Period 4 APUSH

What did the decline of the Federalist Party lead to in the 1810s and 1820s, when only one major party competed for votes on the national level?

"Era of Good Feelings"

What was the rallying call of those who wanted the US to own the entire Organ territory (along the 54°40' line)

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

What were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, and Seminole Indian tribes referred to as?

"Five Civilized Tribes"

The US merchants opened a lucrative trade with China following the Revolution. This trade, not officially sanctioned by the US government, is known as the "___ ___ ___." It was driven by the American demand for Chinese products, such as tea, porcelain, and silk, and opened new markerts to the US. Ended in 1844.

"Old China Trade"

What was the Missouri Compromise?

(1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude

What was the "Trail of Tears?"

(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory in Oklahoma; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

(1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives (northern majority) but was defeated in the Senate (southern majority)

What was the case of Cohens v Virginia?

*It affirmed the right of the Supreme Court to take appeals from state courts.* it involved the ability og the state to prohibit the Cohen brothers from selling lottery tickets in Virginia. The Court upheld Virginia's right to forbid the sale of tickets.

What was the case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward?

*granted corporations several rights they had not previously had, as well as uphold sanctity of contracts.* Involved New Hampshire's attempt to rescind the charter of Dartmouth College given by the king and turn Dartmouth into a state college.

What was the case of Worcester v Georgia?

*it was a case that resulted in a judicial challenge to the national government's forced removal of the Cherokee people under the dictate of the Indian Removal Act.* The case struck down a Georgia statute that forbade non-American Indians from entering American Indian territory without first getting a license from the state. *The Court upheld the autonomy of American Indian communities.*

What was the case of Marbury v Madison?

*the principle of judicial review was established.* The case involved the seating of judges that had been appointed in the last days of the John Adams administration in order to fill slots created by an expended judiciary that grew out of the Judiciary Act of 1801; he did this because he wanted to maintain Federalists power in the court system. When Jefferson assumed the presidency, he was angered at the "eleventh-hour appointments," and had VP James Madison, not deliver them. A potential judge, William Marbury, sued to have his commission delivered. SC said Marbury was not entitled to his seat bc the law he was basing his argument on -- the Judiciary Act of 1789 -- was unconstitutional.

What was the case of Fletcher v Peck?

*upheld the sanctity of contracts.* The SC upheld a corrupt land deal between the state of Georgia and private individuals; they said deal may have been corrupt, but contract should be upheld.

What were some of the proposals proposed by Clay in the "American System?"

1. American needed "internal improvements" in transportation 2. Putting high tariffs on imported goods to make foreign goods more expensive, which in turn would increase American manufacturing. 3. Chartering of the Second Bank of the US in order to stabilize the economy and make credit more available.

Why was the purpose of the Louisana Territory so important?

1. It doubled the size of the United States, and added the fertile Great Plains region. This region became the most important agricultural region in the US. 2. The US gained full control of the port of New Orleans.

Why was the election of 1828 considered to be the first modern election?

1. the electorate was much broader than in previous elections. 2. most states had reduced or removed property qualifications for voting so that most free males had the right to vote. 3. candidates had to campaign more aggressively and tailor their appeal to reach a broader audience. 4. increased focus on character and personality

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

What was the Webster-Ashburton treaty?

1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov. South Carolina threatened the US with secession; Jackson sent military to stop the resistance (Force Bill).

Florida had come into American hands as a result of the ___-___ ____.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Richard Allen developed which African American sect of Christianity that reflected a desire on the part of the free African American community to have greater autonomy and to tailor religious service to the needs and experiences of the African American community?

African Methodist Church

Why did the Lowell girls go on strike in 1834 & 1836?

After an announcement regarding wage cuts, the Lowell girls demanded their original wages be restored. They won their battle, but eventually were replaced with Irish immigrants eager to work for lower wages.

What was founded in 1817 with the goal of transporting African Americans back to Africa? It was started by antislavery Quakers. The motives, however, were varied; some wanted slaves to leave to escape the racism in the US, while others wanted to rid America of the inferior caste. The colony purchased land in Africa and named the colony Liberia.

