Period 7: AP US History Chapter 23

Initially, what was the rallying cry of many Americans who supported the Allied Forces before Pearl Harbor?

"Send guns, not sons"

By the end of the war, how much did the U.S. workers and factories construct by the end of WWII?

- 300,000 aircraft - 88,000 tanks - 86,000 warships Important Note* Neither Germany nor Japan came close to matching that output

Describe the fascism that was developing in Europe (2 details).

- Adolf Hitler took office in 1933 and sought to expand German influence - Benito Mussolini (who had ruled Italy since 1921) argued for Italian expansion abroad

To whom was most of this alarm and anger following Pearl Harbor focused on (3 details)?

- Americans from the Axis countries (namely, Japanese Americans) - rumors circulated that they intended to sabotage factories and military installations to pave the wave for an invasion of the West Coast - within a week, the FBI arrested over 2,000 citizens of Axis countries

Following the election of 1940, what urgent message did FDR receive from Churchill (2 details)?

- Britain was out of money and needed credit to pay for supplies - asked for U.S. assistance in carrying goods to England and protecting merchant ships from German submarines Important Note* FDR agreed, despite knowing that the request would face congressional and public opposition

What is Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech (3 details)?

- FDR's 1937 address aimed at Germany, Italy, and Japan - called for an international "quarantine" of aggressor nations (though he did not explicitly state the names of these countries) - believed that this was a necessary alternative to the existing isolationism and non-intervention policies

How did the war in Europe intensify in 1940 (6 details)?

- Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway - began his offensive against France by invading Belgium and the Netherlands - meanwhile, French and British troops began a remarkable evacuation to England from the French port of Dunkirk (over 300,000 troops were evacuated) - shortly thereafter, Mussolini entered the war and invaded France from the southeast - within days, France surrendered, leaving Germany and Italy in control of most of western and central Europe - Germany now turned to their final target which would secure European domination: Great Britain - in response, Winston Churchill pledged never to surrender and pleaded with Roosevelt for immediate assistance

What is Executive Order #9066?

- President Roosevelt's order in 1942 - authorized the removal of "enemy aliens" from military areas - when the entire West Coast was declared a military area, this was used to isolate Japanese Americans in internment camps

How did Roosevelt react to the Panay Incident (2 details)?

- Roosevelt favored retaliatory action but received little support (e.g. some pointed out that the Panay was not the same as the Maine) - Japan apologized for the attack and paid the U.S. over $2 million in damages

What was the Manchuria Crisis (3 details)?

- a 1931 incident where Japanese officers used its army already stationed in the region to seize the Chinese province of Manchuria - in turn, they set up their own puppet nation, Manchukuo - justified their actions by staging an "attack" by the Chinese on the Japanese owned Manchurian railway

What is the Neutrality Act of 1935 (5 details)?

- a 1935 Congressional act - prohibited the sale of arms and munitions to any nation at war (whether the aggressor or victim) - authorized the president to warn U.S. citizens against traveling on ships of belligerent nations - goal was to keep the U.S. from being drawn into war - was modified in 1936 to prohibit U.S. involvement in civil wars and loans to countries at war

What is the Neutrality Act of 1937 (3 details)?

- a 1937 Congressional act following FDR's reelection into office - required warring nations to pay cash for all "nonwar" goods and to carry them away on their own ships - prohibited Americans from sailing on the ships of belligerent nations

What is the Munich Agreement (3 details)?

- a 1938 negotiation between Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain - allowed Germany to annex a region of western Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland - was an example of a policy of appeasement in response to tensions between Hitler and the Czechs

What is the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (4 details)?

- a 1939 agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union - was made in conjunction with a German-Italian military alliance - pledged not to fight one another - secretly arranged to divide Poland after Germany conquered it

What is the Burke-Wadsworth Act (2 details)?

- a 1940 bipartisan act to create the first peacetime military draft in U..S. history - goal was to aid Great Britain against Hitler's attempt to invade England

What is the Pan-American Security Zone (5 details)?

