 106)

Camel Domestication

Originally from Arabia and made possible trans-Saharan commerce, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean. Were used as transportation through the Silk Road and other trade routes between civilizations. Chapter 6, page 232.

Niger River Valley / Jenne-jeno

People came from the Sahara in search for water, and they formed cities -absence of state structure -complex urban centers with no state authority -labor specialization turned into caste system -participated in West African trade (pgs 239-40)

Satraps

Persian governors who ruled over each of the empire's 23 provinces. (Chapter 3, page 108)

Qin Shihuangdi

Ruler of the Chinese state of Qin after age of warring states. The state of Qin had working bureaucracy, iron weapons, and good agriculture/food production. This enabled them to beat the other warring states of China in only ten years under Shihuangdi's rule. He ruled with an iron fist, and was a strong legalist (Chapter 3, page 122). The Qin dynasty ended almost as quickly as it came to power, which showed that ruling solely with legalism wasn't very effective for an Empire (Chapter 4, page 150).

Empress Wu

She was the only woman in more than 3,000 years to rule China by herself. She was Ruthless and decisive, she set the Tang dynasty back on track at a time when it was crumbling down. This was a major achievement given the Tang period is reckoned the golden age of Chinese civilization. "She killed her sister, butchered her elder brothers, murdered the ruler, poisoned her mother." She was very disliked by the men on her way of ruling, given that she was disturbing the way of life in their eyes. She forced two of her grandchildren to commit suicide, and she poisoned her husband as well. Empress Wu's rise to the queen was possible by her framing Empress Wang as the killer of her (Wu's) 1-week old baby and the emperor believed her. And he exiled her to the far reaches of the kingdom, and Empress Wu rose to power. This can found in Chapter 5.

Greek citizenship

Some of the city-states, such as Athens, had a political system where all free male citizens could vote on matters of policy, unlike other societies like Persia where there was a strict hierarchy and absolute monarchies ruled. This was one of the earliest examples of democracy. (Strayer Ch. 3 p.112)

Alexander Of Macedon (Alexander the Great)

The 'Great' Greek military leader who conquered Persia, around the (Eastern) Mediterranean, and even into some of India. He was born to Philip II (who lead the Macedonian takeover/unification of Greece) and died at a young age. (356-322 BCE) Source: Strayer pg. 114-116

Confucianism vs Legalism

The competing belief systems came to prominence during the Warring States period of Chinese history. The first word is an ethic of moral uprightness, social order, and filial responsibility, while the second is a theory of autocratic, centralized rule and harsh penalties. (Chapter 3 review)

Xia, Shang, Zhou

The first 3 dynasties of China, which were some of the first civilizations. They rose and fell through the dynastic cycle. (2200 B.C.E - 500 B.C.E) (Ch. 3 Page 122)

Octavian/Augustus

The first emperor of the Roman empire. Later granted the title of _____________, which implied a divine status for the ruler. (Chapter 3, page 121.)

paterfamilias

The head of a roman household, the eldest living man; had absolute rule over his household and children (Chapter 3, pg.120.121)

Filial Piety

The honoring of one's parents and a key element of Confucianism.

Mandate of Heaven

The ideology was a method for East Asian emperors to justify their autocratic rule. They argued that a good ruler had the blessing of heaven and as such was justified to rule, and a despotic ruler would have that permission revoked by heaven.

Persian Empire

The largest empire in 500 BCE., _________ is located on the margins of the Mesopotamian civilization. The empire stretched from western India to the outside of Greece. The empire had three major emperors, Cyrus II, Cambyses II, and Darius I. The political system was bureaucratic. Major reasons for the empire's collapse were a lessen in military focus, a loss in the power of leaders, and migration out of the empire. Chapter 3, page 108.

Rapa Nui

The native name of Easter Island. Human settlers caused most of the trees and birds there to die by the 18th century. People of this island were responsible for making the giant stone heads, aka Moai that depicted sacred ancestors and chiefs and were made sometime between 1200 and 1600. Important point in the Pacific trade between South America and the Pacific Islands. (Ch 6, pages 259-262)

Wari and Tiwanaku

The prominent civilization in the Andes Mountains before the rise of the Incan Empire. _____, like the Moche, depended on trade among different agricultural areas in the empire. (Ch 6) Another civiliation near ______ that flourished about the same time as _______. It is theorized that _____ was originally dependent on ________, or that ____ and _______ were two parts of the same empire. (Ch 6)

Moksha

The release from the cycle of rebirth in Hinduism

Han Dynasty

The second dynasty in china after the warring states period. Lasted from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.. Founded my Liu Bang. Based upon Confusion principals with an emphasis of knowledge and literacy. High Class of scholars, low class of peasant who made up the majority of the populace.

Hellenistic Period

The spread of the Hellenic culture- which began approximately with the death of Alexander The Great (323 C.E.-31 BC) which was because of the Greek presence politically ~New wave of Greek colonization Politically- Characterized with a division or split, due to wars- then led to weakening of empire and room for competing kingdoms to take advantage

Germanic Kingdoms

These kingdoms of people were the ultimate downfall of the Roman Empire. They banded together and invaded the eastern half of Rome, which split the empire into various kingdoms which would eventually become France, Britain and Germany. The western half of Rome became the Byzantine Empire.