American Colonization Society

The first railroad tracks were laid in 1829 by what railroad company?

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Trade in the Mediterranean was controlled by four North African states -- Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli -- known as what?

Barbary states

At the ___ __ ___ in Canada, American forces defeated british and American Indian forces and killed the American Indian leader Tecumseh.

Battle of Thames

The ____ ___ ____ ousted members of the Tecumseh's confederation and was perceived as an American victory.

Battle of Tippcanoe (1811)

Why was Jefferson so conflicted over whether or not to accept Napoleon's offer of the Louisiana Territory?

Because Jefferson long held a strict constructionist view of the Constitution, he did not want to initially buy the territory because the Constitution did not explicitly say the US could acquire more land. However, Jefferson knew Napoleon could rescind his offer, so he violated his stated principle and bought the territory.

Why did Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States?

Because he believed it put too much power into the hands of a small elite

Why did several presidents block the attempted annexation of Texas into the US?

Because these presidents did not want to add to sectional tensions by admitting a large slave state into the country.

What was the British practice of impressment of American sailors?

British sailors would seize American ships, and sometimes cargo. The British would also seize American seamen and press them into service in the British navy because Britain claimed that these men were deserters from the British navy, but most were not

Who was the chief Seminole leader who was captured during the 2nd Seminole War?

Chief Osceola

What Christian sect did Joseph Smith Jr. found in upstate NY in 1830?

Church of the Latter-Day Saints, or Mormonism

Whose efforts led to the creation of the first generation of mental asylums in the US?

Dorthea Dix

What was the most significant canal project, which effectively connected New York City with the interior of the country?

Erie Canal

What were the two parties of the First Two-Party System that developed in the 1790s?

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

Why did Napolean sell the Louisiana Territory?

France needed funds in order to fund a war with Great Britain, so Napoleon sold the territory for a reasonable price of $15 million

Who was a leading abolitionist who was born into slavery in 1818 and escaped to the North in 1838? He learned to read and write, and became a powerful speaker in the antislavery movement.

Frederick Douglass

Who led the Texan rebels to their victory for independence form Mexico, and then established the Lone Star Republic in 1836?

General Sam Houston

Who was the most well-known defender of slavery in the 1850s? He was sharply critical of the pronouncements of northern defenders of the "free labor" ideology, insisting that the system masked a heartless approach to the world. Also said slavery was sanctioned in the Bible.

George Fitzhugh

How did Jackson effectively end the Second Bank of the United States?

He moved federal deposits from the Bank of the US to state banks, 'pet banks,' in Democratic-leaning states

In the nationalist mood that followed the War of 1812, who proposed a series of proposals to promote economic growth he later called the "American System?"

Henry Clay

Who were some authors that were popular during the American Renaissance of literature in the antebellum period?

Herman Melville: Moby Dick Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass Nathaniel Hawthorne: Scarlet Letter Henry David Thoreau: Walden

Who was among the most vocal advocates for free public education? He was secretary of education in Massachusetts in the 1840s and 50s, and served in the US House of Reps.

Horace Mann

How did improvements in transportation make production for faraway markets possible?

In the eastern half of the US, for example, the land was criss-crossed by a series of roads, canals, and railroads that, along with navigable rivers, moved goods from city to city and from the interior to the coast.

After 1810, states began rewriting corporate laws allowing for the chartering of business. _____ encouraged investment into the corporation and protected the individual investors from liability law.

Incorporation

What was the Market Revolution?

It drew local economies into the national and international economy. It was a drastic change in the manual labor system originating in south (but was soon moved to the north) and later spread to the entire world. Traditional commerce became outdated with the transportation and industrial revolution. As a result, the north started to have a more powerful economy that was starting to challenge the economies of some mid-sized European cities at the time.

Why did the Lowell factories employ so many young women?

It was believed that young women could be paid less and would only be temporary factory operatives

The tense unity of the one-party "Era of Good Feelings" broke apart as the Jacksonian branch of the Democratic-Republicans became known simply as the ____ ____, and Jackson's opponents organized the ___ ___.