- a 300 mile neutrality zone around the Western Hemisphere (excluding Canada and other British and French possessions) - was established by FDR in conjunction with Latin American countries - was patrolled by the U.S. Navy - within the zone, warships of belligerent nations were forbidden - goal was to only prohibit German warships from U.S. ports and allow French and British warships to reach their possessions in the Western Hemisphere

Who was the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (4 details)?

- a 4,000 men Japanese American military unit - saw action in Italy, France, and Germany during WWII - was one of the most decorated units in the army - in 2000, the federal gov (citing racial bias during WWII) awarded the Medal of Honor to 21 Asian Americans (most of whom were from this unit)

What is the Neutrality Act of 1939 (4 details)?

- a Congressional law that was called upon by FDR in response to the 1939 breakout of war in Europe - repealed the arms embargo - authorized cash-and-carry exports of arms and munitions even to belligerent nations - goal was to aid the nations (namely France and Great Britain) opposing Hitler

What is Higgins Industries (4 details)?

- a New Orleans manufacturing corporation owned by Andrew Higgins that flourished during WWII - developed the "Higgins Boat," a 60-ft vessel to carry tanks and men abroad - grew from under 100 to over 30,000 employees over the course of the war - produced over 9,000 landing craft Important Note* Hitler called Andrew Higgins the "new Noah"

What is the Good Neighbor Policy?

- a U.S. foreign relations policy toward Latin America that stressed economic ties and non-intervention - begun under Hoover, but is associated with Roosevelt - goal was to help solidify unity in the Western Hemisphere (this would be especially helpful during WWII)

What is the Atlantic Charter?

- a joint statement issued by Roosevelt and Church in 1941 after holding a secret meeting off the coast of Newfoundland - goal was to formulate U.S. and British postwar aims of international economic and political cooperation

How did the U.S. respond to the growing fascism in Europe and escalating tensions between Japan and China (3 details)?

- a large majority of Americans began to believe that the nation's intervention in WWI was a mistake - some alleged that America's entrance was engineered by arms manufacturers and war profiteers - was a growing sentiment that the U.S. should avoid any actions that might draw it into another conflict (i.e. the Neutrality Act of 1935)

What is fascism (3 details)?

- a political system led by a dictator having total control over society and the economy - places the needs of the nation above those of the individual - often characterized by racism and organized violence against members of the opposition and targeted ethnic groups

What is prefabricated (3 details)?

- a process where parts of an item are manufactured in advance (usually in standardized sections) - made for easy shipment and quick assembly - was utilized during WWII (especially along the West Coast) where ship construction was cut from 300 to only 40 days

What is the Manhattan Project?

- a secret U.S. scientific research effort that began in 1942 - goal was to harness atomic energy for warfare by developing the first atomic bomb

How did the United States treat the influx of Jewish refugees from Germany and Austria during the 1930s (4 details)?

- although many applied to enter the U.S., most were turned away - the U.S. had a strong anti-Semitism sentiment - routinely denied entry to Jews whose property and assets had been seized by the German government (argued that they were a liability) - only about 60,000 Jewish refugees entered the U.S.

When did the internment camps finally end (3 details)?

- beginning in 1943 when Roosevelt allowed internees who passed a loyalty review to go home - once they passed the review, they were given a train fare home and $25 - within a year, most camps were empty

How did Roosevelt respond to the intensification of the war in Europe in 1940?

- decided to run for a third term - worked to aid England

Why did many in the Japanese government believe that war with the U.S. was unavoidable (2 details)?

- discussions between the U.S. and Japan had been confused and nonproductive - one of their main interests was to take control of Malaysia and the Dutch East Indies (sources of vital materials such as oil) and concluded that this would probably involve fighting the US

How did Japan's Minister of War Hideki Tojo view the prospect of war with the U.S.?

- either submit to U.S. demands (accepting a world order defined by the U.S) - or safeguard the nation's honor and achievements by initiating a war Important Note* Similarly, U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull refused to make concessions with the Japanese

How did the U.S. support vital research and development during WWII?

- gave grants to hundreds of colleges, universities, and private laboratories - used these grants to produce radar and sonar technologies, new medical techniques and medicines, potential pesticides, etc. - one such laboratory was the Manhattan Project

What is appeasement (3 details)?

- granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace - this policy can be exemplified in the Munich Agreement (although this did not stop Hitler's aggression) - has become a policy that most nations try to avoid

Once ordered to relocate, what did Japanese American families do before arriving at the internment camps (2 details)?

- had little time to dispose their possessions (as a result, they had to sell their property at ridiculously low prices) - were only allowed to pack a few personal items to take to the camps

How did Hitler prepare for his invasion of Great Britain (2 details)?

- had the German navy block supplies coming to Britain - had his air force launch a blitz (bomb targets) throughout England

How did Roosevelt work to aid Great Britain (3 details)?

- increased the military budget to over $37 billion (more than the total cost of WWI) - supported the Burke-Wadsworth Act - used an executive order to exchange 50 U.S. destroyers for 99 year leases on British military bases in the Western Hemisphere

Describe the discrimination experienced by Japanese Americans immediately following Pearl Harbor (4 details).

- many were fired from their jobs - some had their law and medical licenses revoked - stores refused service to Japanese Americans - Nisei and Issei homes and businesses were vandalized Important Note* There had bene a long-standing anti-Japanese sentiment well before WWII, but this was only intensified due to the war-based nationalism

After returning home, what did Japanese Americans face (3 details)?

- nearly everything they once owned was gone; many found that their stored belongings had been stolen - had their land, homes, and businesses confiscated by the government for unpaid taxes - despite these challenges, Japanese Americans reestablished their homes and businesses

Describe the postwar vision that the Atlantic Charter described (6 details).

- no territorial changes without the consent of the people - restoration of sovereign rights and self-government (though Churchill admitted that he could not fully accept this within Great Britain) - global economic cooperation -freedom of trade and the seas - disarmament of aggressors - establishment of a new global organization (to serve as an arbiter and preserve self-determination)

How did the federal government's attitude toward business change during WWII (2 details)?

- now relied on factories to run 24 hr a day, 7 days a week in order to support the war effort - emphasized the importance of big business in producing vast amounts of armaments and supplies - helped rapidly industrialize the South and coastal West

Describe Pearl Harbor (4 details).

- occurred on December 7, 1941 - without a declaration of war, Japanese planes struck the American fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor - left nearly 200 U.S. aircraft destroyed and dozens of battleships severely damaged or sunken - 2,500 Americans lost their lives Important Note* The attack was only a small part of Japan's strategy

Describe how the Good Neighbor policy was employed in Cuba during the 1930s (5 details).

- political unrest had developed in response to the oppressive regime of Cuba's President Geraldo Machado - Roosevelt resisted calls of American armed intervention - instead, he sent special envoy Sumner Wells to convince Machado to resign - once Machado resigned, Wells convinced a less radical leader, to overthrow Machado's successor - this new regime was immediately recognized by the U.S. and received a favorable trade agreement

How did people react to Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech (2 details)?

- received mass support from foreign capitals - was criticized by many Americans as jeopardizing peace (i.e. The Wall Street Journal)

How did Roosevelt respond to the attack on Pearl Harbor (2 details)?

- said that the attack will be remembered as "a day which will live in infamy" (delivered in his famous "Day that will Live in Infamy" speech) - led Congress to declare war against Japan, thereby prompting the U.S. to formally enter WWII

What were the 3 major effects of the Manchuria Crisis?

- strengthened Japan's economy - promoted a vision of a Japanese-dominated Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere - illustrated the lax enforcement of international diplomacy

Initially, how did Roosevelt respond to Japan's aggression abroad (2 details)?

- strengthened its U.S. defenses in the Pacific - Beginning in 1940, he placed restrictions on Japanese-American trade by prohibiting the sale and shipment of aviation fuel, steel, and scrap iron Important Note* Despite this, many Americans believed that Roosevelt's action was too limited because the Japanese were still able to buy millions of gallons of U.S. oil

How did Roosevelt attempt to aid the nations opposing Hitler while still attempting to stay neutral.