Greco-Persian War & Peloponnesian War

These two wars were fought during the Classical Era (499-449 BCE and 431-404 BCE respectively). The first war caused by Persia trying to conquer Greece, and being met by strong resistance from the newly united Greek city-states. The second war was caused by inter-city-state conflicts as the Delian League lost control (founded during the first war). The fighting primarily between Athens and Sparta. The first war ended with Persia withdrawing, and Greece gaining independence (a positive note for Greece). But the second ended with Athens being beaten by Sparta (a negative note for Greece). Source: Strayer pg. 116-117

Mana and Tapu

These were central concepts in Polynesian culture related to leadership and power. Having ______ is not limited to people, places, objects, and governments can also possess _____. ______ are sets of sacred and inviolable rules, an English word that retains the main meaning is "taboo".

Teotihuacán

This city in Mesoamerica began around 150 B.C.E. and occupied about eight square miles. By 550 C.E., it had a population of between 100,000 and 200,000. It was far by the largest urban complex in the Americas at the time and one of the six largest in the world(Chapter 6, pg. 244).

Kushan Empire

This empire was comprised of a nomadic people who who migrated from western China to what is now northwestern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. There culture was influenced by hellenism and the two main religions were hinduism and Buddhism (they often blended the two).Finally, this empire clashed with the expanding Han dynasty,

Yellow Turban Rebellion

This happened because peasants were unhappy about the conditions they lived in. They had extremely high taxes and very little land. This revolt has as many as 360,000 followers, and the ideology of Daoism. This revolt devastated the economy, weakened the state, and led to the end of the Han dynasty.

Slavery in Rome

This was an important role in society and the economy. Besides manual labor, slaves performed many domestic services, and might be employed at highly skilled jobs and professions. As the Roman empire slowly collapsed so did slavery in Rome, may were set free and it was not nearly as common as before.

Wang Mang

Took emperor's throne in 8 C.E. Tried to counteract the increasing power of landlords. Ordered private estates to be nationalized, and ordered them to split their land. The wealthy land owning families did not like that, and he was assassinated in 23 C.E. Land owners took control again, and remained the main feature in China.

Pax Romana

Translates to "Roman peace" 27 BCE to 180 CE The 200 year period of prosperity through the Roman empire. During this time, the Roman empire reached its peak in land area, and its population grew to 70 million

Cyrus and Darius

Two leaders of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid Dynasty. The first ruled from 557-530 BCE and the second ruled from 522-486 BCE. Under these leaders, the Persian Empire expanded into Egypt and India, forming an empire of 35-50 million people. (Chapter 3, page 108)

Gupta Empire

Was located in India and lasted from 320-550 CE. Came about 600 years after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire. During this time there was a flourishing of art, literature, temple building, science, mathematics, and medicine. Indian trade with china also thrived, and elements of Buddhism and Hinduism culture took root. (Ch 3, pg. 133).

Helots

Were conquered people who lived in slave-like conditions. They far outnumbered the free citizens of Sparta and represented a permanent threat of rebellion. As a result, Sparta created a military regime who was already ready for war and to keep this class of people in place. This military changed their society. Boys were taken from their families at the age of 7 and in constant warfare, therefore offering more freedom for women (in the household as well). Although their main job was to reproduce, they were encouraged to participate in sporting events. (Chapter 5, pg. 215 - 216)

Achaemenid Dynasty

______ lead the Persian Empire to success, establishing an imperial system drawing on previous empires. ______occurred from 553-330 BCE. The three famous monarchs during this time were Cyrus and Darius. Chapter 3, page 108.

Atman/Brahman

___________ is one's individual soul or the essence of someone. ___________, on the other hand, refers to the world soul or the entire essence of the universe. They are connected in the sense that in Hindu tradition, one's individual soul is their role in society. The other concept means that you can get reborn, and therefore able to move up in caste system.

Stupa

a Buddhist commemorative monument containing relics of the Buddha. (Ch. 4 pg. 161) Sanchi holds the oldest stone building in India, commisioned by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. (Ch. 3 pg. 134)

Yin and Yang

a fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy where there is good in bad and bad in good. One side was viewed as masculine and higher class and the other was viewed as lower female class.

Daoism

a philosophical and religious tradition that developed in China in ancient times under the influence of ideas credited to a man named Laozi. Based on the concept of the "Way" . No real care because everything is based off their true nature.

Bodhisattvas

an idea in Buddhism of "spiritually developed people who postponed their own entry into nirvana to assist those who were still suffering" (Chapter 4, pg. 162). This idea was a part of Mahayana Buddhism, the popular religion form of Buddhism which was widespread in China.

Bantu Expansion/Language

culture originated In Nigeria and Cameroons during 3000 BCE. As these people began to migrate throughout Africa, 400 distinct but related languages showed up known together as _____. The The expansion was a slow movement of small groups of people. Eventually, the spread brought cultural and linguistic commonality between the continent. (pgs 252-253) strengths = spread of iron technology, disease prevention due to immunity to animal disease because they were a herding society, large numbers live in a small area due to agriculture less patriarchal - Religion was based on local natural spirits versus one god