Jackson supporters: Democratic Party Jackson opponents: Whig Party

Which president, during his campaign, promised to push for Texas annexation as well as a reoslution of a border dispute with Great Britain over Oregan?

James K. Polk

What was Jefferson's response to the Barbary pirates' demand for an increase in tribute from American shipping?

Jefferson refused, and Tripoli declared war on the US. Jefferson sent warships to the region to engage in fighting and to protect American shipping. The move was popular, and the "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute" was popular.

Who was a leading political figure in the South who asserted the rights of states to nullify federal legislation?

John C. Calhoun

Who was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835 who issued a series of decisions that extended the power of the federal government over state laws?

John Marshall

Who is the only former president to serve in the House of Representatives and became an outspoken critic of slavery?

John Quincy Adams

How did the presence of a large African American population in the South effect southern culture?

Language, food, music, and dialect were effected. However, many white southerners became more and more committed to white supremacy.

What party did a group of abolitionists form in 1840? They said that the Constitution was an antislavery document.

Liberty Party

In the wake of the defeat and dispossession of the Iroquois Confederacy, a Seneca man named Handsome Lake developed a set of spiritual practices that came to be known as the "_____ ____." It drew on traditional and Quaker motifs, and denounced the factionalism that undermined American Indian resistance to white incursions and spoke out against alcohol consumption.

Longhouse Religion

Extensive, water-powered textile mills opened along the Merrimack River in in _____, Massachusetts.

Lowell

In an attempt to revive trade, Congress passed ___ ___ __. __ in 1810. The bill stipulated that if either Great Britain or France agreed to respect America's rights as a neutral nation at sea, the US would prohibit trade with that nation's enemy.

Macon's Bill No. 2

What success did the American Temperance Union achieve in the pre-Civil War period?

Maine became a "dry state" in 1851, completely banning the sale or manufacture of all alcoholic beverages.

What led to the 1st and 2nd Seminole Wars?

Many white southerners raided American Indian villages in Florida because many fugitive slaves escaped there. In turn, these American Indians then raided white communities in Goergia and Alabama

Which two supreme court cases strengthened federal power over state power?

McCulloch v Maryland & Gibbons v Ogden

What was the Hartford Convention?

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of the Republican Party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country and had lost the Federalists much influence and respect (The practical end of the Federalist Party). However, it did pass a revolution calling for a two-thirds vote in Congress for future declarations of war.

What was the most significant road project, which stretched from Maryland into the Ohio River valley?

National Road

How did sectional differences among states effect the Congressional vote on whether or not to declare war on Great Britain?

New England and the Middle Atlantic states were opposed to war because these states relied on trade with Great Britain. Southern states were for the war.

WHo sought to codify a specifically American dictionary, separate from British English, when he published his "American Dictionary of the English Language" in 1828?

Noah Webster

What did Madison replace the unpopular Embargo Act with?

Non-intercourse Act of 1809; it opened trade with all nations except Great Britain and France. However, it was just as unpopular because GB and France were the US's leading trade partners

What the Market Revolution's effect on regionalism between the North and the South?

North- begin to see the beginnings of industrialization South- slavery dramatically grew bc of cultivation of cotton. Made the economies more interlinked but the debate over free v slave labor drew Americans apart socially.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

Often considered the birth of feminism, it was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It issued a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence, saying "all men AND women are created equal."

What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

Passed by Jefferson; it cut of US trade to all foreign ports. Jefferson thought that this would pressure the belligerent nations to agree to leave US ships alone. However, the main effect was to cripple America's mercantile sector. Trade ended up in a standstill.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Why did the government give railroad companies 129 million acres in land grants?

Railroads connected the far reaches of the country, which sped up the movement of goods and expanded markets, which pumped more and more money into the economy.

Who built the first factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, that was powered by the fast-flowing Blackstone River, after smuggling the plans out of Great Britain?

Samuel Slater

Jackson's suspicion of bankers and credit led him to issue the ___ ____, mandating that government-held land be sold only for hard currency (gold or silver "specie"), not paper currency. The move resulted in a shortage of government funds.

Specie Circular

Who led settlers, mostly from the American South, to Texas to settle and form new communities? These settlers were attracted by the abundance of cheap land to grow cotton on.