- the Neutrality Act of 1939 - the Pan-American Security

What is the Victory Program (5 details)?

- the War Department's program in 1941 in response to the rising prospect of America formally joining WWII - FBI agents instructed local officials on how to deal with problems such as espionage, sabotage, air raids, blackouts, and even gas contamination - concluded at the U.S. would have to fight a 2-front war against Germany and Japan - ruled that Hitler must be defeated before the Japanese - concluded that the earliest date that U.S. troops could be ready for any large-scale operation would be 1943

What are the Axis Powers (2 details)?

- the coalition of nations that opposed the Allies in WWII - first consisted of Germany and Italy, but was later joined by Japan

What led to the Manchuria Crisis (2 details)?

- the collapse of world trade, which the Japanese economy relied heavily upon - in turn, this led Japanese nationalists to pursue alternative means to economic power (namely, by seizing Manchuria)

What is non-recognition (2 details)?

- the policy of not acknowledging changes in government or territory to show opposition to the changes - was instituted by Hoover in response to Japan's creation of Manchukuo in 1931

How did Americans react to Pearl Harbor (3 details)?

- unified the nation in frustration and anger - led thousands of men to enlist within days - raised fears of further attacks (especially along the Pacific Coast)

How did the U.S. spend a portion of these billion of dollars?

- upgraded factories and built new ones - supported vital research and development (e.g. the development of synthetic rubber)

How did Hoover view foreign affairs (2 details)?

- wanted to remain focused on domestic affairs (especially with the onslaught of the Great Depression) - saw no reason to change U.S. foreign policy because it kept the U.S. out of conflict while expanding their economic interests

Describe the conditions of internment camps (4 details).

- were surrounded by barbed wire and watched over by guards - lived in 20 by 25 ft apartments in long barracks - created communities complete with farms, shops, and small factories - despite their treatment, most internees remained loyal and patriotic citizens (e.g. after leaving the internment camps, some even joined the U.S. military)

Did FDR expect to run for a third term?

No; he did not want to run for reelection unless the situation intensified in Europe (sure enough, it did)

Was the Munich Agreement effective?

No; within 6 months Hitler annexed the remaining parts of Czechoslovakia and created a German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact with Stalin

How was Pearl Harbor only a small part of Japan's strategy (2 details)?

On that same day... - Japanese planes struck Singapore, Guam, the Philippines, and Hong Kong - Britain and U.S. positions were overwhelmed in the Pacific and East Asia

What is the principle of non-intervention?

The diplomatic policy of staying out of the internal or external affairs of other countries

How did FDR attempt to win support for the Lend-Lease Act (2 details)?

Through his December fireside chat where he told his audience that... - if England fell, Hitler would surely attack the U.S. next - urged people that they must make the nation the "arsenal of democracy" by supplying Britain with all the material help it needed to defeat Hitler

Generally speaking, what happens to governments during wartime?

War usually enhances the power of governments while diminishing the rights of citizens (e.g. during WWII, the federal government grew by 400%)

Did some internees leave camp?

Yes... - some were able to leave by working outside (namely, by supplying farm labor) - others left for college or volunteered for military service - by 1942, 1/5th of all males left the camps to work -

How much did the United States spend on the economy during WWII?

over $320 billion

Over the course of WWII, how many Americans would serve in the war?

16.4 million

When did Herbert Hoover become president?

1929

When was the Manchurian Crisis?

1931

When did Congress modify the Neutrality Act of 1935?

1936

When was Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech?

1937

When was the Executive Order #9066?

1942

When was Korematsu v. United States?

1944

Why did Congress modify the Neutrality Act of 1935 (3 details)?

- Germany's occupation of Rhineland, which violated the Treaty of Versailles - Japan increasing its construction of new warships - civil war breaking out between Nationalist forces (led by Francisco Franco) and the Republican government of Spain

What is the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere (2 details)?

- Japan's plan to create and dominate an economic and defensive union in East Asia (even if by force) - justified this plan by comparing it to U.S. power in Latin America

What was the Panay Incident (3 details)?