Stephen Austin

Which tariff raised tariff rates on many items, and led to a general reduction in trade between the US and Europe? This decline in trade hit South Carolina, which depended on its cotton exports, especially hard.

Tariff of 1828, or "Tariff of Abominations"

Which state joined the US as the 15th slave state in 1844?

Texas

What was the Battle of the Alamo?

The Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission, where 200 died.

How did banking expand after the Panic of 1819?

The Second Bank of the US extended credit, as did many newly chartered state banks. These banks issued bank notes, which were the only paper currency in circulation at the time. The system of bank notes as currency was imperfect -- values of notes from one state might be different from another -- but the ability of banks to put currency into the economy fueled economic growth.

How did cotton connect the US economically?

The South grew cotton, which in turn was sold and processed in textile mills in the North. Cotton production connected not only the US domestically, but also internationally to the global economy.

How did the Market Revolution dramatically alter the nation's social fabric?

The gap between the rich and the poor widened, while at the same time fostered the growth of an emerging middle class. Changes in the economy contributed ot changed ideas about class, gender, and family. Society also experienced a widening separation between the private realm of the home and the public realm of work and politics.

Who was Tecumseh?

The most important regional American Indian leader. He recruited Indians to resist encroachments by white settlers, and wanted to unite all the Indian nations east of the Mississippi River.

What was the "putting-out system?"

The putting-out system involved a merchant who loaned, or "put out," raw materials to cottage workers who processed the raw materials in their own homes and returned the finished products to the merchant. Some families were involved in both the putting-out system and subsistence agriculture.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?

The treaty ended the war where it begun. All land seized in the war would be given back, fighting ceased, and the boundary between the US and Canada would remain where it was before the war.

What was nativism in the early nineteenth century?

This was an anti-immigrant sentiment, mostly by Protestant Americans who were afraid that immigrants would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the native US citizens.

What was the Panic of 1819?

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

What ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent

Western congressmen, known as __ ___, became convinced that Britain was encouraging and funding Tecumseh's confederation. These western congressmen, led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, were pushing for military action against the British.

War Hawks

Who was a prominent abolitionist that began publication of "The Liberator?" He advocated for the immediate and uncompensated abolition of slavery. He said slaves were entitled to the same rights as whites.

William Lloyd Garrison

Because there was an increase in European immigration to the US in the first half of the nineteenth century, there was an increase in what movement?

a strong, xenophobic nativist movement

How was the House of Representatives effected by the debate over slavery?

abolitionists agitated to have antislavery resolutions introduced and debated on the floor of the House. IN response, southern politicians successfully pushed for a series of resolutions that would automatically "table" any antislavery resolutions.

Why did "Lowell girls" experience a degree of freedom and autonomy unheard of for young women at the time?

because although they tended to live in closely supervised boarding houses, and the work was also strictly monitored, the women received wages, lived on their own, often were unmarried, and many of them even published a periodical called the "Lowell Offering."

Why did the growing towns adjacent to the Erie Canal come to be known as the "burned over district?"

because of the intensity of the religious revival over there

African American David Walker published his pamphlet entitled "David Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World;" what did this pamphlet say?

called on people of African descent to resist slavery by any and ever means. praised self-defense

The movement of large "____ ____" began in Kentucky, and soon spread around the US, and was especially strong in upstate NY and Pennsylvania.

camp meetings

What contributed to the economic downturn known as the Panic of 1837?

destruction of the Second Bank of the US and the Specie Circular

What groups were most impacted by the Second Great Awakening?

farmers, merchants, businessmen and women. they were brought into the larger society by the market revolution

Under the legal doctrine of ___ ___, wives had no independent legal or political standing.

femme covert

What was the Chesapeake Affair?

in 1807 the British ship 'Leopard' fired on the American ship 'Chesapeake.' 3 Americans were killed and four were abducted.

Why was there an increase in Irish immigration during the 1840s?

in Ireland, crop failures led to mass starvation. Blight afflicted the potato crop, which was a staple for the Irish people.

What was the idea of a "Cult of Domesticity?"

insisted that women keep a proper, Chrstian home -- separate from the male sphere of politics, business, and competition. Discouraged women from participating in public life, and thus relegated women to a second-class structure. Could not vote or sit on juries, and were not entitled to protection against physical abuse by their husbands. Upon marriage, anything they had, including themselves, became property of her husband.

The construction of canals and roads, called at the time ___ ____, did much to expand trade, especially between the Midwest and eastern cities.

internal improvements

What was the case of Gibbons v Ogden?

invalidated a monopoly on the ferry transportation between NY and NJ that had been issued by NY, and asserted that only the federal government could regulate interstate trade.

How did many American Indians resist relocation to the "Indian Territory" in present-day Oklahoma?

legal channels and armed resistance

What did Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans advocate for in the late eighteenth century?

limit the power of the national government and reserve greater authority on the state level.

Although Mexico allowed the Texan settlers a degree of self-government in the 1820s, how did the US settlers flount Mexican law?

most notably, the settlers practiced slavery, which was banned in Mexico

Did Macon's Bill No. 2 have the intended effect the US thought it would have?

no. Napoleon continued to seize US ships, and because the US cut off trade to Britain, relationships worsened between the two and led them to the edge of war.

Where did the majority of immigrants who arrived in the US between 1800 and 1860 come from?

northern and western. two largest groups were from Ireland and from the Germanic states.

How did some slaves subtly resist slavery within their communities?

passed stories down from generation to generation containing pointed messages of the weak dominating the strong. Also, music sustained slave communities. Slaves sometimes made gourd fiddles, which were a hybrid of American and African instruments, that were used to create music that combined African traditions with the traditions of the South

Why did the temperance movement attract such a large following in the antebellum period?

popular among women, who were troubled by the large amount of alcohol their husbands drank. Their husbands would abuse their wives and spend all of his money in taverns on not on his family.

What was the case of McCulloch v Maryland?

prohibited Maryland from taxing the Second Bank of the US

White supremacy and slavery allowed the main social divide in the South to be ___, not class.

race

How did the South become increasingly isolated from the North and the West?

roads and railroads connected North and Midwest, not South. Patterns of migration connected North and Midwest culturally.

The profitability of southern cotton contributed to a dramatic growth in _____ in the first half of the nineteenth century?

slavery

What were some motivations that drew people to the West?

small farmers were inspired by the "free soil" ideal. some were drawn to Texas to find a place as slave-owning cotton growers; some were part of the Mormon exodus to Utah; some were gold seekers drawn to California.

What were some technological innovations that extended the market economy and brought efficiency to the production of goods?

steam engine, interchangeable parts, canals, railroads, the telegraph, and machinery to produce textiles.

What were the main messages of the Second Great Awakening?

success or failure was in his/her hands; hard work, dedication, and restraint would lead to economic success. Told the individual that salvation was also in his/her hands. Righteous living, self-control, and a strong moral compass would lead to salvation.

What was the first field to industrialize?

textile industry

Why did the Federalist party lose support in the first decades of the nineteenth century?

the agricultural areas of the country grew more rapidly than the commercial centers of the Northeast. Also because Federalists held a vigorous opposition to the popular War of 1812.

Why did many German migrants come to the US in the 1840s and 50s?

to escape political repression following the failed revolutions of 1848 in the Germanic states. Settled in the "German triangle:" Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee

What was the goal of the temperance movement?

to limit or even ban the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

What was the American Indian Removal Act?

treaties signed between tribes and government, Indian nations are now on their own and treated as foreign nations. Government paid people to remove "foreign" nations. Became a federal policy

What did Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists advocate for in the late eighteenth century?

use of national bank and import duties to promote commercial and manufacturing industries

What were the three characteristics that characterized industry in the pre-Civil War era?

water, human, and animal power

The emergence of a "middle class culture"-- built around the home, nostalgia and sentimentality, and a watered-down (non-Calvinist) Christian piety -- in the first half of the nineteenth century had what effect on women?

women were seen as the "weaker sex';" in a market-orientated world, women were seen as outside of the rough and tumble world of money and politics. Women were seen as timid and disdainful for competition.