- a 1937 attack where a Japanese aircraft sank the American gunboat the USS Panay while anchored outside Nanjing, China - left 2 Americans dead and 30 wounded - further strained U.S.-Japanese relations

What is the USS Greer Incident (5 details)?

- a 1941 incident where the U.S. destroyer USS Greer skirmished with a German U-boat - Roosevelt used this incident to convince Congress to amend the neutrality laws to permit armed U.S. merchant ships to sail into combat zones - was the first of a series of skirmishes between U.S. and German warships - eventually, Congress rescinded all neutrality laws - public opinion began to accept the prospect of war

What is the Lend-Lease Act (2 details)?

- a 1941 law that faced opposition from many isolationists - provided that any country whose security was vital to U.S. interests could receive arms and equipment by sale, transfer, or lease from the U.S.

What is Korematsu v. United States (2 details)?

- a 1944 Supreme Court Case - ruled that states ordering Japanese Americans into internment camps was constitutional

How did WWII officially start (2 details)?

- on September 1st, 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland after it refused to cede the Poland Corridor (a region connecting Poland to the Baltic Sea) - as a result, Britain and France declared war on Germany

How did Roosevelt react to the breakout of war in Europe in 1939 (3 details)?

- proclaimed neutrality (a majority of Americans wanted the U.S. to stay out of the conflict) - however, he was determined to do everything possible (short of war) to help the nations opposing Hitler

What were Hitler's two main goals?

- unify all German-speaking lands and create a new German empire (the Third Reich) - to exterminate all Jews

Why was Manchuria so important to Japan (4 reasons)?

- was located near Japanese-controlled Korea - was rich in iron and coal - accounted for 95% of Japanese overseas investments (namely, in providing large amounts of foodstuffs) - maintained an army there to protect its interests Important Note* This ultimately led Japan to seize the province in 1931

Describe the demographic of Japanese Americans (3 details).

- were nearly 125,000 in the country at the time of WWII - about 3/4ths were Nisei (Japanese Americans who had been born in the U.S.) - the remaining 1/4th were Issei (Japanese immigrants), thought nearly all had lived in the U.S. before 1924

Did the U.S. ever apologize to Japanese American internees (2 details)?

- yes, in 1988 after several lawsuits were filed - paid $20,000 in compensation to each of the surviving 60,000 internees

When was Pearl Harbor attacked?

December 7, 1941

Why were Japanese Americans in Hawaii not confined in internment camps?

Had a much larger Japanese American population compared to the rest of the Hawaiian population, so they never saw the need to isolate them

In order to ensure that the economy provided sufficient wartime materials, what did Roosevelt do?

He created an array of agencies and boards to... - provide economic planning - regulate prices, production, and consumption

According to Tojo, how could war between the U.S. and Japan be averted (4 details)?

If the U.S.. - released frozen Japanese assets - suspended aid to China - capped its military presence in the Pacific - resumed full trade with Japan

When and why did Churchill ally with Stalin (3 details)?

In 1941 because... - Hitler broke his non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union by planning to crush the Soviets with the largest military force ever assembled on a single front - seeing this as a golden opportunity, Churchill (who stated he would join even the devil to defeat Hitler) made an alliance with Stalin - meanwhile, Roosevelt extended credits and lead-lease goods to the Soviet Union Important Note* This alliance was successful as the Soviets did not collapse as Hitler had hoped

When was the Panay Incident?

1937

When was the Munich Agreement?

1938

When was the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact?

1939

When was the Burke-Wadsworth Act passed?

1940

When was the Atlantic Charter?

1941

When was the Lend-Lease Act?

1941

When was the USS Greer Incident?

1941

When was the Victory Program created?

1941

When did the Manhattan Project begin?

1942

How did the League of Nations respond to the Manchuria Crisis?

Although they condemned Japan's aggression, they could do little else

Who won the election of 1940?

FDR

How did FDR attempt to fulfill his agreement with Churchill?

By working to pass the Lend-Lease Act

When did WWII officially begin?

September 1, 1939

What are internment camps?

A series of 10 camps to which more than 110,000 Japanese Americans living in the West were moved to soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor Important Note* Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not confined in internment camps